La formation Eocène-Oligocène des Grès d’Annot constitue le remplissage gravitaire syntectonique de bassins d’avant-pays complexes, développés au front de l'orogène alpin. Les dépôts relativement distaux de ce système turbiditique s'apparentent à des lobes sous-marins. Ces corps sableux sont caractérisés par une géométrie tabulaire et isopaque à l’échelle pluri-kilométrique. Ce travail met cependant en évidence une extrême complexité dans la répartition des faciès, structures et figures sédimentaires, en lien avec une grande variabilité des processus de transport/dépôt. Ceux-ci sont à l’origine d'objets élémentaires à la géométrie et aux remplissages distincts. Cette forte variabilité sédimentaire implique d'importantes hétérogénéités pouvant influencer la circulation des fluides sur des systèmes réservoirs analogues. A titre de comparaison, une étude complémentaire est effectuée sur un système gravitaire carbonaté (Formation Guwayza, Jurassique moyen, Nord de l’Oman), en contexte de marge passive, afin de discuter de l’importance relative des processus à l’égard du contexte géodynamique sur la variabilité des lobes. / The siliciclastic Annot Sandstones formation (SE France) is composed of a thick series of gravitary deposits and represents the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene northward infill by various types of gravitary deposits of relatively small foreland basins developed in front of the Alpine orogen. This study brings new quantitative data on the terminal deposits of this turbidite system (sand-rich lobes) and focuses on their internal architecture from depositional event scale to elementary object scale. A longitudinal distribution model of elementary objects (from proximal vertically stacked channelized lobes to distal tabular lobes) and associated heterogeneities has been established. Those features have not been accurately described in sand-rich turbidite deposits so far. This high internal variability necessarily implies heterogeneities in terms of petrophysical characteristics (porosity, permeability) and reservoir connection that may have a significant impact on fluid circulation. As a comparison, a similar study on calciturbidites sheet-like lobes from the Middle Jurassic Guweyzah Formation of North Oman is introduced. These results allow reconsidering both sedimentary processes involved in sand-rich lobes and also reservoir models that can be established on field analogues.

Correntes de densidade são fluxos gravitacionais gerados pela diferença de densidade entre dois fluidos. Correntes de turbidez fazem parte de uma sub-classificação das correntes de densidade, na qual o fluido mais denso tem, na sua composição, partículas em suspensão. Muitos trabalhos numéricos já estudaram a dinâmica das correntes de turbidez, mas, nenhum dos encontrados aplicou mudanças de relevo concomitantes com a simulação, causadas pela sedimentação das próprias partículas da corrente e nem alterou o relevo após a passagem de cada evento em um domínio tridimensional. O presente trabalho pretende analisar a alteração no relevo de fundo causada por uma corrente de turbidez. No código Incompact3d, as equações de Navier-Stokes, Continuidade e Transporte e Difusão são resolvidas em uma malha cartesiana tridimensional. A condição inicial adotada é a de Lock-Exchange. As simulações realizadas utilizaram Simulação Numérica Direta (DNS). O código utiliza um esquema compacto centrado de sexta ordem, em diferenças finitas, para o esquema espacial, e Adams-Bashfort de terceira ordem para o esquema temporal. A validação do código foi realizada comparando-se com trabalhos experimental e numéricos. A análise das diferentes proporções granulométricas mostrou que quanto maior é a quantidade de material grosso na condição inicial, maior será seu depósito para um dado tempo. Em consequência, mais relevante se torna a consideração da alteração do relevo de fundo. Além disso, quanto maior o fator de compactação do sedimento, maior será o erro de não considerar a atualização de fundo. Os resultados também apontaram que os erros médios ao não considerar a atualização do fundo são da ordem de 4% da massa de depósito em 20 tempos adimensionais, para os parâmetros utilizados. Ao se propagar uma corrente de turbidez sobre o depósito de outra, os erros se mostram menores. / Gravity currents are gravitational fluxes triggered by density di erence between two fluids. A sub-classification of those are turbidity currents, in which the denser fluid is composed by the lighter fluid plus suspended particles. Many papers had shown turbidity currents dynamics, although none of the papers found had applied changes in the simulated topography due to deposit during the own simulation, neither they had altered a 3D domain topography after each flux, applying the changes caused by the previous current. The present dissertation aims to analyse the turbidity current dynamics alteration caused by the influence of its own deposit, altering the topography during the very simulation. The analysis is conducted in a polidispersed turbidity current. The Incompact3d code solves Navier-Stokes, continuity and transport-di usion equation, in a tridimensional cartesian mesh. Lock-exchange was chosen to be the initial condition. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are performed. Sixth order compact finite-di erence schemes are used on the spatial domain, while third order Adams-Bashfort is applied for the temporal evaluation. Comparisons with numerical and experimental papers were performed for code verification. Results showed the coarser the particles on the starting lock-exchange, the higher its deposit is, and the more the terrain will be altered. Nevertheless, the bigger the compacting factor, the bigger the error of not considering bathymetry alteration. Results also point that the average errors of not considering the update are in order of 4% on the mass deposit, after 20 dimensionless times, for the used parameters. When a current propagates over the deposit of a previous one, these errors are smaller.

Correntes de densidade são fluxos gravitacionais gerados pela diferença de densidade entre dois fluidos. Correntes de turbidez fazem parte de uma sub-classificação das correntes de densidade, na qual o fluido mais denso tem, na sua composição, partículas em suspensão. Muitos trabalhos numéricos já estudaram a dinâmica das correntes de turbidez, mas, nenhum dos encontrados aplicou mudanças de relevo concomitantes com a simulação, causadas pela sedimentação das próprias partículas da corrente e nem alterou o relevo após a passagem de cada evento em um domínio tridimensional. O presente trabalho pretende analisar a alteração no relevo de fundo causada por uma corrente de turbidez. No código Incompact3d, as equações de Navier-Stokes, Continuidade e Transporte e Difusão são resolvidas em uma malha cartesiana tridimensional. A condição inicial adotada é a de Lock-Exchange. As simulações realizadas utilizaram Simulação Numérica Direta (DNS). O código utiliza um esquema compacto centrado de sexta ordem, em diferenças finitas, para o esquema espacial, e Adams-Bashfort de terceira ordem para o esquema temporal. A validação do código foi realizada comparando-se com trabalhos experimental e numéricos. A análise das diferentes proporções granulométricas mostrou que quanto maior é a quantidade de material grosso na condição inicial, maior será seu depósito para um dado tempo. Em consequência, mais relevante se torna a consideração da alteração do relevo de fundo. Além disso, quanto maior o fator de compactação do sedimento, maior será o erro de não considerar a atualização de fundo. Os resultados também apontaram que os erros médios ao não considerar a atualização do fundo são da ordem de 4% da massa de depósito em 20 tempos adimensionais, para os parâmetros utilizados. Ao se propagar uma corrente de turbidez sobre o depósito de outra, os erros se mostram menores. / Gravity currents are gravitational fluxes triggered by density di erence between two fluids. A sub-classification of those are turbidity currents, in which the denser fluid is composed by the lighter fluid plus suspended particles. Many papers had shown turbidity currents dynamics, although none of the papers found had applied changes in the simulated topography due to deposit during the own simulation, neither they had altered a 3D domain topography after each flux, applying the changes caused by the previous current. The present dissertation aims to analyse the turbidity current dynamics alteration caused by the influence of its own deposit, altering the topography during the very simulation. The analysis is conducted in a polidispersed turbidity current. The Incompact3d code solves Navier-Stokes, continuity and transport-di usion equation, in a tridimensional cartesian mesh. Lock-exchange was chosen to be the initial condition. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are performed. Sixth order compact finite-di erence schemes are used on the spatial domain, while third order Adams-Bashfort is applied for the temporal evaluation. Comparisons with numerical and experimental papers were performed for code verification. Results showed the coarser the particles on the starting lock-exchange, the higher its deposit is, and the more the terrain will be altered. Nevertheless, the bigger the compacting factor, the bigger the error of not considering bathymetry alteration. Results also point that the average errors of not considering the update are in order of 4% on the mass deposit, after 20 dimensionless times, for the used parameters. When a current propagates over the deposit of a previous one, these errors are smaller.

Correntes de densidade são fluxos gravitacionais gerados pela diferença de densidade entre dois fluidos. Correntes de turbidez fazem parte de uma sub-classificação das correntes de densidade, na qual o fluido mais denso tem, na sua composição, partículas em suspensão. Muitos trabalhos numéricos já estudaram a dinâmica das correntes de turbidez, mas, nenhum dos encontrados aplicou mudanças de relevo concomitantes com a simulação, causadas pela sedimentação das próprias partículas da corrente e nem alterou o relevo após a passagem de cada evento em um domínio tridimensional. O presente trabalho pretende analisar a alteração no relevo de fundo causada por uma corrente de turbidez. No código Incompact3d, as equações de Navier-Stokes, Continuidade e Transporte e Difusão são resolvidas em uma malha cartesiana tridimensional. A condição inicial adotada é a de Lock-Exchange. As simulações realizadas utilizaram Simulação Numérica Direta (DNS). O código utiliza um esquema compacto centrado de sexta ordem, em diferenças finitas, para o esquema espacial, e Adams-Bashfort de terceira ordem para o esquema temporal. A validação do código foi realizada comparando-se com trabalhos experimental e numéricos. A análise das diferentes proporções granulométricas mostrou que quanto maior é a quantidade de material grosso na condição inicial, maior será seu depósito para um dado tempo. Em consequência, mais relevante se torna a consideração da alteração do relevo de fundo. Além disso, quanto maior o fator de compactação do sedimento, maior será o erro de não considerar a atualização de fundo. Os resultados também apontaram que os erros médios ao não considerar a atualização do fundo são da ordem de 4% da massa de depósito em 20 tempos adimensionais, para os parâmetros utilizados. Ao se propagar uma corrente de turbidez sobre o depósito de outra, os erros se mostram menores. / Gravity currents are gravitational fluxes triggered by density di erence between two fluids. A sub-classification of those are turbidity currents, in which the denser fluid is composed by the lighter fluid plus suspended particles. Many papers had shown turbidity currents dynamics, although none of the papers found had applied changes in the simulated topography due to deposit during the own simulation, neither they had altered a 3D domain topography after each flux, applying the changes caused by the previous current. The present dissertation aims to analyse the turbidity current dynamics alteration caused by the influence of its own deposit, altering the topography during the very simulation. The analysis is conducted in a polidispersed turbidity current. The Incompact3d code solves Navier-Stokes, continuity and transport-di usion equation, in a tridimensional cartesian mesh. Lock-exchange was chosen to be the initial condition. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) are performed. Sixth order compact finite-di erence schemes are used on the spatial domain, while third order Adams-Bashfort is applied for the temporal evaluation. Comparisons with numerical and experimental papers were performed for code verification. Results showed the coarser the particles on the starting lock-exchange, the higher its deposit is, and the more the terrain will be altered. Nevertheless, the bigger the compacting factor, the bigger the error of not considering bathymetry alteration. Results also point that the average errors of not considering the update are in order of 4% on the mass deposit, after 20 dimensionless times, for the used parameters. When a current propagates over the deposit of a previous one, these errors are smaller.

Les systèmes sédimentaires turbiditiques présentent un double intérêt académique et industriel puisqu’ils constituent à la fois des archives des conditions environnementales et des réservoirs pétroliers potentiels. Parmi les nombreux paramètres contrôlant l’organisation sédimentaire de ces systèmes l’inclinaison de la pente continentale apparait être un paramètre majeur. L’analyse de l’influence de l’inclinaison de la pente et de ces variations sur l’hydrodynamique des écoulements sédimentaires et ainsi sur l’architecture des systèmes turbiditiques revêt un caractère crucial tant du point de vue académique que pétrolier. Ce travail s’appuie sur l’analyse haute résolution de données acoustiques (bathymétrie, imagerie multifaisceaux, sismique THR, sonar latéral) acquises sur la marge abrupte du Golfe de Gênes (Malisar, Fables, Prisme, Gelo) et de l’analyse d’un bloc de sismique 3D sur la marge abrupte Ivoirienne. Les accumulations turbiditiques des deux sites témoignent de processus de ségrégation des particules avec le piégeage des particules les plus grossières dans des structures en plunge pools, cyclic steps ou slope break deposits. L’étude fine de ces corps liés au ressaut hydraulique apporte ici un éclairage inédit sur la continuité des corps sableux à la transition canyon/lobe et permet ainsi de proposer un nouveau scénario de modèle réservoir. De plus l’analyse de ces deux zones d’études met en évidence l’impact direct de l’activité tectonique sur l’architecture des accumulations turbiditiques par la mise en place et le maintien d’une zone de rupture de pente où le phénomène de ressaut hydraulique peut perdurer au cours du temps. / Turbidite systems present both academic and industrial interests since they are archives of environmental conditions and potential oil reservoirs. Among many parameters controlling the sedimentary organization, the continental slope inclination appears to be a major parameter. The analysis of slope inclination’s and these variations on the hydrodynamic of sedimentary flows and thus on turbidite systems architecture is a crucial character for both academic and industrial interests. The Pliocene-Quaternary turbidite systems of the Gulf of Genoa and upper margin of the Ivorian Cretaceous develop on margins with steep slope profiles controlled by tectonic processes and are suitable and complementary items for the Study of turbidite sedimentation in context of abrupt margin. This work is based on the high-resolution analysis of acoustic data (bathymetry, multibeam imaging, seismic THR, sidescan sonar) acquired on the steep margin of the Gulf of Genova (Malisar, Fables, Prism, Gelo) and the analysis of a 3D seismic block on the Ivorian steep margin. Turbidite accumulations of two sites demonstrate particle segregation processes with trapping coarser particles into specific structures such as plunge pools and cyclic steps. The detailed study of these bodies related to hydraulic jump sheds a new light on the continuity of sand bodies in the transition canyon / lobe and allows the designing of a new reservoir model scenario. Further analysis of these two areas of study shows the direct impact of tectonic activity on the architecture of turbidite accumulations by establishing and maintaining a nick area where the phenomenon of hydraulic jump can be maintained over time.

Alors que les processus contrôlant l’érosion et les transferts de sédiment sont intensément débattus, il est toujours difficile d’obtenir des archives sédimentaires qui permettraient d’accéder aux flux terrigènes passés, particulièrement au cours du Quaternaire où les variations du niveau marin ont eu un profond impact sur la sédimentation marine. Cette étude se focalise sur le système sédimentaire du Var (SE de la France), où l’absence de plateau continental au niveau de la marge Nord-ligure a permis une alimentation continue en sédiment du système turbiditique profond par le fleuve Var, sans qu’elle ne soit affectée par les variations du niveau marin. Par ailleurs, les courants hyperpycnaux, déclenchés lors des crues du Var hautement concentrées en sédiments, semblent jouer un rôle majeur dans cette alimentation et ainsi, permettent d’établir un lien étroit entre les flux sédimentaires du fleuve Var et les dépôts turbiditiques. Cette thèse présente une reconstitution des transferts terre-mer menée à partir de l’étude de ces dépôts turbiditiques, son objectif est d’apporter des éléments nouveaux pour mieux cerner la relation climat-érosion-transfert à l’échelle millénaire. Ce travail repose sur des carottes sédimentaires prélevées dans les dépôts turbiditiques de la Ride Sédimentaire du Var et dont le cadre chronostratigraphique est établi avec une résolution millénaire pour le dernier cycle glaciaire (0 - 75 ka). Il propose une approche inédite dans des dépôts turbiditique, alliant (1) une étude sédimentologique permettant de reconstituer l’activité turbiditique sur la Ride du Var et (2) une étude géochimique incluant le traçage des sources sédimentaires par l’isotopie du Nd. En complément, une simulation des flux sédimentaires du fleuve Var, a été établie pour la même période à partir du modèle Hydrotrend (Syvitski et al., 1998). Les résultats de cette simulation montrent que les variations de l’activité turbiditique enregistrées sur la Ride du Var sont gouvernées par des changements de l’activité hyperpycnale du fleuve... / While dominant processes and time-scales controlling denudation rates are intensively debated, past terrigenous input remains difficult to detect from the marine sedimentary record, especially during the Quaternary because of the strong overprint exerted by the sea-level changes. In this study, we focus on the Var sediment-routing system (SE France) where the absence of a continental shelf off the Var river mouth (Ligurian margin, NW Mediterranean Sea) resulted in the direct connection between the Var River and the deep basin during both highstand and lowstand conditions. Moreover hyperpycnal flow initiated during Var floods are the main sediment transfer processes in the Var turbidite system, making changes in sediment supply within headwater source regions possible to discern in the stratigraphic record of the distal sedimentary basin...

Les systèmes sédimentaires turbiditiques ont de tout temps présenté un intérêt pour la recherche académique et industrielle. Ils correspondent à d’importantes accumulations sous-marine, à l’organisation complexe et se développant au pied des marges continentales. Les processus gravitaires assurant le transport des matériaux au sein de ces systèmes sont variés et organisés selon un continuum longitudinal évoluant depuis les dépôts les plus concentrés vers des courants turbulents à l’aval via des effets de perte de charge et d’incorporation d’eau. Parmi les nombreux paramètres contrôlant l’organisation de ces systèmes, l’inclinaison de la pente continentale apparait comme un paramètre majeur. Les découvertes récentes de réservoirs pétroliers au pied de marges dites abruptes, associées à des pièges stratigraphiques suscitent un intérêt particulier des industriels sur les modalités de mise en place de ces systèmes à la transition entre la zone de bassin et la pente. L’analyse des architectures de dépôt, et des variations hydrodynamiques des écoulements, dans ces zones critiques de fermeture des réservoirs apparait comme cruciale d’un point vu académique et pétrolier. Les systèmes turbiditiques du bassin de Tabernas en Espagne (Tortonien supérieur/Messinien préévaporitique) d’une part, les Grés d’Annot dans le bassin du Sud-Est (France, Eocène/Oligocène) d’autre part et enfin les systèmes Crétacés de la marge Ivoirienne se développent dans des contextes de marge abrupte. Ils présentent des profils de pentes escarpées constituant de bons analogues adaptés à l’étude de la mise en place de ce type de réservoirs pétroliers. Ce travail se base sur des données de terrain (relevés de logs sédimentologiques, cartographie, mesure de paléo-courant) et sur l’analyse d’un bloc de sismique 3D le long de la marge Ivoirienne pour renforcer la pertinence des comparaisons. Les dépôts de ces systèmes turbiditiques témoignent des processus de ségrégation des écoulements avec un piégeage préférentiel des particules les plus grossières localisé au niveau des variations de pente le long du thalweg. Ces variations de la topographie sont à l‘origine de ressaut hydraulique entrainant une modification des écoulements. L’étude fine de l’architecture et de la mise en place de ces dépôts formant le biseau amont de ces systèmes sur la pente, apporte des avancées inédites sur les continuums de dépôts des écoulements au sein des zones de canyon et à la transition canyon/bassin. De plus, cette analyse met en évidence l’impact des zones de rupture de pente et du phénomène de ressaut hydraulique pouvant en découler. Le caractère pseudo tridimensionnel de tous les affleurements étudiés, semble au moins partiellement valider l’existence de biseaux amonts des systèmes turbiditiques. Néanmoins aucun d’entre eux ne permet de documenter le recouvrement amont par des argiles ; lesquelles assureraient en conditions réelles la qualité de la couverture. En amont de ces zones de biseaux, la présence de zone de By-pass des écoulements gravitaires apparait liée à l’augmentation de la pente et aux transformations des écoulements au passage des zones de ressaut hydraulique. Les modalités de biseaux amont des systèmes turbiditiques sont directement reliées à la présence de zone de changement de pente, où le phénomène de ressaut hydraulique entraine le dépôt d’une partie de la charge sédimentaire la plus grossière des écoulements sous forme de lags deposits s’accompagnant ou non d’une érosion partielle du fond marin. Cette érosion peut prendre la forme de structure du type plunge and pool dans le cas d’une diminution importante de la pente. Les biseaux peuvent également se mettre en place par des phénomènes d’érosion/dépôts régressifs sur la pente. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre d’une thèse CIFRE en partenariat avec l’université Côte d’Azur, le groupe TOTAL et le laboratoire de Géoazur. / Turbidite systems present both academic and industrial interest for research. They correspond to important marin accumulations developing at the base of the continental slope, with a complex organization. The gravitational processes for transporting materials within these systems are varied and organized along a longitudinal continuum evolving from the most concentrated deposits to turbulent downstream currents through pressure drop and water incorporation effects. Among the many parameters controlling the organization of these systems, the inclination of the continental slope appears as a major parameter. The recent discoveries of oil reservoirs at the foot margins considered as “steep” associated with stratigraphic traps arouse particular industrial interest in the methods of setting up these systems at the transition between the basin zone and the slope. The analysis of the deposition architectures, and the hydrodynamic variations of the flows in these critical zones of field appears as crucial from an academic and petroleum point of view. The turbidite system of the Tabernas Basin in Spain (Upper Tortonian / Messinian Pre-Evaporitic), the Annot Sandstone in the South-East Basin (France, Eocene / Oligocene) and the Cretaceous system of the Ivorian margin develop in steep margin contexts with steep slopes profiles constituting good analogs adapted to the study of this type of stratigraphic trap. This work is based on field data (sedimentological log survey, cartography, paleocurrent measurement) and on the analysis of a 3D seismic block along the Ivorian margin to reinforce the relevance of the comparisons. Deposits of these turbidite system indicate segregation processes with preferential trapping of the coarser particles located in the upstream zones at the level of the slope break along the thalweg. These variations of the topography initiated a hydraulic jump causing a change in the flow condition. The detailed study of the architecture and the formation of these deposits forming the upstream pinch-out on the slope brings a new light on the continuity of these sandbodies within the zones of canyon and the transition canyon / basin. In addition, this analysis highlights the impact of the slope failure zones and the hydraulic jump phenomenon that may result. The pseudo-three-dimensional character of all outcrops studied seems to validate the existence of upstream pinch-out of turbidite systems. Nevertheless, none of them allows to document the upstream recovery by clays; which would ensure in real conditions the quality of the cover. Upstream of these pinch-out, the presence of by-pass zones appears related to the increase of the slope gradient and the flows transformations while crossing the hydraulic jump. The upstream pinch-out modalities of turbidite systems are directly related to the presence of a slope break where the hydraulic jump phenomenon causes the deposition of a part of the coarsest sediment load as lags deposits accompanied partial erosion of the seabed, often taking the form of plunge and pool in the case of a significant decrease of the slope. This work was conducted as part of a CIFRE thesis in partnership with the Côte d'Azur University, the TOTAL group and the Géoazur laboratory.

Le Cénozoïque est marqué par une instabilité climatique et l’accélération des surrections continentales. Ces phénomènes engendrent une augmentation de la production sédimentaire, transférée par les fleuves vers le domaine marin profond. Les façades nord et ouest de l’océan Indien voient se mettre en place quatre des plus grands systèmes sédimentaires au monde : le Gange-Brahmapoutre, l’Indus, le Zambèze et le système tanzanien. Ce travail vise à comprendre les forçages agissant sur la sédimentation et l’architecture de deux des principaux systèmes turbiditiques de l’océan Indien (système tanzanien et du Gange-Brahmapoutre), pour ensuite les comparer avec leurs plus proches voisins (respectivement le Zambèze et l’Indus). Nos principaux résultats, basés sur une approche multiproxy dans les deux zones, mettent en évidence plusieurs points : (1) l’évolution tectono-sédimentaire de la marge tanzanienne au cours du Cénozoïque a mené au développement d’un système turbiditique majeur et atypique, dont la morphologie moderne atteste de l’importance de l’activité tectonique sur sa construction ; (2) le système du Gange-Brahmapoutre enregistre une activité sédimentaire polyphasée, en lien principalement avec les variations du niveau marin. Ce système est capable d’enregistrer les variations de nombreux forçages, influençant à la fois les bassins versants et le domaine marin. Le fonctionnement sédimentaire et l’architecture des systèmes turbiditiques ont révélé une grande diversité selon le contexte géodynamique et physiographique des façades étudiées. La nécessité d’intégrer l’ensemble des forçages (agissant depuis le bassin versant jusque dans le domaine marin profond) dans l’étude de l’activité sédimentaire d’un système turbiditique apparait essentielle de nos jours. / Cenozoic is marked by climatic instability and accelerating continental uplifts. Increasing sediment yield is generated, buffered and transferred by river to the deep sea. Four of the major turbidite systems in the world are located on the northern and the western margins of the Indian Ocean: the Ganges-Brahmaputra, the Indus, the Zambezi and the Tanzanian systems. This work aims to understand forcings affecting sedimentation and morphology of two main turbidite systems (Tanzanian system and Ganges-Brahmaputra system) and results have been compared with their nearest neighbors (respectively Zambezi and Indus). Based on a multiproxies approach in both area, our main results are as follows: (1) during Cenozoic, tectono-sedimentary evolution of the Tanzania margin led to the development of an atypical turbidite system wherein morphology attest of a strong structural control; (2) the Ganges-Brahmaputra system has a sedimentary activity mainly forced by sea level variations. This turbidite system records variations in many forcings impacting sedimentation from the catchment to the deep sea. Turbidite system activity and architecture revealed a strong variability mainly linked to the geodynamic and physiographic context of each studied margin. It appears necessary to integrate all forcings (affecting both the catchment and the deep sea) in the study and the understanding of sedimentary activity in a turbidite system.

La paléosismologie sous-marine est une discipline basée sur la reconnaissance et l’étude des séismes passés à partir d’archives sous-marines tels que les dépôts turbiditiques. Cette discipline, mise en place à partir des années 1990 au niveau de la zone des Cascades (côte Nord-Ouest des Etats-Unis) a, par la suite, été développée dans d’autres mers, océans et lacs.La mer Ionienne est un petit bassin étroit et profond localisé au centre de la mer Méditerranée bordé par deux prismes d’accrétions, la ride Méditerranéenne à l’Est et le prisme Calabrais à l’Ouest. L’Est de la Sicile et la région Calabre ont été soumises à plusieurs reprises, à des séismes historiques destructeurs, parfois suivit de tsunamis, comme par exemple le séisme de 1693 AD à Catane (magnitude 7,4) ou celui de 1908 à Messine (de magnitude 7,1). Ce dernier séisme a déclenché des glissements sous-marins et des courants de turbidités qui sont à l’origine de rupture de câbles sous-marins. Au niveau de la plaine abyssale Ionienne, un autre type de dépôt est décrit à partir des données sismiques, caractérisées par une couche transparente. Ces méga-dépôts de plusieurs mètres d'épaisseur, sont associés à de grands évènements extrêmes (séismes, tsunamis, éruptions volcaniques) et sont appelés mégaturbidites ou homogénites.Les études réalisées durant cette thèse, se focalisent sur l’interprétation des turbidites et des méga-dépôts observés grâce à un nouveau jeu de données localisé dans la partie Ouest du prisme Calabrais et récolté durant la mission CIRCEE en octobre 2013. La compréhension des sources et des origines de ces dépôts est primordiale pour l’interprétation de l’enregistrement paléosismologique de la région. L’objectif général étant d'améliorer notre compréhension de la chronologie et l'origine des grands événements catastrophiques qui ont affecté la région.Ces nouvelles données, qui incluent des carottes sédimentaires, de la bathymétrie et des profils sismiques (Chirp et HR), ont permis dans un premier temps de revisiter l’interprétation des processus sédimentaires et l’origine des mégadépôts et en particulier, du dépôt le plus récent appelé « dépôt d’Augias ». Ce dernier, dont l’épaisseur atteint les douze mètres en plaine abyssale Ionienne, serait lié au séisme et tsunami de Crête en 365 AD. A partir de sa description sédimentologique et des diverses mesures réalisées, trois types de faciès ont été identifiés (faciès « mégaturbidite », « homogénite » et « turbidite sableuse épaisse ») et qui sont les résultats de différents processus sédimentaires. La deuxième partie de cette thèse représente une étude paléosismologique des derniers 25 ka en mer Ionienne basée sur des modèles d’âges. La période de temps recouverte par les carottes englobe la fin de la dernière période glaciaire, la remontée du niveau marin et la période historique. Cela a permis de différencier les dépôts de la période historique où l’évènement déclencheur principal des courants de turbidités est le séisme. Par contre pour les dépôts antérieurs il a pu être démontré que les variations eustatiques et climatiques ont un fort impact sur la fréquence de turbidites. / Submarine paleoseismology is a discipline based on the recognition and study of past earthquakes from submarine records such as turbidite deposits. This discipline was initially developed in the 1990’s in the Cascadia region (north-west coast of the USA), and was subsequently, applied to other seas, oceans and lakes. The Ionian Sea is a small, narrow and deep basin located in the central Mediterranean Sea and bounded by two accretionary wedges, the Mediterranean Ridge to the east and the Calabrian wedge to the west. Eastern Sicily and Calabria region have been repeatedly struck by destructive historical earthquakes, sometime followed by tsunamis, such as the 1693 AD earthquake in Catania (magnitude to 7.4) or the 1908 AD earthquake in Messina (magnitude to 7.1).This latter earthquake triggered a submarine landslide and turbidity currents that ruptured submarine cables. In the Ionian abyssal plain, another type of deposit is observed in seismic data, expressed as successive transparent layers. These mega-deposits, several meters in thickness, are associated with large extreme events (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis) and are named megaturbidites or homogenites.The research conducted during this thesis focuses on the interpretation of turbidites and mega-deposits, observed by a new data set located in the western part of the Calabrian prism and acquired during the CIRCEE cruise, in October 2013. The understanding of the sources and the origin of these deposits is essential for the interpretation of paleoseismological record in the region. The general objective is to improve our understanding of the chronology and origin of major catastrophic events that have affected the region. These new data, include piston cores, bathymetry and seismic profiles (Chirp and HR), and allow us, for first time, to revisit the interpretation of sedimentary processes and origin of mega deposits and in particular the most recent deposit named "Augias deposit" This deposit, whose thickness reaches 12 meters in Ionian abyssal plain, can be linked to the 365 AD Crete earthquake and associated tsunami. Based on the sedimentological description and different measurements that were conducted, three type facies could be identified ("megaturbidite", "homogenite" and "thick sandy turbidite") that are the expressions of different sedimentary processes.The second part of this thesis represents a paleoseismological study of the last 25 ka in Ionian Sea based on age models. The time period covered by the cores includes the end of the last glacial period, the sea level rise and the historical period. This allowed identification of deposits from the historical period whose main trigger of turbidity currents are earthquakes. On the other hand for earlier deposits, eustatic and climatic variations are shown to have a stong effect on the frequency of turbidites.

Deep-water strata of the Neoproterozoic Kaza Group and Isaac Formation (Cariboo Group) in the southern Canadian Cordillera (B.C.) were deposited in a passive-margin basin during the break-up of supercontinent Rodinia. At the Castle Creek and Mount Quanstrom study areas, a remarkably continuous stratigraphic interval throughout these units preserves a record of basin-floor overlain by strata deposited in the lowermost part of the slope. Although similar stratal intervals have been described from ancient and modern deep-marine settings, they still remain poorly understood. Three main stratal units are recognized within the study areas. The lower unit consists of three channel-lobe systems formed in the basin floor to slope transition. Uniquely, siliciclastic-dominated strata here consist of a variety of small- and few large-scale scour elements, indicating transport bypass along the channel-lobe transition zone, in addition to detached or attached depositional lobes composed mostly of distributary channels, fine-grained deposits, and uncommon splays, and a rare slope leveed channel complex. The middle unit is a siliciclastic-dominated succession of stacked, km-scale mass-transport deposits (i.e. debrites and slides), which indicates the more frequent emplacement of increasingly larger mass failures on a prograding slope, and are overlain by fine-grained, splay deposits that are successively overlain by channel, ponded and fine-grained deposits. In contrast, the upper unit is a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate slope succession of the first Isaac carbonate, a regional marker horizon that comprises mostly carbonate-rich and siliciclastic-rich fine-grained strata intercalated with channel and gully complexes that are mostly filled with coarser-grained strata. Abrupt changes in facies trends, stratal stacking patterns and depositional styles throughout these units are largely linked to long-term changes in relative sea level and its control on sediment supply, namely sediment caliber, volume and mineralogy. Notably, in the upper unit, small-scale changes in sediment source and supply are related to shorter sea-level variations superimposed on the long-term eustatic change.