Le système turbiditique profond associé au fleuve Ogooué s’étend sur plus de 500 km au large des côtes Gabonaises. Le bassin versant du fleuve est soumis à un climat équatorial propice à la mise en place d’une couverture végétale très dense et les apports fluviatiles en nutriments conduisent à une forte productivité primaire océanique dans le Golfe de Guinée. Ce système est ainsi un objet d’étude privilégié pour analyser les différents modes d’accumulation de matière organique au niveau d’une marge continentale dominée par un fleuve. Une analyse morpho-bathymétrique de la zone, associée à l’interprétation de données de sismique très haute résolution a permis d’appréhender l’architecture et le mode de fonctionnement de ce système. Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence une zone à forte densité de chenaux turbiditiques méandriformes alimentés par une rampe de plusieurs canyons entaillant le plateau continental mais non connectés au delta actuel du fleuve. La zone distale de lobes est quant à elle située au débouché d’une large vallée qui canalise les écoulements turbiditiques. Des analyses sédimentaires (granulométrie, XRF, DRX) et géochimiques (%Corg, δ13Corg, palynofaciès, n-alcanes et tétraéthers) ont été réalisées sur neuf carottes Küllenberg prélevées dans différents environnements de dépôt du système. L’objectif est d’étudier la teneur en matière organique et son origine en fonction du mode de dépôt des sédiments et de comprendre la dynamique spatio-temporelle de son accumulation sédimentaire. Les analyses réalisées ont permis de révéler une binarité marquée dans les modes d’accumulation au sein de ce système. Les sédiments silto-argileux issus d’une sédimentation hémipélagique apportent peu de carbone organique continental mais une quantité importante de carbone organique marin qui forme des agrégats organo-minéraux avec les minéraux argileux de smectite exportés par le fleuve. Les écoulements turbiditiques sableux permettent quant à eux de faire transiter jusque dans les lobes distaux de fortes concentrations de débris végétaux très bien conservés. Ces séquences turbiditiques peuvent entrainer des enrichissements marqués en carbone organique continental (>5% TOC) au niveau des levées des chenaux turbiditiques et des dépôts sableux de lobes et constituent le principal mode de dépôt de Corg dans ces éléments architecturaux. La teneur en matière organique est également très fortement modulée par les variations glacio eustatiques. Durant les périodes de bas niveau marin relatif, l’accumulation organique est bien plus forte que durant les périodes de haut niveau marin. Ces fluctuations s’expliquent par l’effet combiné d’une plus forte productivité marine enregistrée en période glaciaire et d’un transfert sédimentaire entre le continent et le domaine profond très intensifié grâce au bas niveau marin. L’activité du système turbiditique est en effet dépendante de la connexion entre le système fluviatile et les têtes de canyons qui n’est possible que lorsque le niveau marin est bas. Bien que l’export de carbone continental vers l’océan dans ce système soit fort, les estimations du taux de préservation du carbone continental exporté par le fleuve montrent que la majorité du carbone est reminéralisé dans l’océan. Les taux de sédimentation relativement faibles sur l’ensemble du système du fait de la prédominance de la sédimentation hémipélagique sur la sédimentation turbiditique ne permettent pas une préservation optimale de la matière organique. / The Ogooué deep-sea turbidite system is located on the Gabonese margin and extends up to 500 km off the coastline. A dense vegetation due to the wet equatorial climate prevails on the Ogooue drainage basin and a strong primary productivity is observed in the waters of the Gulf of Guinea. These two features make the Ogooue system a good example to study the characteristics of organic carbon accumulation on a river-dominated ocean margin. A morpho-bathymetric analysis of the area combined with a study of seismic lines allowed us to define the architecture and the dynamic of the system. It is composed of an area where numerous meandering channels are localized and fed in sediments by several aligned canyons. The canyons heads incise the shelf but do not extend to the present-day Ogooué delta. Terminal depositional lobes are present at the exit of a large valley that funnels turbidity currents. Sedimentary (grain size, XRF, XRD) and geochemical (%Corg, δ13Corg, palynofacies, n-alkanes and GDGTs) analysis were performed on nine Küllenberg cores taken in different sedimentary environments of the system. These analyses aim at defining the Corg content of the cores as well as its origin and to link these parameters with the sedimentation type. The temporal and spatial repartition of carbon accumulation was also considered. Results show that hemipelagic sedimentation appears as quite inefficient to transport terrigenous organic carbon but is effective to bury marine organic carbon that forms aggregates with the smectite clay particles supplied by the river. Conversely, the sandy turbidites transport high quantity of terrigenous Corg to the deep sea areas. This Corg appears mostly under the form of well-preserved plant debris. These organic-rich turbidites (>5% TOC) form the main way of deposition of organic carbon in the levees of the turbidite channels and in the terminal lobes. Organic carbon accumulation is also strongly controlled by glacio eustatic variations. Low sea-level periods are characterized by very high organic carbon accumulation compared with high sea-level periods. Theses variations are the results of the combination of a higher marine productivity during glacials and a more intense export of terrigenous particles (both mineral and organic) during sea-level lowstand. The turbidite system activity is indeed governed by the connection between the canyons ‘heads and the riverine delta. This connection occurs only during lowstand. However, even though the export of organic carbon in the system is strong, the estimated preservation rates attest that most of the terrigenous organic carbon is mineralized in the ocean and not buried in the sediments. Globally low sedimentation rate on the whole system and the domination of hemipelagic over turbiditic sedimentation do not allow a better preservation of the organic material.

Le mouvement des failles synsédimentaires peut induire la création d'escarpement pendant la sédimentation dont l'importance est analysée selon deux aspects: (1) Impact sur les écoulements gravitaires sous-marins (Grés d'Annot) Des escarpements d'une hauteur décimétrique/métrique perturbent les écoulements sous-marins en favorisant (a) les érosions, le transit sédimentaire, et le dépôt des levées turbiditiques sur l'escarpement, (b) la transformation d'écoulement hyperconcentré en un écoulement turbulent et la localisation de faciès spécifique au pied des escarpements, (c) une canalisation des écoulements de débris parallèlement aux failles. (2) Cinématique des failles synsédimentaires. L'intégration des escarpements permet (a) une meilleure compréhension de la part des variations des apports sédimentaires et des variations du déplacement de la faille, à l'origine des variations d'épaisseur des strates de croissances et (b) d'accéder à la lithologie des dépôts à partir des données sismiques.

Active continental margins are affected by complex feedbacks between tectonic, climate and surface processes, the intricate relations of which are still a matter of discussion. The Chilean convergent margin, forming the outstanding Andean subduction orogen, constitutes an ideal natural laboratory for the investigation of climate, tectonics and their interactions. In order to study both processes, I examined marine and lacustrine sediments from different depositional environments on- and offshore the south-central Chilean coast (38-40°S). I combined sedimentological, geochemical and isotopical analyses to identify climatic and tectonic signals within the sedimentary records. The investigation of marine trench sediments (ODP Site 1232, SONNE core 50SL) focused on frequency changes of turbiditic event layers since the late Pleistocene. In the active margin setting of south-central Chile, these layers were considered to reflect periodically occurring earthquakes and to constitute an archive of the regional paleoseismicity. The new results indicate glacial-interglacial changes in turbidite frequencies during the last 140 kyr, with short recurrence times (~200 years) during glacial and long recurrence times (~1000 years) during interglacial periods. Hence, the generation of turbidites appears to be strongly influenced by climate and sea level changes, which control on the amount of sediment delivered to the shelf edge and therewith the stability of the continental slope: more stable slope conditions during interglacial periods entail lower turbidite frequencies than in glacial periods. Since glacial turbidite recurrence times are congruent with earthquake recurrence times derived from the historical record and other paleoseismic archives of the region, I concluded that only during cold stages the sediment availability and slope instability enabled the complete series of large earthquakes to be recorded. The sediment transport to the shelf region is not only driven by climate conditions but also influenced by local forearc tectonics. Accelerating uplift rates along major tectonic structures involved drainage anomalies and river flow inversions, which seriously altered the sediment supply to the Pacific Ocean. Two examples for the tectonic hindrance of fluvial systems are the coastal lakes Lago Lanalhue and Lago Lleu Lleu. Both lakes developed within former river valleys, which once discharged towards the Pacific and were dammed by tectonically uplifted sills at ~8000 yr BP. Analyses of sediment cores from the lakes showed similar successions of marine/brackish deposits at the bottom, covered by lacustrine sediments on top. Dating of the transitions between these different units and the comparison with global sea level curves allowed me to calculate local Holocene uplift rates, which are distinctly higher for the upraised sills (Lanalhue: 8.83 ± 2.7 mm/yr, Lleu Lleu: 11.36 ± 1.77 mm/yr) than for the lake basins (Lanalhue: 0.42 ± 0.71 mm/yr, Lleu Lleu: 0.49 ± 0.44 mm/yr). I hence considered the sills to be the surface expression of a blind thrust associated with a prominent inverse fault that is controlling regional uplift and folding. After the final separation of Lago Lanalhue and Lago Lleu Lleu from the Pacific, a constant deposition of lacustrine sediments preserved continuous records of local environmental changes. Sequences from both lakes indicate a long-term climate trend with a significant shift from more arid conditions during the Mid-Holocene (8000 – 4200 cal yr BP) to more humid conditions during the Late Holocene (4200 cal yr BP – present). This trend is consistent with other regional paleoclimatic data and interpreted to reflect changes in the strength/position of the Southern Westerly Winds. Since ~5000 years, sediments of Lago Lleu Lleu are marked by numerous intercalated detrital layers that recur with a mean frequency of ~210 years. Deposition of these layers may be triggered by local tectonics (i.e. earthquakes), but may also originate from changes in the local climate (e.g. onset of modern ENSO conditions). During the last 2000 years, pronounced variations in the terrigenous sediment supply to both lakes suggest important hydrological changes on the centennial time-scale as well. A lower input of terrigenous matter points to less humid phases between 200 cal yr B.C. - 150 cal yr A.D., 900 - 1350 cal yr A.D. and 1850 cal yr A.D. to present (broadly corresponding to the Roman, Medieval, and Modern Warm Periods). More humid periods persisted from 150 - 900 cal yr A.D. and 1350 - 1850 cal yr A.D. (broadly corresponding to the Dark Ages and the Little Ice Age). In conclusion, the combined investigation of marine and lacustrine sediments is a feasible method for the reconstruction of climatic and tectonic processes on different time scales. My approach allows exploring both climate and tectonics in one and the same archive, and is largely transferable to other active margins worldwide. / An aktiven Kontinentalrändern wirken komplexe Rückkopplungen zwischen Tektonik, Klima- und Oberflächenprozessen, deren Zusammenhänge bisher nur in Grundzügen verstanden und Gegenstand aktueller Forschung sind. Der chilenische Kontinentalrand – mit den Anden als größtem Subduktionsorogen der Erde – bietet ein natürliches Labor zur Erforschung von Klima und Tektonik sowie deren Wechselbeziehungen. Um beide Prozesse genauer zu verifizieren, habe ich marine und lakustrine Sedimente entlang der südlichen Küste Zentralchiles (38-40°S) untersucht und die enthaltenen klimatischen und tektonischen Signale mit einer Kombination aus sedimentologischen, geochemischen und Isotopen-Analysen identifiziert. Die Untersuchung der marinen Trenchsedimente (ODP-Bohrung 1232, SONNE-Kern 50SL) konzentriert sich dabei auf Änderungen in der Ablagerungsfrequenz von turbiditischen Lagen, welche in der tektonisch aktiven Region süd-zentral Chiles als Anzeiger periodisch auftretender Erdbeben und somit als Archiv lokaler Seismizität gewertet werden. Für die letzten 140 000 Jahre zeigen die Daten deutliche Schwankungen der Turbiditfrequenzen: Während in Glazialzeiten in etwa ein Ereignis alle 200 Jahre zu verzeichnen ist, treten Turbidite in den Interglazialzeiten nur etwa alle 1000 Jahre auf. Die Häufigkeit der Turbidite scheint demnach nicht nur von der lokalen Seismizität, sondern auch von globalen Klima- und Meeresspiegelschwankungen abhängig zu sein. Beide bestimmen die Sedimentmenge, die den Kontinentalschelf und die Schelfkante erreicht, und damit letztendlich die Stabilität des Kontinentalhanges; so führen stabilere Hangverhältnisse in den Interglazialen zu geringeren Turbiditfrequenzen als in den Glazialen. Da die glazialen Turbidithäufigkeiten gut mit der Häufigkeit von historisch dokumentierten Erdebeben übereinstimmen, scheint in Abhängigkeit der größeren Sedimentmenge und der geringeren Hangstabilität nur in den Kaltzeiten die Gesamtzahl aller großen Erbeben durch Turbidite aufgezeichnet zu werden. Neben dem Klima bestimmt auch die lokale Forearc-Tektonik den Sedimenttransport zur Schelfregion. Erhöhte Hebung entlang tektonischer Strukturen kann zu Veränderungen im Gewässernetz führen und so die Sedimentzufuhr zum Pazifik modifizieren oder gar unterbinden. Zwei Beispiele für die tektonische Blockade von Flusssystemen entlang von Störungszonen sind die heutigen Küstenseen Lago Lanalhue und Lago Lleu Lleu. Beide Seen entwickelten sich aus ehemaligen Flusssystemen, die einst zum Pazifik hin entwässerten und vor etwa 8000 Jahren durch lokale tektonische Hebung entlang einer inversen Verwerfung aufgestaut wurden. Sedimentkernanalysen zeigen für beide Seen eine ähnliche Abfolge von zunächst marinem und darüber liegendem lakustrinen Material. Die genaue Datierung des marin-lakustrinen Übergangs und der Vergleich mit globalen Meeresspiegelkurven erlaubt die Berechnung lokaler holozäner Hebungsraten. Für die Schwellen, die beide Seen eindämmen, sind diese Raten deutlich höher (Lanalhue: 8.83 ± 2.7 mm/Jahr; Lleu Lleu: 11.36 ± 1.77 mm/Jahr) als für die Seebecken selbst (Lanalhue: 0.42 ± 0.71 mm/Jahr; Lleu Lleu: 0.49 ± 0.44 mm/Jahr). Die Schwellen scheinen deshalb Anzeiger einer bislang verdeckten Überschiebung zu sein, die Hebung und Verformung in der Region der beiden Seen beeinflusst. Seit ihrem Aufstauen werden in beiden Seen kontinuierlich lakustrine Sedimente abgelagert und so lokale/regionale Umwelt- und Klimaänderungen archiviert. Die Sedimentsequenzen zeigen einen Übergang von ariderem Klima im mittleren Holozän (8000 - 4200 Jahre vor heute) zu humideren Bedingungen im späten Holozän (seit 4200 Jahren). Dieser Trend stimmt mit anderen paläoklimatischen Daten der Umgebung überein, und wird als Zeichen einer Änderung in der Stärke bzw. Breitenlage der südhemisphärischen Westwinde interpretiert. Seit etwa 5000 Jahren sind die Sedimente des Lago Lleu Lleu durch regelmäßig auftretende detritische Lagen gekennzeichnet, die in ihrer Ursache sowohl tektonisch (z.B. durch Erdbeben) als auch klimatisch (z.B. durch Änderungen der El Niño Southern Oscillation) bedingt sein könnten. Seit etwa 2000 Jahren weisen in beiden Seen vermehrte Schwankungen im Terrigeneintrag auch auf kurzfristigere hydrologische Änderungen hin. Ein verminderter Eintrag lässt auf weniger humides Klima zwischen 200 B.C. - 150 A.D., 900 - 1350 A.D., und nach 1850 A.D. (in etwa der römischen, mittelalterlichen und gegenwärtigen Warmzeit) schließen; vermehrter Eintrag zwischen 150 - 900 A.D sowie 1350 - 1850 A.D. (in etwa den ‚Dark-Ages’ und der Kleinen Eiszeit) weist dagegen ein stärker humides Klima hin. Wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, ist die kombinierte Analyse von marinen und lakustrinen Sedimenten ein praktikabler Ansatz, um klimatische und tektonische Prozesse auf verschiedenen Zeitskalen in ein und demselben Archiv zu untersuchen. Die Methode lässt sich weitgehend auch auf andere aktive Kontinentalränder übertragen.

The move into deeper waters in the Gulf of Mexico has produced new opportunities for petroleum production, but it also has produced new challenges as different reservoir problems are encountered. This integrated reservoir characterization effort has provided useful information about the behavior and characteristics of a typical unconsolidated, overpressured, fine-grained, turbidite reservoir, which constitutes the majority of the reservoirs present in the Outer Continental Shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. Reservoirs in the Green Canyon 18 (GC 18) field constitute part of a turbidite package with reservoir quality typically increasing with depth. Characterization of the relatively shallow 8 reservoir had hitherto been hindered by the difficulty in resolving its complex architecture and stratigraphy. Furthermore, the combination of its unconsolidated rock matrix and abnormal pore pressure has resulted in severe production-induced compaction. The reservoir's complex geology had previously obfuscated the delineation of its hydrocarbon accumulation and determination of its different resource volumes. Geological and architectural alterations caused by post-accumulation salt tectonic activities had previously undermined the determination of the reservoir's active drive mechanisms and their chronology. Seismic interpretation has provided the reservoir geometry and topography. The reservoir stratigraphy has been defined using log, core and seismic data. With well data as pilot points, the spatial distribution of the reservoir properties has been defined using geostatistics. The resulting geological model was used to construct a dynamic flow model that matched historical production and pressure data.. The reservoir's pressure and production behavior indicates a dominant compaction drive mechanism. The results of this work show that the reservoir performance is influenced not only by the available drive energy, but also by the spatial distribution of the different facies relative to well locations. The study has delineated the hydrocarbon bearing reservoir, quantified the different resource categories as STOIIP/GIIP = 19.8/26.2 mmstb/Bscf, ultimate recovery = 9.92/16.01 mmstb/Bscf, and reserves (as of 9/2001) = 1.74/5.99 mmstb/Bscf of oil and gas, respectively. There does not appear to be significant benefit to infill drilling or enhanced recovery operations.

The structures along the Atwater Fold belt form important deep-water hydrocarbon traps in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The purpose of this study is to map and quantify the morphology, sedimentology and architecture of Plio-Pleistocene basin floor fan systems outboard of the Poseidon Minibasin, located along the Atwater deep-water fold belt (mid-Miocene to Pliocene), and apply that information to determine the temporal and spatial nature of the fill and its implications as a reservoir analog. The data set includes ~2200 km sq. of 3D seismic data, along with information from several wells. Wireline logs show the Tertiary age deposits outboard of the Sigsbee Escarpment to be several hundred feet thick, sharp-based, dominantly coarse-grained (sandy) but fining up cycles composed of sandy basin floor fans, mass transport complexes and leveed channels developed in a confined setting within deep-water “valleys.” The largest valley formed in five main stages: initiating from narrow channel incision, widening through lateral incision and sidewall slumping, straightening, and finally flooding and infilling. The valley system is ~20,000 feet across and ~ 1,400 feet deep, with what look like well-developed levees ranging from 700 to 1300 feet at their thickest point extending ~19000 feet away from the channel. This system is underlain by a ~700 foot thick mass transport complex and overlain by younger, low sinuosity leveed channel systems. Both of these systems appear to have been sourced by large submarine drainages, originating from a shelf edge sediment source system to feed the rugose slope with deep-water channel pathways uninhibited by salt wall inflation at the time of valley deposition. Major phases of salt thrusting along the southern edge of the Atwater were contemporaneous with the formation of these large, through-going valley system, which appear to be associated with the period of sheet thickening and development of monoclinal basinward dip related to rafted mini-basin docking. Well log signatures show evidence for armored clay drapes along the valley margins as well as a flattening of lateral accretion packages toward the distal end of the system. The flattening of these packages seems to signal proximity to the fan terminus, which would serve as an important indicator of spatial extent of plays in deep-water. / text

Ancient basin-floor strata are exceptionally well exposed in the Neoproterozoic Windermere Supergroup in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Data from the Castle Creek outcrop, where strata of the upper Kaza Group crop out, and the Mt. Quanstrom outcrop, where the middle Kaza is exposed, form the main dataset for this study. The aim of this study is to describe and interpret the strata starting at the bed scale, followed by stratal element scale, lobe scale and ultimately fan scale. Strata of the Kaza Group comprise six sedimentary facies representing deposition from a variety of fluid and cohesive sediment gravity flows. These, in turn, populate seven stratal elements that are defined by their basal contact, cross-sectional geometry and internal facies distribution. The lithological characteristics of stratal elements vary little from proximal to more distal settings, but their relative abundance and stacking pattern do, which, then, forms the basis for modeling the internal architecture of lobes. Lobes typically comprise an assemblage of stratal elements, which then are systematically and predictably arranged in both space (along a single depositional transect) and time (stratigraphically upward). Lobes typically became initiated by channel avulsion. In the proximal part of the system scours up to several meters deep, several tens of meters wide are interpreted to have formed by erosion downflow of the avulsion node. Erosion also charged the flow with fine-grained sediment and on the lateral margins and downflow avulsion splays were deposited. Later flows then exploited the basin-floor topography and on the proximal basin-floor carved a feeder channel, which then fed a downflow depositional lobe. At the mouths of feeder channels flows became dispersed through a network of distributary channels that further downflow shallow and widen until eventually merging laterally in sandstone-rich terminal splays. During the lifespan of a single lobe the feeder channel remains fixed, but the distributary channel network and its associated terminal splays wander, causing them to stack and be intercalated laterally and vertically. Eventually an upstream avulsion terminates local sediment supply, causing a new lobe to be initiated elsewhere on the fan, and the process repeats.

Esta dissertação de mestrado compreende o artigo submetido à publicação, bem como a nota explicativa, base conceitual e contextualização do tema e objetivos, e por fim uma discussão integradora sumarizando os principais resultados. O tema principal da dissertação são os complexos turbidíticos marinhos profundos da Bacia de Campos, notórios produtores de petróleo e de relevante significância no contexto da matriz energética do Brasil desde os anos 1970. Estes depósitos portadores de hidrocarbonetos foram descobertos após um grande esforço exploratório inicial, e desde então sempre se mostraram reservatórios prolíficos e cada vez mais relevantes na produção de petróleo anual brasileira. Com a descoberta do pré-sal, estima-se a ultrapassagem da capacidade de produção dos turbiditos, mas é inegável que o suporte capital e conhecimento geológico inicial que permitiram a descoberta do pré-sal são diretamente sustentados pela bem estabelecida produção dos turbiditos Cretácicos. O intervalo de estudo é o Cretáceo Superior (Turoniano ao Maastrichtiano), um período globalmente definido por uma transgressão de segunda ordem. Entretanto, dentro de um intervalo estratigráfico não usual, são reconhecidos uma série de corpos areníticos de espessuras consideráveis, os quais podem atingir até 200 metros de arenitos contínuos Estes depósitos foram sistematicamente formados por fluxos gravitacionais associados ou não a cânions, sendo depositados na forma de complexos de leques de assoalho (basin floor fan complexes). A variabilidade de espessura, dimensões laterais e geometrias destes depósitos são muito expressivas, e isso motivou a presente dissertação. A área de estudo compreende os campos produtores de Polvo e Peregrino, considerados já bem estabelecidos e com um programa de explotação de longo prazo. Utilizando dados sísmicos convertidos em profundidade e um total de 105 poços, foram selecionadas as linhas sísmicas mais relevantes a fim de desenvolver uma interpretação sismoestratigráfica da área de estudo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho consistiu inicialmente em uma análise de alta resolução dos refletores sísmicos e suas respectivas terminações nas seções sísmicas previamente selecionadas. A interpretação completa dos refletores sísmicos permitiu o reconhecimento das superfícies limítrofes e uma posterior caracterização regional de cinco unidades sismoestratigráficas no intervalo de estudo. Após o reconhecimento das unidades sismoestratigráficas, foram também caracterizadas as principais fácies sísmicas reconhecidas no intervalo estudado a partir do mapeamento regional de pacotessísmicos com assinaturas específicas e correlação com dados litológicos de poços adjacentes. Por fim, utilizando-se dos conceitos básicos de estratigrafia de sequencias, foram construídas cartas cronoestratigráficas visando o reconhecimento das fases evolutivas e uma posterior construção do modelo deposicional com caráter preditivo dos complexos turbidíticos. Como resultado final, obteve-se um modelo deposicional de alta resolução da área mapeada, o qual pode ser utilizado como guia para a predição de depósitos turbidíticos arenosos na Bacia de Campos. A presente dissertação ainda propõe uma metodologia sistemática visando o reconhecimento e caracterização regional de depósitos turbidíticos, a qual compreende significativas implicações para avaliação na distribuição de reservatórios arenosos. / This master's thesis is comprised by a scientific article submitted for publication, an explanatory note, a summary of conceptual basis and contextualization of the theme and objectives, and an integrative discussion summarizing the most important results obtained. The main subject of this dissertation deals with seismic stratigraphic study of the deep marine turbidite complexes of the Campos Basin, which are notorious and extremely important oil producing formations in Brazil since the 1970s. These hydrocarbons deposits were discovered after a great initial exploratory effort, and since then have always been prolific and increasingly relevant reservoirs in Brazilian annual oil production. With the discovery of pre-salt reservoirs, it is estimated that turbidite production capacity is exceeded, but it is undeniable that the initial support and initial geological knowledge that allowed the discovery of the pre-salt is directly supported by the well-established production of the Cretaceous turbidites. The studied interval has an Upper Cretaceous (Turonian to Maastrichtian) age, a period globally defined by a second order transgression. However, within an unusual stratigraphic range, several laterally continuous sandstone bodies with thickness up to 200 meters are regionally recognized in the Campos Basin. These deposits were systematically formed by gravitational fluxes associated or not with canyons and deposited as basin floor fan complexes. The variability of thickness, lateral dimensions and geometries of these deposits are characteristic, providing motivation for the present study The study area comprises the Polvo and Peregrino oilfields, already considered well established and with a long-term exploitation program. Using depth converted 2D seismic data and well data from 105 wells, the most relevant seismic lines were selected to develop a detailed seismic stratigraphic interpretation of the study area. Thus, the present work comprises an initial high-resolution analysis of seismic reflectors and their respective terminations in the previously selected seismic sections. The complete interpretation of the seismic reflectors allowed the recognition of the boundary surfaces and a subsequent regional characterization of five seismic stratigraphic units in the studied interval. After the recognition of the seismic stratigraphic units, the main seismic facies recognized were characterized through regional mapping of seismic packages with specific signatures and correlation with lithological data from adjacent wells. Finally, using the basic concepts of sequence stratigraphy, chronostratigraphic charts were constructed for recognition of the evolutionary phases and to support the construction of a predictive depositional model for the turbidite complexes As a final result, a high resolution depositional model of the study interval was obtained, which can be used as a guide for the prediction of sand dominated turbidite deposits in the Campos Basin. The present dissertation also proposes a systematic methodology for seismic recognition and regional characterization of turbidite deposits, which has significant implications for the evaluation of sand dominated, turbidite reservoir distribution during hydrocarbon exploration.

A evolução diagenética de dois reservatórios turbidíticos terciários da porção offshore da Bacia do Espírito Santo, foi influenciada tanto por processos meteóricos como por processos relacionados a domos salinos adjacentes aos reservatórios, que tiveram diferente impacto sobre sua qualidade. A precipitação de pirita framboidal, dolomita microcristalina e siderita ocorreram sob condições eodiagenéticas marinhas. A percolação por água meteórica ocorreu ainda durante a eodiagênese, e promoveu extensiva caulinização (δ18OSMOW=+15.3‰ a +18.2‰; δDSMOW=-51‰ a -66‰) e dissolução de feldspatos, micas e intraclastos lamosos. Durante o progressivo soterramento da sequência (profundidades atuais: 2600-3000m) e consequente compactação, fluidos oriundos dos lutitos circundantes, modificados por reações com a matéria orgânica e carbonatos, deslocaram gradualmente os fluidos salobros marinhos-meteóricos, levando à precipitação de calcita poiquilotópica (valores médios: δ18OVPDB= -6.6‰; δ13CVPDB= -1.2‰). A composição dos fluidos mesodiagenéticos foi progressivamente modificada pela proximidade dos domos de sal, promovendo ubíqua albitização dos feldspatos e precipitação localizada de quartzo, calcita (valores médios: δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -3.9‰) e dolomita em sela (valores médios: δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -4.2‰). A análise de inclusões fluidas nos crescimentos de quartzo indicou que os fluidos precipitantes tinham salinidade predominantemente entre 9 e 13 % de NaCl (em peso) e temperaturas de homogeneização na faixa de 1050 a 1450 C Estes valores são mais altos do que aqueles esperados para o gradiente geotérmico normal da área. A distribuição da albitização dos feldspatos sugere que as fraturas ao longo das margens dos domos de sal atuaram como caminho preferencial para a circulação das salmouras quentes. Os valores de δ13C e δ18O dos cimentos de calcita e dolomita seguem um padrão de covariância, mostrando um declínio desde daqueles representativos da água do mar (~0%), para δ13C =-5.9‰ e δ18O = -10.9‰ para a calcita, e δ13C = -5.4‰ e δ18O = -11.7‰ para a dolomita, o que sugere a progressiva participação da descarboxilação térmica da matéria orgânica dos lutitos com o soterramento. A compactação mecânica foi mais importante do que a cimentação na redução da porosidade, e a dissolução de feldspatos foi o processo mais importante na geração de porosidade nos reservatórios. Apesar da proximidade dos domos de sal, a intensidade dos processos diagenéticos foi moderada, já que não ocorreu autigênese de ilita, e a cimentação de quartzo foi limitada. Estas características podem estar relacionadas com o soterramento relativamente recente destes reservatórios. Este estudo mostra que a predição da diagênese e qualidade de reservatórios relacionados a domos de sal é uma função de múltiplas variáveis, incluindo as dimensões dos domos, o regime térmico regional da bacia, a condutividade térmica e de fluidos, e a composição mineral e propriedades geomecânicas dos reservatórios e litologias associadas. / The diagenetic evolution of two tertiary turbidite reservoirs from the offshore portion of the Espírito Santo Basin, eastern Brazil, was influenced by meteoric and salt dome-related processes, which had different impact on their quality. Marine eogenetic processes included the precipitation of framboidal pyrite, microcrystalline dolomite and siderite. Meteoric water influx during eodiagenesis occurred in response to relative sea-level falls that promoted extensive kaolinization (δ18O=+15.3‰ to +18.2‰; δD= -51‰ to -66‰) and dissolution of framework silicate grains. During progressive burial (present depths – 2600 m – 3000 m), connate marine fluids modified by reactions with organic matter and carbonates presented in the surrounding mudrocks gradually displaced brackish fluids generated by the meteoric influx and led to concretionary cementation by poikilotopic calcite (average δ18O= -6.6‰; δ13C= -1.2‰). Mesogenetic fluids were progressively modified by the proximity of salt domes, which led to ubiquitous feldspar albitization and localized quartz, calcite (average δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -3.9‰) and saddle dolomite precipitation (average δ18O= -10.2‰; δ13C= -4.2‰). Fluid inclusion analysis in quartz overgrowths indicate that the precipitating fluids had salinities predominantly in the range 9-13 wt% NaCl equivalent and temperatures largely in the 105 – 145oC range These values are higher than those expected considering the normal geothermal gradient for the area. The distribution of feldspar albitization suggests that the fracture systems along the salt domes margins acted as preferential pathways for such hot, saline diagenetic fluids. Isotopic values for calcite and dolomite cements follow a co-variance trend of decreasing δ13C and δ18O from close to marine (~0‰) towards negative values (δ13C and δ18O down to -5.9‰ and -10.9‰ for calcite; -5.4‰ and -11.7‰ for dolomite), suggesting increasing contribution from thermal decarboxylation with increasing temperature and depth. Mechanical compaction was more important than cementation in reducing depositional porosity, and the dissolution of framework silicate grains is the most important processes for enhancing reservoir quality. Despite the proximity to the salt domes, the intensity of the influenced diagenetic processes is relatively mild, as illite authigenesis is lacking, and quartz cementation is limited, features that may be related to the recent burial of the reservoirs.

Submitted by RICARDO OTTO ROZZA SCHMIDT null (rottoschmidt@gmail.com) on 2016-06-20T16:57:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mestrado Dissertação Final_Dig.pdf: 14191761 bytes, checksum: dbea65724bee20d777cf130e21a9ab56 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-06-23T14:12:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 schmidt_ror_me_rcla.pdf: 14191761 bytes, checksum: dbea65724bee20d777cf130e21a9ab56 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-23T14:12:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 schmidt_ror_me_rcla.pdf: 14191761 bytes, checksum: dbea65724bee20d777cf130e21a9ab56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05-03 / Os arenitos de água profunda, designados genericamente como turbiditos, têm enorme relevância energética e econômica para o Brasil. Na Bacia de Campos, a maior parte dos campos produtores contêm níveis turbidíticos da Formação Carapebus (Eoceno), focalizados neste estudo. É o caso dos campos de Enchova e Bonito. Nesta dissertação propõe-se a caracterização geológica-petrofísica dos reservatórios turbidíticos (Eoceno) nestes campos, que mesmo descobertos há 30 anos detém poucas informações publicadas no que se refere à sua disposição espacial litológica e petrofísica. A integração de metodologias e ferramentas possibilita a melhor compreensão dos reservatórios e de suas heterogeneidades. Neste trabalho foram integrados dados oriundos de testemunhos, perfis de poços, sísmica 3-D (40 km²) por meio dos métodos geoestatísticos Krigagem Indicativa e Krigagem Ordinária, de forma a contribuir com o entendimento da distribuição das principais unidades do reservatório. A análise litológica teve como enfoque os métodos qualitativos, apoiada na descrição de testemunhos apresentadas na pasta de poço, e quantitativo, baseado nas análises dos perfis geofísicos de 20 poços. Com base nesta correlação rocha-perfil, os litotipos arenito, carbonato e folhelho foram definidos e extrapolados para os intervalos não testemunhados. A interpretação e correlação dos perfis geofísicos identificaram dois níveis arenosos principais, o inferior com 10 a 15 m e superior com 70 a100 m, separados por uma camada de folhelho de 5 a 20 m. Salienta-se o controle deposicional de uma feição erosiva de idade Maastrichiano-Eoceno Médio, a qual concentra as maiores espessuras de areia a oeste dos campos. A caracterização estrutural do reservatório, definida por três feições dômicas alinhadas a NE, foi definida pela interpretação sísmica 3-D. A análise de atributos sísmicos de amplitude, realizada no intervalo definido entre os horizontes topo e base do reservatório, revelou geometrias associadas a complexos de canais discretos, em Enchova, e lobos canalizados, em Bonito. O modelo litológico do reservatório obtido pela aplicação da Krigagem indicativa representou satisfatoriamente os níveis turbidíticos quando comparados aos dados de poços e mapas atributos sísmicos, que indica as maiores espessuras dos turbiditos a oeste das áreas. O modelo da porosidade obtido pela Krigagem Ordinária (Krigagem Indicativa) indicou melhores condições porosas na porção oeste dos campos, correlacionando-se com o modelo litológico carbonatos fechados e folhelhos no modelo litológico. Ambos, os mapas de atributos sísmicos e modelos obtidos apresentam uma área com potencial exploratório a sul de Bonito, ainda não perfurada segundo a ANP. / Deep-water sandstones, known as turbidites, play an important role in Brazil's energy and economic scenario. In the Campos Basin, Carapebus Formation´s Eocene turbidites produce in most oil fields of the basin. Enchova and Bonito oil fields, focused in this study, represent Eocene sandstone production areas. Discovered 30 years ago, Eocene reservoirs have a lack of information regarding its lithological and petrophysical distribution. This master thesis proposes a geological-getrophysical reservoir characterization of Eocene turbidites on Enchova and Bonito fields. The integration of methodologies and tools enables a better understanding of the reservoir geometry and heterogeneity. This work integrates core descriptions from well reports, well logs and 3-D seismic through Indicator Kriging (lithology) and Ordinary Kriging (porosity) resulting in 3-D solid models. The models possibly a better understand of lithologic and petrophysical reservoir distribution. The lithological analysis is supported by qualitative methods, supported by the 70m core description provided with well log data, and quantitative, based on the analysis of 20 well logs. Based on this correlation between logs and rocks, the lithology classes, sandstone, carbonate and shale, were defined. The well-logs interpretation and correlation identified two main turbidite intervals, the lower 5 to 15 m and upper 70 to 100 m, separated by a shale layer 5 to 20 m. These intervals were depositionally controlled by an erosive feature associated with Maastrichtian-Middle Eocene unconformity, defining the distribution pattern of turbidites sands concentrated on the western portion of the fields. The reservoir structural characterization, performed trough 3-D seismic interpretation, is defined by three domal features separated by normal faults aligned to NE-SW. Seismic amplitude attributes calculated under the reservoir interval revealed channelized geometries on Enchova field and lobate architecture on Bonito field. The reservoir lithological model obtained through Indicator Kriging demonstrate coherence when compared to well data distribution and seismic attributes maps that indicate turbidite greatest thicknesses in western areas. The model of porosity obtained by Ordinary Kriging revealed best porosity conditions in the western portion of the fields, corresponding to the seismic attributes responses and lithological model. Both geostatistical models and seismic attributes maps revealed an interesting non drilled area located on south of Bonito field.

Esta dissertação de mestrado compreende o artigo submetido à publicação, bem como a nota explicativa, base conceitual e contextualização do tema e objetivos, e por fim uma discussão integradora sumarizando os principais resultados. O tema principal da dissertação são os complexos turbidíticos marinhos profundos da Bacia de Campos, notórios produtores de petróleo e de relevante significância no contexto da matriz energética do Brasil desde os anos 1970. Estes depósitos portadores de hidrocarbonetos foram descobertos após um grande esforço exploratório inicial, e desde então sempre se mostraram reservatórios prolíficos e cada vez mais relevantes na produção de petróleo anual brasileira. Com a descoberta do pré-sal, estima-se a ultrapassagem da capacidade de produção dos turbiditos, mas é inegável que o suporte capital e conhecimento geológico inicial que permitiram a descoberta do pré-sal são diretamente sustentados pela bem estabelecida produção dos turbiditos Cretácicos. O intervalo de estudo é o Cretáceo Superior (Turoniano ao Maastrichtiano), um período globalmente definido por uma transgressão de segunda ordem. Entretanto, dentro de um intervalo estratigráfico não usual, são reconhecidos uma série de corpos areníticos de espessuras consideráveis, os quais podem atingir até 200 metros de arenitos contínuos Estes depósitos foram sistematicamente formados por fluxos gravitacionais associados ou não a cânions, sendo depositados na forma de complexos de leques de assoalho (basin floor fan complexes). A variabilidade de espessura, dimensões laterais e geometrias destes depósitos são muito expressivas, e isso motivou a presente dissertação. A área de estudo compreende os campos produtores de Polvo e Peregrino, considerados já bem estabelecidos e com um programa de explotação de longo prazo. Utilizando dados sísmicos convertidos em profundidade e um total de 105 poços, foram selecionadas as linhas sísmicas mais relevantes a fim de desenvolver uma interpretação sismoestratigráfica da área de estudo. Desta forma, o presente trabalho consistiu inicialmente em uma análise de alta resolução dos refletores sísmicos e suas respectivas terminações nas seções sísmicas previamente selecionadas. A interpretação completa dos refletores sísmicos permitiu o reconhecimento das superfícies limítrofes e uma posterior caracterização regional de cinco unidades sismoestratigráficas no intervalo de estudo. Após o reconhecimento das unidades sismoestratigráficas, foram também caracterizadas as principais fácies sísmicas reconhecidas no intervalo estudado a partir do mapeamento regional de pacotessísmicos com assinaturas específicas e correlação com dados litológicos de poços adjacentes. Por fim, utilizando-se dos conceitos básicos de estratigrafia de sequencias, foram construídas cartas cronoestratigráficas visando o reconhecimento das fases evolutivas e uma posterior construção do modelo deposicional com caráter preditivo dos complexos turbidíticos. Como resultado final, obteve-se um modelo deposicional de alta resolução da área mapeada, o qual pode ser utilizado como guia para a predição de depósitos turbidíticos arenosos na Bacia de Campos. A presente dissertação ainda propõe uma metodologia sistemática visando o reconhecimento e caracterização regional de depósitos turbidíticos, a qual compreende significativas implicações para avaliação na distribuição de reservatórios arenosos. / This master's thesis is comprised by a scientific article submitted for publication, an explanatory note, a summary of conceptual basis and contextualization of the theme and objectives, and an integrative discussion summarizing the most important results obtained. The main subject of this dissertation deals with seismic stratigraphic study of the deep marine turbidite complexes of the Campos Basin, which are notorious and extremely important oil producing formations in Brazil since the 1970s. These hydrocarbons deposits were discovered after a great initial exploratory effort, and since then have always been prolific and increasingly relevant reservoirs in Brazilian annual oil production. With the discovery of pre-salt reservoirs, it is estimated that turbidite production capacity is exceeded, but it is undeniable that the initial support and initial geological knowledge that allowed the discovery of the pre-salt is directly supported by the well-established production of the Cretaceous turbidites. The studied interval has an Upper Cretaceous (Turonian to Maastrichtian) age, a period globally defined by a second order transgression. However, within an unusual stratigraphic range, several laterally continuous sandstone bodies with thickness up to 200 meters are regionally recognized in the Campos Basin. These deposits were systematically formed by gravitational fluxes associated or not with canyons and deposited as basin floor fan complexes. The variability of thickness, lateral dimensions and geometries of these deposits are characteristic, providing motivation for the present study The study area comprises the Polvo and Peregrino oilfields, already considered well established and with a long-term exploitation program. Using depth converted 2D seismic data and well data from 105 wells, the most relevant seismic lines were selected to develop a detailed seismic stratigraphic interpretation of the study area. Thus, the present work comprises an initial high-resolution analysis of seismic reflectors and their respective terminations in the previously selected seismic sections. The complete interpretation of the seismic reflectors allowed the recognition of the boundary surfaces and a subsequent regional characterization of five seismic stratigraphic units in the studied interval. After the recognition of the seismic stratigraphic units, the main seismic facies recognized were characterized through regional mapping of seismic packages with specific signatures and correlation with lithological data from adjacent wells. Finally, using the basic concepts of sequence stratigraphy, chronostratigraphic charts were constructed for recognition of the evolutionary phases and to support the construction of a predictive depositional model for the turbidite complexes As a final result, a high resolution depositional model of the study interval was obtained, which can be used as a guide for the prediction of sand dominated turbidite deposits in the Campos Basin. The present dissertation also proposes a systematic methodology for seismic recognition and regional characterization of turbidite deposits, which has significant implications for the evaluation of sand dominated, turbidite reservoir distribution during hydrocarbon exploration.