Cette thèse est consacrée à l’amélioration des capacités de prédiction des émissions polluantes (CO, NOx . . . ) des foyers de combustion de turboréacteurs. L’étude, exclusivement numérique, repose sur des simulations aux grandes échelles (ou LES pour Large-Eddy Simulation) basées sur des méthodes de tabulation de la chimie détaillée. L’approche PCM-FPI (pour Presumed Conditional Moments - Flame Prolongation of ILDM) a été étendue à la chimie des oxydes d’azote via la modification de la variable d’avancement. Différentes validations sur des configurations laminaires simples puis des flammes de laboratoire (Cabra, Sandia) sont présentées. Les résultats en terme de structure de flamme et de champs d’espèces chimiques sont confrontés aux mesures expérimentales. Le rôle du formaldéhyde comme marqueur de la zone réactionnelle est illustré à l’aide de calculs de flammes laminaires puis confirmé par un calcul 3D LES. Une analyse des spécificités de l’implantation de ce type de modèle sur des machines à architecture massivement parallèle est ensuite menée. Diverses modifications de la structure de la table et des méthodes d’interpolation sont réalisées, servant de base à une étude de sensibilité de maillage appliquée à la flamme Sandia D. Les difficultés relatives à la prédiction du NO dans les flammes turbulentes sont exposées : divers modèles de sous-maille sont alors employés et comparés. / This thesis is focused on the prediction capabilities of pollution (CO, NOx especially) for numerical tools applied to aeronautical combustion chambers. The modeling work is based on Large-Eddy Simulation methods coupled with a tabulated detailed chemistry approach. The PCM-FPI model, which stands for Presumed Conditional Moments - Flame Prolongation of ILDM, has been revised to take into account nitrogen chemistry through a modification of the progress variable. Several benchmarks and test-cases (laminar and turbulent flames) are gathered in this study : Cabra and Sandia flames have been computed and satisfactory comparisons with measurements are obtained. The role of CH2O as a marker of heat release is investigated, first in the frame of laminar premixed flames and then validated through LES runs. The challenges of the implementation of tabulated chemistry methods on massively parallel machines are discussed. Modifications are proposed regarding both the table structure and the interpolation methods leading to a mesh sensitivity review applied to the Sandia D flame. Difficulties arising when dealing with NOx chemistry in turbulent flows are presented : new Sub-Grid Scale models are introduced and investigated.

No description available.

La conception de chambres de combustion aéronautiques requiert un compromis entre les différents phénomènes physiques présents, comme les interactions entre la flamme et la turbulence, les pertes thermiques, la dynamique de flamme ou l'évaporation du carburant et son mélange. De nombreux outils numériques existent dans la littérature pour prédire ce genre d'écoulements réactifs turbulents. Les modèles de turbulence instationnaires, par exemple LES (Large Eddy Simulation), sont un excellent compromis pour la prédiction du mélange dans des configurations réalistes. L'approche de chimie tabulée représente un équilibre attrayant entre coût de calcul et précision pour la prédiction de structure de flamme. Dans cette thèse, des modèles de turbulence avancés et de chimie tabulée sont appliqués à des configurations complexes afin d'évaluer leur capacité à prédire la structure de flammes turbulentes. La prédiction de la FDF (Flame Describing Function) par le modèle F-TACLES (Filtered TAbulated Chemistry for Large Eddy Simulations) est comparé à des données expérimentales pour une flamme swirlée, prémélangée et non-adiabatique. La FDF est bien prédite pour une large plage de fréquences et deux niveaux de fluctuations de vitesse. L'origine des différences est analysée. La première application du modèle F-TACLES à un brûleur diphasique est proposée. Le brûleur choisi est la flamme jet diphasique KIAI, récemment étudié au CORIA. Une comparaison détaillée avec l'expérience est faite et montre que F-TACLES est capable de prédire la bonne forme de flamme. Le modèle ZDES (Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation) est étudié dans la configuration TLC, un injecteur aéronautique réaliste. En non-réactif, la ZDES est validée par rapport aux mesures de vitesse expérimentales et comparée à des résultats de LES. En conditions réactives, la prédiction des profils de température dans la chambre de combustion est grandement améliorée en ZDES. / The design of aeronautical combustion chambers requires a precise balance between the different physical phenomena involved, such as flame-turbulence interaction, heat losses, flame dynamics or fuel evaporation and mixing. Numerous numerical tools exist in the literature to predict these kinds of turbulent reacting flows. The unsteady turbulence models, for example LES (Large Eddy Simulation), represent an excellent compromise for the prediction of the mixing in realistic configurations. The tabulated chemistry approach is an attractive trade-off between computation cost and accuracy for predicting the structure of flames. In this thesis, advanced turbulence and tabulated chemistry models are applied to complex configurations in order to assess their ability to predict the structure of turbulent flames. The prediction of the FDF (Flame Describing Function) by the F-TACLES (Filtered TAbulated Chemistry for Large Eddy Simulations) model is compared to experimental data for a non-adiabatic premixed swirled flame. The FDF is well predicted for a wide range of frequencies and two velocity fluctuation levels. The origin of the discrepancies is analyzed. The first application of the F-TACLES model in a two-phase burner is proposed. The chosen burner is the KIAI spray jet flame, recently studied at CORIA. A detailed comparison with the experiments is performed and shows that F-TACLES is able to predict the correct flame shape. The ZDES (Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation) model is studied in a realistic aeronautical injector, the TLC configuration. In cold conditions, the ZDES is validated against velocity measurements and compared to LES results. In reacting conditions, the prediction of temperature profiles in the combustion chamber is greatly improved in the ZDES.

No description available.

<p dir="ltr">Addressing the pressing need for reduced carbon emissions, Turbulent Jet Ignition (TJI) emerges as a promising technology for ultra-lean combustion, offering enhanced thermal efficiencies and minimized cyclic variability in spark-ignited engines. To facilitate rapid testing and integration of this technology, a robust computational modeling framework is crucial. This study delves into the predictive capabilities of computational models for main-chamber ignition and premixed flame propagation using a single-cycle TJI rig measured by Biswas et al. (Applied Thermal Engineering, volume 106, 2016). Employing an open-source compressible flow simulation solver with Large Eddy Simulation (LES) for turbulence modeling, the investigation integrates the conventional Laminar Finite Rate Chemistry (LFRC) model alongside the transported Probability Density Method (PDF) for turbulence-chemistry interaction. A fully-consistent Eulerian Monte-Carlo Fields (EMCF) method is utilized to approximate the transported PDF, while Interaction by Exchange with Mean is employed to close micro-mixing terms in stochastic differential equations. A reduced chemical reaction mechanism with 21 species and 84 reactions (DRM-19) is used for solving chemical kinetics, and a double Gaussian energy deposition model is used to approximate the spark ignition in the pre-chamber. An unstructured O-grid mesh with 0.3 million cells in the pre-chamber and 1 million cells in the main chamber is employed. Results are divided into two phases: pre-chamber initialization and full TJI simulations. Validation of the predicted pre-chamber flame propagation and the lean ignition in the main-chamber is carried out by using available experimental data. Under quiescent conditions, both the LFRC and transported PDF methods largely underestimate the flame speed and subsequent pressure growth in the pre-chamber. A linear momentum forcing technique is applied to investigate the impact of initial turbulence in the pre-chamber, demonstrating a notable influence on flame propagation. Fine-tuning of the forcing coefficient reproduces the sudden pressure growth observed in the experiment. The experimentally validated pre-chamber simulation serves as the initial condition for the full TJI simulations. It is found that the LFRC model fails to predict lean-ignition in the main-chamber, resulting in a misfiring event. Incorporation of turbulence-chemistry interaction using the transported PDF method substantially improves the prediction of the ignition event in the main-chamber, achieving fair qualitative agreement and quantitative validation of combustion parameters within 10% of the reported experimental data. The rich simulation results consisting of a full set of statistical description of the thermo-chemical states enable us to gain deep insights into the ignition mechanisms in the main chamber, which is limited when done experimentally. A novel dual ignition phenomenon is revealed in the TJI rig for the first time. Initially, a primary ignition kernel is formed at a downstream location which eventually detaches from the main jet. As the jet momentum decreases, a secondary ignition event follows, this time at a more upstream location which eventually combines with the primary ignition kernel to form a single connected flame front. Investigation of these ignition sequences in chemical composition space reveal distinct differences between the two. The primary ignition event in the main-chamber is followed by a large concentration of active radicals from the pre-chamber jet, accelerating the chain-branching steps, characterizing what has been referred to as flame ignition. In contrast, the secondary ignition occurs in the absence of active radicals in the pre-chamber jet, hence characterized as jet ignition. Further analysis of the effect of pre-chamber jet characteristics on lean ignition in the main-chamber is conducted by setting up cases with different initial pressure ratios (p_r^o) between the two chambers, a non-dimensional parameter, ranging from 1.2 to 3.2. As the initial pressure ratio increases, jet momentum increases, with dual ignition observed in cases above p_r^o= 2.2. Case with p_r^o= 3.2 lead to misfiring. The effect of ignition sequence on global combustion characteristics of TJI is analyzed. Dual ignition events lead to non-monotonicity in combustion characteristics such as global reaction progress variable, flame penetration, and global heat release rate. In dual ignition events, although the rate of fuel consumption and global heat release rate is initially lower, the secondary ignition leads to a sudden increase in flame surface area, resulting in a sudden jump and promoting the overall performance of the TJI system.</p>

[EN] Laser-induced incandescence (LII) is an optical diagnostic technique that can be used to measure the concentration and primary-particle size distributions of soot with high selectivity. This technique consists of rapid particle heating from the local ambient temperature to close to the soot sublimation temperature (~4000 K) by means of a highly energetic laser source, and the immediate recording of the strong thermal radiation as a result of a complex heat and mass transfer balance. The aim of this work is to develop an experimental methodology for measuring the soot concentration in diesel flames by means of laser-induced incandescence. The development of the methodology consists of two main parts. The first focuses on the calibration of the laser-induced incandescence signal in a laminar diffusion flame under atmospheric conditions, by using the light extinction method as a reference technique. This calibration allows for quantitative values of the concentration of soot. Along with LII measurements, simultaneous laser elastic-scattering measurements (LES) were obtained, which allowed the calculation of the maps of probability, number and relative particle diameter. For this purpose, different algorithms and corrections by digital image processing were developed. This research has also made use of a theoretical model for the LII signal with the intention of developing an adequate interpretation of the images inside the combustion chamber, identify the main limitations of the technique and propose the necessary corrections under different experimental conditions. The second part is an experimental study of the soot concentration field in a turbulent diesel flame. In this case, an experimental set-up that reproduces the thermodynamic conditions of a diesel engine was used. By strictly following the methodology developed in the first part, along with the adjustments and corrections for high-pressure systems such as compression-ignition engines, a series of parametric studies were carried out in order to characterise the effects of variations in fuel injection pressure, thermodynamic properties of air and nozzle diameter on the soot concentration distribution and its relationship with the flame structure. In this analysis, results from other optical techniques have been used, in order to understand the phenomena that determine the processes of formation and soot oxidation in turbulent flames. / [ES] La técnica de incandescencia inducida por láser (LII) es una herramienta de diagnóstico óptico que permite la medición directa de la concentración, tamaño y distribución de partículas de hollín. Esta técnica consiste en la detección de la señal de alta incandescencia emitida por las partículas de hollín que al ser calentadas mediante el uso pulsos láseres altamente energéticos, aumentan su temperatura hasta alcanzar temperaturas cercanas al punto de sublimación del hollín (~4000 K) como consecuencia de la absorción de energía y de un complejo balance de calor y masa. El objetivo de esta Tesis Doctoral consiste en desarrollar una metodología experimental para la medida de los campos de concentración de hollín en llamas Diesel mediante la técnica de incandescencia inducida por láser. El desarrollo de la metodología se compone de dos partes fundamentales. La primera de ellas se centra en la calibración de la señal de incandescencia inducida por láser en un llama de difusión laminar en condiciones atmosféricas, utilizando como referencia el método de extinción de luz. Esta calibración permite obtener valores cuantitativos de la concentración de hollín. Conjuntamente con las medidas de LII, se han obtenido medidas de la dispersión elástica de Rayleigh (LES), lo que ha permitido el cálculo de los mapas de probabilidad, número y diámetro relativo de partículas. Para este propósito se han tenido que desarrollar diferentes algoritmos y correcciones mediante procesado digital de imágenes. En esta investigación también se ha hecho uso de un modelo teórico de la señal de incandescencia para la correcta interpretación de las imágenes en la cámara de combustión, conocer sus limitaciones y proponer las correcciones necesarias bajo diferentes condiciones experimentales. La segunda parte corresponde a las medidas de concentraciones de hollín en una llama turbulenta Diesel. En este caso, se ha utilizado una instalación experimental que permite reproducir las condiciones termodinámicas de un motor Diesel. Mediante el seguimiento estricto de la metodología desarrollada en la primera parte, y con las adaptaciones y correcciones correspondientes a sistemas de alta presión como lo son los motores de encendido por compresión, se ha realizado una serie de estudios paramétricos con el fin de caracterizar los efectos en las variaciones de la presión de inyección de combustible, propiedades termodinámicas del aire y diámetro de tobera sobre los mapas de concentración de hollín. En el análisis de resultados se han utilizado otras técnicas ópticas, con el fin de comprender los fenómenos que determinan los procesos de formación y oxidación de hollín en llamas turbulentas. / [CA] La tècnica d'incandescència induïda per làser (LII) és una ferramenta de diagnòstic òptic que permet el mesurament directe de la concentració, grandària i distribució de partícules de sutja. Esta tècnica consistix en la detecció del senyal d'alta incandescència emesa per les partícules de sutja que al ser calfades per mitjà de l'ús polsos láseres altament energètics, augmenten la seua temperatura fins a aconseguir temperatures pròximes al punt de sublimació de la sutja (~4000 K) com a conseqüència de l'absorció d'energia i d'un complex balanç de calor i massa. L'objectiu d'esta Tesi Doctoral consistix a desenrotllar una metodologia experimental per a la mesura dels camps de concentració de sutja en flames Dièsel per mitjà de la tècnica d'incandescència induïda per làser. El desenrotllament de la metodologia es compon de dos parts fonamentals. La primera d'elles se centra en la calibratge del senyal d'incandescència induïda per làser en un flama de difusió laminar en condicions atmosfèriques, utilitzant com a referència el mètode d'extinció de llum. Esta calibratge permet obtindre valors quantitatius de la concentració de sutja. Conjuntament amb les mesures de LII, s'han obtingut mesures de la dispersió elàstica de Rayleigh (LES) , la qual cosa ha permés el càlcul dels mapes de probabilitat, número i diàmetre relatiu de partícules. Per a este propòsit s'han hagut de desenrotllar diferents algoritmes i correccions per mitjà de processat digital d'imatges. En esta investigació també s'ha fet ús d'un model teòric del senyal d'incandescència per a la correcta interpretació de les imatges en la cambra de combustió, conéixer les seues limitacions i proposar les correccions necessàries davall diferents condicions experimentals. La segona part correspon a les mesures de concentracions de sutja en una flama turbulenta Dièsel. En este cas, s'ha utilitzat una instal-lació experimental que permet reproduir les condicions termodinàmiques d'un motor Dièsel. Per mitjà del seguiment estricte de la metodologia desenrotllada en la primera part, i amb les adaptacions i correccions corresponents a sistemes d'alta pressió com ho són els motors d'encesa per compressió, s'ha realitzat una sèrie d'estudis paramètrics a fi de caracteritzar els efectes en les variacions de la pressió d'injecció de combustible, propietats termodinàmiques de l'aire i diàmetre de tovera sobre els mapes de concentració de sutja. En l'anàlisi de resultats s'han utilitzat altres tècniques òptiques, a fi de comprendre els fenòmens que determinen els processos de formació i oxidació de sutja en flames turbulentes. / Buitrago García, JE. (2016). CARACTERIZACIÓN EXPERIMENTAL DE LA CONCENTRACIÓN DE HOLLÍN EN LLAMAS DIESEL MEDIANTE INCANDESCENCIA INDUCIDA POR LÁSER [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/62355

Η παρούσα διατριβή μελετά τις δυνατότητες υπολογισμού του πεδίου ροής δύο λειτουργικών παραμέτρων συμπεριλαμβανομένων του εκπεμπόμενου θορύβου και των εκπεμπόμενων ρύπων. Εξετάζεται η αλληλεπίδραση της καύσης με το ρευστο-θερμοδυναμικό πεδίο και τις χημικές αντιδράσεις. Περιγράφονται συνοπτικά οι διέπουσες εξισώσεις, οι μέθοδοι και τα μοντέλα της τυρβώδους καύσης και επισημαίνονται τα πλεονεκτήματα του μοντέλου των μεγάλων δινών (LES) το οποίο επιλέχθηκε εδώ. Αναπτύσσεται ένας εύχρηστος, από την ρευστοδυναμική υπολογιστική μεθοδολογία, πολυβηματικός μηχανισμός για δύο καύσιμα άμεσου ενδιαφέροντος το μεθάνιο και το προπάνιο. Προτείνεται, δηλαδή, ένα απλοποιημένο χημικό σχήμα για την οξείδωση των βασικών καυσίμων το οποίο περιέχει τον σχηματισμό του NΟx και της παραγωγής καπναιθάλης. Μετά από ανάλυση του ρόλου της καύσης στην ακουστική διακρίνονται οι δύο χαρακτηριστικοί τύποι: του θορύβου τυρβώδους καύσης (βόμβος – roar) και του θορύβου από τις ταλαντώσεις της καύσης (combustion oscillation). Παρουσιάζεται η κυματική εξίσωση και εισάγεται η έννοια του θερμο-ακουστικού όρου ο οποίος είναι συνάρτηση της απελευθερωμένης θερμότητας (q) στην φλόγα και εμφανίζεται ως όρος πηγής στην βασική εξίσωση. Στη συνέχεια η φλόγα εξετάζεται ως αυτόνομος πηγή αλλά και ως ενισχυτής θορύβου. Με την προσέγγιση της Προσομοίωσης των Μεγάλων Δινών (Large Eddy Simulation, LES) αναπτύχθηκε μια μεθοδολογία υπολογισμού του θορύβου που εκπέμπεται από το μέτωπο τυρβωδών φλογών διάχυσης. Στο πλαίσιο της προτεινομένης μεθοδολογίας το αποτέλεσμα ήταν η ανάπτυξη ενός τρισδιάστατου προγνωστικού υπολογιστικού κώδικα. Στην συνέχεια υπολογίζεται το αεροθερμοδυναμικό τυρβώδες πεδίο ροής μέσω τελειοποίησης κωδίκων του Εργαστηρίου Τεχνικής Θερμοδυναμικής, των κωδίκων που αναπτύχθηκαν στο πλαίσιο της παρούσης εργασίας αλλά και του εμπορικού κώδικα Fluent. Η μεθοδολογία, που αναπτύχθηκε με την παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία, πιστοποιήθηκε μέσω μιας σειράς πρωτότυπων μετρήσεων, του εκπεμπόμενου θορύβου στις συρρέουσες, εφαπτόμενες και ανυψωμένες και ανακυκλοφορούσες (χαμηλού και υψηλού λόγου καυσίμου/αέρα) φλόγες, σε πρωτότυπες πειραματικές διατάξεις του Εργαστηρίου. Συγκεκριμένα διαμορφώθηκε ένας καινοτόμος αεροδυναμικός φλογοσυγκρατητής πολλαπλών εγχύσεων που διατηρεί μια πλούσια γκάμα φλογών με ιδιαίτερα χαμηλό λόγο καυσίμου/αέρα. Επιτεύχθηκαν πειραματικές μετρήσεις, του ορμικού και θερμοκρασιακού πεδίου διαφόρων μορφών τυρβωδών φλογών, συντάχθηκαν σχετικά διαγράμματα και υπολογίσθηκαν οι αρχικές και οριακές συνθήκες των πειραμάτων. / In the present work the calculation of two parameters, the radiated noise and pollutants are studied. The interaction between combustion, the aerothermodynamical field and the chemical reactions is studied. The equations, the methods and the models of turbulent combustion are described here and the advantages of the large eddy simulation model (LES) which has been chosen for this case, are marked. A multi-step chemistry mechanism is developed for two fuels of great interest: methane and propane. A simple chemical scheme for the oxidation of basic fuels which includes the formation of NOx and soot is suggested in the present work. After analyzing the role of combustion in the acoustics two types of noise are distinguished the turbulent combustion noise and the noise from combustion oscillation. The wave equation is presented and the definition of thermo acoustic term which is a function of the heat release q in flame and it appears as a source term in the basic equation. The flame is examined as an autonomous source as well as a noise amplifier. With the approach of large eddy simulation (LES) a methodology for the noise calculation is developed which noise is from the turbulent diffusion flame front. In the place of the suggested methodology the result was the development of a 3-D computational code. The turbulent aerothermodynamical flow field is computed by codes has been developed in the laboratory of technical thermodynamic and by the commercial code (fluent). The methodology, which has been developed in the present work, has been certificated through a series of original measurements of the emitted noise in coaxial, tangential and lifted flames in original experimentallayouts.