An experimental study of the effects of turbulent flow regime on the flame structure is conducted by using perforated-plate-stabilized hydrogen-piloted lean premixed methane/air turbulent flames. The underlying non-reacting turbulent flow field was investigated using two-dimensional three-components particle imaging velocimetry (2D3C-PIV) with and without three perforated plates. The non-reacting flow data allowed a separation of the turbulent flow regime into axial velocity dominated and vortex dominated flows. A plate with 62\% blockage ratio was used to represent the stream-dominant flow regime and another with 86\% blockage ratio was used to represent the vortex-dominant flow regime. OH laser-induced fluorescence was used to study the effects of the turbulent flow regime on the mean progress variable, flame brush thickness, flame surface density, and global consumption speed. In comparison with the stream-dominant flow, the vortex-dominant flow makes a wider and shorter flame. Also, the vortex-dominant flow has a thicker horizontal flame brush thickness and a thinner longitudinal flame brush thickness. Especially, the horizontal flame brush thickness for the vortex-dominant flow does not follow the turbulence diffusion theory. Then, the vortex-dominant flow shows a relatively constant flame surface density along the stream-wise direction, while the stream-dominant flow shows a decreasing flame surface density. Lastly, the vortex-dominant turbulent flow improves the consumption speed in comparison to the stream-dominant turbulent flow regime with the same velocity fluctuation level.

Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / One of the parameters involved in the design of pressurized hydraulic systems is the pressure drop of the pipes. This verification can be performed through the Darcy-Weisbach formulation, which considers a coefficient of loss of charge (f) that can be measured by the implicit Colebrook-White equation. However, for this determination it is necessary to use numerical methods. Numerous explicit approaches have been proposed to estimate the "f", with different precisions and complexity. Considering the above, the objective of this work is to analyze the explicit approximations of the pressure loss coefficient for pressurized conduits in relation to the Colebrook-White formulation, through the relative performance and error index, determining the most accurate ones so that they can replace the standard Implied for the turbulent flow regime. It was analyzed 29 explicit equations in the literature, determining the coefficient of loss of charge through Reynolds number values in the range of 4x10³ ≤ Re ≤ 108 and relative roughness of 10-6 ≤ Ɛ / D ≤ 5x10-2, obtaining 160 points for each equation, totaling 4800 points. Statistical analysis was performed by the performance index (Id) and the relative error (ER) of the explicit equations in relation to Colebrook-White. The equations of Chen (1979), Shacham (1980), Sonnad Goudar (2006), Buzzelli (2008), Vantankhah and Kouchakzadeh (2008), Fang et al. (2011) and Offor and Alabi (2016a) apply for the entire range of 4x10³ ≤ Re ≤ 108 and 10-6 ≤ Ɛ / D ≤ 5x10-2, and presented high “Id” and high precision, the latter being highlighted by extreme precision, which is indicated to replace the use of the Colebrook-White standard approximation. / Um dos parâmetros envolvido no dimensionamento de sistemas hidráulicos pressurizados é a perda de carga das tubulações. Essa verificação pode ser realizada através da formulação de Darcy-Weisbach, que considera um coeficiente de perda de carga (f) que pode ser mensurado pela equação implícita de Colebrook-White. Porém, para essa determinação é necessário utilizar métodos numéricos. Numerosas aproximações explícitas têm sido propostas para estimar o “f”, com diferentes precisões e complexidade. Diante do exposto, o objetivo desse trabalho é analisar as aproximações explícitas do coeficiente de perda de carga para condutos pressurizados em relação a formulação de Colebrook-White, através do índice de desempenho e erro relativo, determinando as mais precisas para que possam substituir a padrão implícita, para o regime de fluxo turbulento. Foi analisado 29 equações explícitas presentes na literatura, determinando o coeficiente de perda de carga através de valores do número de Reynolds na faixa de 4x10³ ≤ Re ≤ 108 e rugosidade relativa de 10-6 ≤ Ɛ/D ≤ 5x10-2, obtendo 160 pontos para cada equação, totalizando 4800 pontos. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo índide de desempenho (Id) e pelo erro relativo (ER) das equações explícitas em relação à Colebrook-White. As equações de Chen (1979), Shacham (1980), Sonnad Goudar (2006), Buzzelli (2008), Vantankhah e Kouchakzadeh (2008), Fang et al. (2011) e Offor e Alabi (2016a) se aplicam para todo intervalo de 4x10³ ≤ Re ≤ 108 e 10-6 ≤ Ɛ/D ≤ 5x10-2, e apresentaram elevado Id e elevada precisão, destacando-se a última por extrema precisão, sendo esta a indicada para substituir o uso da aproximação padrão de Colebrook-White.