Yes / This paper aims to investigate the mean velocities and turbulence characteristics, which include Reynolds shear stresses (RSS) and turbulent intensities, in order to study temporal and spatial flow patterns around a complex three square-piers group. Measurements have been performed by acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) to identify turbulence flow structures alteration and vortices formation in longitudinal, transverse, and vertical directions. In total, 164 locations around the bridge piers have been measured, while each location consists of no lesser than 15 vertical depth ADV data point measurements. To investigate the flow turbulence, critical locations have been observed from high vortex-influenced regions. The impacted mean velocity profiles have been compared to that at the unaffected region to study the flow alteration caused by piers group. The result reveals that the log-law layer near wall has been enhanced by the installation of pier. Furthermore, as identified from the most critical locations of turbulent structures across different measurement rows, the accelerated flow will result in lower observed turbulent structures. Although flow after each pier has been influenced by strong reversal velocities, vortices have managed to form at near wake. Analysis has been divided into inner and outer flow regions (IFR and OFR) based on flow depth to enhance the understanding of how bridge piers contribute to the development of flow turbulence. / Shuyan Zang acknowledges the support of Chinese National Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 22308222) to this study.

Yes / This study presents results from a vegetation-induced flow experimental study which investigates 3-D turbulence structure profiles, including Reynolds stress, turbulence intensity and bursting analysis of open channel flow. Different vegetation densities have been built between the adjacent vegetations, and the flow measurements are taken using acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) at the locations within and downstream of the vegetation panel. Three different tests are conducted, where the first test has compact vegetations, while the second and the third tests have open spaces created by one and two empty vegetation slots within the vegetated field. Observation reveals that over 10% of eddies size is generated within the vegetated zone of compact vegetations as compared with the fewer vegetations. Significant turbulence structures variation is also observed at the points in the non-vegetated row. The findings from burst-cycle analysis show that the sweep and outward interaction events are dominant, where they further increase away from the bed. The effect of vegetation on the turbulent burst cycle is mostly obvious up to approximately two-third of vegetation height where this phenomenon is also observed for most other turbulent structure. / The full text will be available at the end of the publisher's embargo period: 1st Feb 2025