Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diabetes typ 1 är en autoimmun sjukdom som i en stor del av fallen drabbar barn mellan 0-18 år. Många familjer som har ett barn med diabetes typ 1 upplever utmaningar i det dagliga livet, familjedynamiken påverkas negativt och hos föräldrarna finns det en upplevd oro över barnets välmående. När ett barn diagnostiserats med diabetes sker en livsomställning för hela familjen med en stor omvårdnadsbörda för föräldrarna. Syftet är att belysa föräldrars upplevelse av att leva med ett barn med diabetes typ 1. Metoden består av en litteraturöversikt över elva kvalitativa artiklar som har granskats med kvalitativ ansats. I resultatet identifierades tre huvudteman,  Livsomställningar av att leva med diabetes typ 1, Utmaningar i föräldraskapet med ett barn med diabetes typ 1  samt sjukvårdens ansvar och förmåga att ge stöd. Dessa sammanfattas i följande fyra underteman, En ständig strävan och känslor av maktlöshet, Förändrad föräldraroll, Oro i vardagen med diabetes typ 1 och Föräldrarnas upplevelse av sjukvården. I diskussionen framkommer det att familjelivets dagliga rutiner och aktiviteter behöver omstruktureras efter diagnosen. Föräldrarna upplever oro och stress av att leva med ett barn med diabetes, vilket kan utmynna i psykisk ohälsa. För att skapa trygghet och underlätta diabetesvården är det viktigt att sjukvården stöttar och hjälper föräldrarna med vägledning och tillgängligt stöd. Nyckelorden som använts är children attitude, diabetes type 1 or diabetes mellitus type 1 or diabetes 1, experience och parent attitude.

Type 1 diabetes in pregnancy is associated with higher rates of maternal and infant complications. The complications are associated with maternal hyperglycaemia. Thus, the main goal of treatment for these women is to optimise glycaemic control and thereby improve clinical outcomes for themselves and for their baby. This thesis examines glycaemic control in the mothers and infants of pregnancies affected by type 1 diabetes. I present the first home studies of closed-loop insulin delivery in this population. The aim of these studies was to assess the feasibility, efficacy, and utility of overnight and then day-and-night closed-loop insulin delivery in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. The overnight study, which examined 16 pregnant women (mean age 34.1 years, HbA1c 6.8%, 14.4 weeks gestation), compared overnight use of the closed-loop system with sensor-augmented pump therapy in a 2x4-week randomised crossover design. We found that closed-loop therapy was associated with a 15% improvement in overnight time spent with target glucose concentration (3.5-7.8 mmol/L; 74.7% during closed-loop use vs 59.5% during sensor-augmented pump therapy use). The day-and night study also examined 16 pregnant women (mean age 32.8 years, HbA1c 8.0%, 16.4 weeks’ gestation) using a 2x4-week randomised crossover design to compare continuous day-and-night use of closed-loop insulin delivery with sensor-augmented pump therapy. This study enrolled a more diverse range of participants than the overnight study, but found that closed-loop therapy was associated with comparable glucose control and significantly less hypoglycaemia than sensor-augmented pump therapy. Chapter 4 examines women’s experiences of using the closed-loop system during pregnancy. While the system was generally well-received by participants, individual interactions and perceptions of the system varied markedly, and often did not align with biomedical measures of glycaemic response. After participation in either crossover study, participants could choose to continue using the technology until delivery (overnight study), or until 6 weeks post-partum (day and night study). Those data are presented in Chapters 2 and 3. The combined data from the women who used the closed-loop system during labour and delivery in either study are presented in Chapter 5. Tight glycaemic control during labour and delivery has traditionally been considered important for reducing rates of neonatal hypoglycaemia. However, despite very tight maternal glycaemic control in the women who used closed-loop insulin delivery, rates of neonatal hypoglycaemia were high. In order to better characterise the relationship between maternal glucose control in type 1 diabetes pregnancy and neonatal hypoglycaemia, Chapter 6 details an observational study in which continuous glucose monitoring was used to measure maternal and neonatal glycaemic control in 16 mother-infant pairs. The study found that, while neonatal hypoglycaemia was very frequent, it was generally, but not always, detected and treated effectively. Together, these studies suggest that a novel management tool, closed-loop insulin delivery, can improve overnight glycaemic control, and perhaps reduce hypoglycaemia during type 1 diabetes-affected pregnancies above what is possible with currently available treatments. However, complication rates remain high for these women and their babies. Further research is needed both to further develop treatments that can improve maternal glycaemic control, and to better understand the pathogenesis of diabetes-related pregnancy complications, with the ultimate goal of improving outcomes for women and their children. A definitive trial to assess the clinical efficacy, patient acceptability, and cost effectiveness of closed-loop is now warranted.

O diabetes mellitus tipo 1A (DM1A), doença autoimune órgão-específica, resulta da destruição seletiva das células pancreáticas produtoras de insulina pela infiltração progressiva de células inflamatórias, particularmente linfócitos T auto-reativos. O DM1A tem etiologia complexa, resultante da interação de fatores ambientais e vários genes, particularmente os do sistema HLA (alelos -DR3 e -DR4). Paralelamente, genes que codificam outros componentes da resposta imune, como as citocinas, também são fortes candidatos à predisposição à autoimunidade. Sabe-se que a intensidade da resposta imunológica tem relação com a ativação e recrutamento de linfócitos T e B, produção de citocinas e autoanticorpos, associados às respostas imunológicas TH1 e TH2. Recentemente, uma nova sub-população de células T, a TH17, de intenso poder inflamatório, tem sido implicada em doenças autoimunes. O desenvolvimento das células TH17 sofre influência da citocina heterodimérica IL-27, composta pelas subunidades p28 e EBI3 (proteína do gene 3 induzida pelo vírus Epstein Barr), expressa predominantemente em macrófagos ou células dendríticas. A IL-27 tem sido associada à doença de Crohn, encefalomielite experimental autoimune e diabetes autoimune em camundongos. O seu bloqueio retarda o aparecimento do diabetes nestes animais. A implicação da IL-27 no DM1A em humanos é pouco conhecida. O presente estudo tem como objetivo pesquisar mutações ou polimorfismos na região 5 proximal e regiões codificadoras do gene da IL-27p28 e sua possível associação com predisposição ao DM1A. Estas regiões foram amplificadas pelo método de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e submetido ao seqüenciamento automático e PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragments Lenght Polymorphisms) utilizando DNA genômico obtido de leucócitos de sangue periférico. A casuística envolveu 614 indivíduos, sendo 318 pacientes portadores de DM1A (idade 19,6 ± 11,2 anos, 129M/189F), caracterizados por apresentarem hiperglicemia e necessidade precoce de insulinoterapia e um grupo controle, com 296 indivíduos saudáveis (idade 30,3±13,2 anos, 131M/165F), com glicemia de jejum e HbA1c normais. Na análise dos resultados do sequenciamento, observamos oito variantes alélicas, seis delas já descritas na literatura. As duas novas variantes alélicas causaram a substituição de uma citosina por uma timina na posição c.-347 C>T na região 5 proximal e a substituição de uma guanina por uma citosina no exon 5, na posição c.498 G>C, levando à mudança do aminoácido, de ácido glutâmico para ácido aspártico no resíduo 166 da seqüência da proteína. A distribuição dos genótipos na população estudada foi consistente com o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. As freqüências genotípicas e alélicas destas variantes não diferiram entre portadores de DM1 A e controles Não encontramos associação destas variantes com sexo e grupo étnico nos dois grupos e, com idade de diagnóstico do diabetes, presença de auto- anticorpos pancreáticos e extra-pancreáticos no grupo com DM1A. Não houve diferença na freqüência dos haplótipos estimados entre os pacientes DM1A e grupo controle. Sendo assim, nossos resultados sugerem que variantes alélicas no gene da IL-27p28 não estão implicadas na susceptibilidade ao DM1A na nossa população / Type 1A diabetes mellitus (T1D), an organ-specific autoimmune disease, results from the selective destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic cells by progressive infiltration of inflammatory cells, particularly autoreactive T lymphocytes. The complex etiology of T1D includes the interaction of environmental factors and multiple genes, particularly those of the HLA system (DR3 and DR4 alleles). In parallel, genes encoding other components of the immune response, such as cytokines, are also strong candidates for predisposition to autoimmunity. It is known that the intensity of immune response depends on the activation and recruitment of T and B lymphocytes, production of cytokines and autoantibodies, related to TH1 and TH2 immune responses. Recently, a new subpopulation of T cells exhibiting intense inflammatory activity, the TH17 subset, has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. The development of TH17 cells is influenced by IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine composed of p28 and EBI3 (Epstein-Barr Virus- induced gene 3 protein) subunits, expressed predominantly in macrophages or dendritic cells. IL-27 has been associated with Crohn\'s disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and autoimmune diabetes in mice. IL-27 blockage delays the onset of diabetes in these animals, but the role and involvement of IL-27 in T1D in humans has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was identify mutations or polymorphisms in the coding regions and boundary intron sequences of IL-27p28, including the 5 proximal region, and their possible association with the disease. Those regions were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the polymorphisms determined by automatic sequencing and PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment length polymorphisms) The cohort involved 614 individuals - 318 patients with T1D ( 19.6 ± 11.2 years of age, 129M/189F) and 296 control subjects (30.3 ± 13.2 years of age, 131M/165F) with normal fasting glucose. We identified eight allelic variants in the 5 proximal and coding regions of IL- 27p28, six of them already described in database repositories. The two new allelic variants were: the substitution of a cytosine by a thymine at position c.- 347 C>T of the 5 proximal region and the substitution of a guanine by a cytosine in exon 5, at position c.498 G>C, determining a change in the aminoacid sequence of the protein at residue 166 from glutamic acid to aspartic acid. The genotypic frequencies of these variants were in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium in both groups. The frequency of the alleles and genotypes did not differ between T1D patients and controls. There was no association between IL-27p28 variants with gender or ethnical origin in the population analyzed . Also, no association was found between these variants with age at diagnosis of diabetes nor with the presence of pancreatic and extrapancreatic autoantibodies in T1D patients The frequency of the estimated haplotypes were similar between groups. Our results suggest that allelic variants in the IL-27p28 gene are not involved in susceptibility to T1D in our population

The main objective of this study was research on biomarkers used in both diagnosis and therapy of diabetic complications. The main focus of our work came to be on one of these biomarkers - glycemic variability (GV). High GV is linked with more frequent occurance of hypoglycemia. There are even indications it might contribute to development of diabetic complications. With modern technology - continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), we are now able to reliably describe, calculate and reduce GV. So far it is unclear whether increased GV can contribute to the development of microvascular complications (MVC) in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Studies published so far have assessed GV primarily from routine self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) using glucometers. In the light of this uncertaity, the first part of this work compares GV calculated from CGM with the presence of MVC in T1D patients. GV calculated from CGM, but not from SMBG, proved to be significantly higher in T1D patients with MVC, even though there was no significant difference in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). This finding supports the hypothesis that higher GV is related to higher risk of MVC and that HbA1c does not describe diabetes control completely. Moreover, it was shown that GV calculated from SMBG is insufficient. There is still no fully...

O diabetes mellitus tipo 1A (DM1A), doença autoimune órgão-específica, resulta da destruição seletiva das células pancreáticas produtoras de insulina pela infiltração progressiva de células inflamatórias, particularmente linfócitos T auto-reativos. O DM1A tem etiologia complexa, resultante da interação de fatores ambientais e vários genes, particularmente os do sistema HLA (alelos -DR3 e -DR4). Paralelamente, genes que codificam outros componentes da resposta imune, como as citocinas, também são fortes candidatos à predisposição à autoimunidade. Sabe-se que a intensidade da resposta imunológica tem relação com a ativação e recrutamento de linfócitos T e B, produção de citocinas e autoanticorpos, associados às respostas imunológicas TH1 e TH2. Recentemente, uma nova sub-população de células T, a TH17, de intenso poder inflamatório, tem sido implicada em doenças autoimunes. O desenvolvimento das células TH17 sofre influência da citocina heterodimérica IL-27, composta pelas subunidades p28 e EBI3 (proteína do gene 3 induzida pelo vírus Epstein Barr), expressa predominantemente em macrófagos ou células dendríticas. A IL-27 tem sido associada à doença de Crohn, encefalomielite experimental autoimune e diabetes autoimune em camundongos. O seu bloqueio retarda o aparecimento do diabetes nestes animais. A implicação da IL-27 no DM1A em humanos é pouco conhecida. O presente estudo tem como objetivo pesquisar mutações ou polimorfismos na região 5 proximal e regiões codificadoras do gene da IL-27p28 e sua possível associação com predisposição ao DM1A. Estas regiões foram amplificadas pelo método de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e submetido ao seqüenciamento automático e PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragments Lenght Polymorphisms) utilizando DNA genômico obtido de leucócitos de sangue periférico. A casuística envolveu 614 indivíduos, sendo 318 pacientes portadores de DM1A (idade 19,6 ± 11,2 anos, 129M/189F), caracterizados por apresentarem hiperglicemia e necessidade precoce de insulinoterapia e um grupo controle, com 296 indivíduos saudáveis (idade 30,3±13,2 anos, 131M/165F), com glicemia de jejum e HbA1c normais. Na análise dos resultados do sequenciamento, observamos oito variantes alélicas, seis delas já descritas na literatura. As duas novas variantes alélicas causaram a substituição de uma citosina por uma timina na posição c.-347 C>T na região 5 proximal e a substituição de uma guanina por uma citosina no exon 5, na posição c.498 G>C, levando à mudança do aminoácido, de ácido glutâmico para ácido aspártico no resíduo 166 da seqüência da proteína. A distribuição dos genótipos na população estudada foi consistente com o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. As freqüências genotípicas e alélicas destas variantes não diferiram entre portadores de DM1 A e controles Não encontramos associação destas variantes com sexo e grupo étnico nos dois grupos e, com idade de diagnóstico do diabetes, presença de auto- anticorpos pancreáticos e extra-pancreáticos no grupo com DM1A. Não houve diferença na freqüência dos haplótipos estimados entre os pacientes DM1A e grupo controle. Sendo assim, nossos resultados sugerem que variantes alélicas no gene da IL-27p28 não estão implicadas na susceptibilidade ao DM1A na nossa população / Type 1A diabetes mellitus (T1D), an organ-specific autoimmune disease, results from the selective destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic cells by progressive infiltration of inflammatory cells, particularly autoreactive T lymphocytes. The complex etiology of T1D includes the interaction of environmental factors and multiple genes, particularly those of the HLA system (DR3 and DR4 alleles). In parallel, genes encoding other components of the immune response, such as cytokines, are also strong candidates for predisposition to autoimmunity. It is known that the intensity of immune response depends on the activation and recruitment of T and B lymphocytes, production of cytokines and autoantibodies, related to TH1 and TH2 immune responses. Recently, a new subpopulation of T cells exhibiting intense inflammatory activity, the TH17 subset, has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. The development of TH17 cells is influenced by IL-27, a heterodimeric cytokine composed of p28 and EBI3 (Epstein-Barr Virus- induced gene 3 protein) subunits, expressed predominantly in macrophages or dendritic cells. IL-27 has been associated with Crohn\'s disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and autoimmune diabetes in mice. IL-27 blockage delays the onset of diabetes in these animals, but the role and involvement of IL-27 in T1D in humans has not yet been reported. The aim of this study was identify mutations or polymorphisms in the coding regions and boundary intron sequences of IL-27p28, including the 5 proximal region, and their possible association with the disease. Those regions were amplified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the polymorphisms determined by automatic sequencing and PCR-RFLP (Restriction Fragment length polymorphisms) The cohort involved 614 individuals - 318 patients with T1D ( 19.6 ± 11.2 years of age, 129M/189F) and 296 control subjects (30.3 ± 13.2 years of age, 131M/165F) with normal fasting glucose. We identified eight allelic variants in the 5 proximal and coding regions of IL- 27p28, six of them already described in database repositories. The two new allelic variants were: the substitution of a cytosine by a thymine at position c.- 347 C>T of the 5 proximal region and the substitution of a guanine by a cytosine in exon 5, at position c.498 G>C, determining a change in the aminoacid sequence of the protein at residue 166 from glutamic acid to aspartic acid. The genotypic frequencies of these variants were in Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium in both groups. The frequency of the alleles and genotypes did not differ between T1D patients and controls. There was no association between IL-27p28 variants with gender or ethnical origin in the population analyzed . Also, no association was found between these variants with age at diagnosis of diabetes nor with the presence of pancreatic and extrapancreatic autoantibodies in T1D patients The frequency of the estimated haplotypes were similar between groups. Our results suggest that allelic variants in the IL-27p28 gene are not involved in susceptibility to T1D in our population

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on April 1, 2010). Vita. Thesis advisor: Habib Zaghouani. "May 2008" Includes bibliographical references.