Earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters leading to financial, environmental, and even human losses. The most effective approach to prevent losses induced by structural damage is seismic design for structures, in which the determination of design earthquakes, including seismic design spectra and seismic design ground motions, is of great importance. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) has been widely used for the determination and selection of design earthquakes. However, there are a number of issues on the engineering application of PSHA in obtaining the design earthquakes, which need to be addressed before it can be readily implemented into reliability- and performance-based seismic design. In this research, based on the PSHA, the generation of seismic design spectra and spectrum-compatible earthquake groundmotions is studied. The PSHA-based seismic design spectra mainly include Uniform Hazard Spectrum (UHS), predicted spectrum based on Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), and Conditional Mean Spectrum considering ε (CMS-ε). These existing design spectra, however, do not or only partially provide probabilistic knowledge about the simultaneous occurrence of spectral accelerations at multiple vibration periods. The lack of such probabilistic knowledge of the design spectra may prevent them from being incorporated into reliability- and performance-based seismic design. The purpose of this study is to bridge the gaps between seismological analyses and engineering applications, i.e., to find suitable representations of design earthquakes from the PSHA. A generalized approach is developed to generate seismic design spectra using both scalar and vector-valued PSHA,which overcomes the deficiencies and preserves certain advantages of the existing PSHA-based seismic design spectra. An approximate approach is also developed to simplify the approach to the generation of seismic design spectra so that they can be easily incorporated into structural design and further performance-based seismic design. On the other hand, spectrum-compatible earthquake ground motions, which are generated by manipulating recorded ground motions, have been widely used for seismic design verification and seismic qualification of structures. The existing spectral matching algorithms in frequency-domain, however, may distort the valuable information contained in recorded earthquake ground motions due to the deficiency of the transformation methodologies on which they are based. To properly preserve the frequency contents and nonstationary characteristics of recorded ground motions, a signal processing method called Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) is used to generate spectrum-compatible earthquake ground motions. In the proposed generation procedures, the strategy of the selection of recorded ground motions is based on the PSHA so that the generated ground motions reflect realistic seismic hazard for the site of interest.

Earthquake is one of the most destructive natural disasters leading to financial, environmental, and even human losses. The most effective approach to prevent losses induced by structural damage is seismic design for structures, in which the determination of design earthquakes, including seismic design spectra and seismic design ground motions, is of great importance. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) has been widely used for the determination and selection of design earthquakes. However, there are a number of issues on the engineering application of PSHA in obtaining the design earthquakes, which need to be addressed before it can be readily implemented into reliability- and performance-based seismic design. In this research, based on the PSHA, the generation of seismic design spectra and spectrum-compatible earthquake groundmotions is studied. The PSHA-based seismic design spectra mainly include Uniform Hazard Spectrum (UHS), predicted spectrum based on Ground-Motion Prediction Equations (GMPEs), and Conditional Mean Spectrum considering ε (CMS-ε). These existing design spectra, however, do not or only partially provide probabilistic knowledge about the simultaneous occurrence of spectral accelerations at multiple vibration periods. The lack of such probabilistic knowledge of the design spectra may prevent them from being incorporated into reliability- and performance-based seismic design. The purpose of this study is to bridge the gaps between seismological analyses and engineering applications, i.e., to find suitable representations of design earthquakes from the PSHA. A generalized approach is developed to generate seismic design spectra using both scalar and vector-valued PSHA,which overcomes the deficiencies and preserves certain advantages of the existing PSHA-based seismic design spectra. An approximate approach is also developed to simplify the approach to the generation of seismic design spectra so that they can be easily incorporated into structural design and further performance-based seismic design. On the other hand, spectrum-compatible earthquake ground motions, which are generated by manipulating recorded ground motions, have been widely used for seismic design verification and seismic qualification of structures. The existing spectral matching algorithms in frequency-domain, however, may distort the valuable information contained in recorded earthquake ground motions due to the deficiency of the transformation methodologies on which they are based. To properly preserve the frequency contents and nonstationary characteristics of recorded ground motions, a signal processing method called Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) is used to generate spectrum-compatible earthquake ground motions. In the proposed generation procedures, the strategy of the selection of recorded ground motions is based on the PSHA so that the generated ground motions reflect realistic seismic hazard for the site of interest.

Nowadays two main types of protection schemes widely used in protection of transmission lines are: distance protection and differential protection schemes. However, it has been noticed from industrial practice that the distance protection scheme used today generally is limited in tripping speed and selectivity. Also differential protection scheme is influenced by the time synchronization of samples in both relays installed at transmission line terminals. On the other hand, among various pilot protection schemes for protection of Extra High Voltage (EHV) / Ultra High Voltage (UHV) transmission lines, the schemes which use communication link only for exchange of local decision making about faults’ status are not affected by time synchronization. This master thesis is dealing with the issue of developing reliable and fast fault detection scheme for protection of EHV/UHV transmission lines which is a requirement in modern power systems. The protection algorithm proposed in this thesis is based on the detection and analysis of traveling waves on transmission lines at inception of the faults. This algorithm relies on directional comparison between initial arrivals of traveling waves at each end of the protected line. This will determine whether or not a fault is inside the protected zone. In addition to, based on high voltage transmission network protection requirements proper phase selection algorithm is developed to handle single- phase tripping. Finally, by simulations carried out in PSCAD environment practical design considerations for implementing the new developed protection algorithm in a numerical relay unit is investigated. The results of simulation show that the proposed pilot protection scheme solves several issues encountered by using the conventional schemes and provide reliable and high speed protection for transmission lines.

L’acier Ferrium® M54® présente une composition chimique optimisée, basée sur 40 ans d’évolution et de développement des aciers à durcissement secondaire à précipitation de carbures M2C. Le compromis de propriétés Rm/KIC/KISCC obtenu par la nuance M54® permet d’envisager son utilisation dans les trains d’atterrissage d’avions gros porteurs. Cependant, les premiers essais mécaniques, réalisés par l’utilisateur pour la montée en maturité de la nuance, ont montré une variabilité des propriétés mécaniques suivant le traitement thermique appliqué. Ce travail de thèse s’applique donc à décrire les évolutions microstructurales au cours du traitement thermique de la nuance M54® et les impacts sur les propriétés mécaniques en se concentrant notamment sur le traitement par le froid. Les différentes conditions de mise en solution et de revenu testées ont montré une certaine stabilité de la précipitation au revenu et des propriétés mécaniques qui en découlent. La précipitation a été caractérisée à différentes échelles afin de la comparer avec celle issue des nuances de la même famille. En revanche, selon les conditions de traitement par le froid réalisées, la limite d’élasticité varie de manière significative sans qu’aucun des paramètres liés à la précipitation ne soient modifiés. Le taux d’austénite est en revanche un paramètre déterminant pour la limite d’élasticité et est très sensible aux conditions de traitement par le froid : temps et température entre la trempe à l’huile et le traitement cryogénique et température de traitement cryogénique. Un traitement thermique amélioré a ainsi été proposé pour obtenir un taux d’austénite réduit et constant et limiter ainsi les variations de limite d’élasticité. / Ferrium® M54® steel presents an optimized composition, based on 40 years of research and development on secondary hardening steels. This alloy exhibits an excellent Rm/KIC/KISCC balance that allows considering its use in landing gears applications of wide-body aircrafts in the future. However, initial mechanical tests performed by the end-user have shown variability in mechanical properties depending on the applied heat treatment. The main goal of this work is to describe the microstructural evolutions of the alloy M54® during heat treatment and their impact on the resulting mechanical properties with a specific focus on the effect of the cryogenic treatment.The different austenitizing and tempering conditions investigated have shown a stability of the tempering precipitation and mechanical properties. This precipitation has been characterized at different scales and compared with other grades of the same family. On the other hand, depending on cryogenic treatment conditions, a significant variation of the mechanical properties and in particular of the yield strength is observed without any modification in the precipitation distribution and volume fraction or size. Austenite content is critical for the yield strength and is very sensitive to the cryogenic treatment conditions: time and temperature before cryogenic treatment and temperature of cryogenic treatment. An improved heat treatment to obtain reduced and constant austenite content is proposed.

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-03-20T19:58:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Laudares Soares Maia.pdf: 2383778 bytes, checksum: 63872173da6a935884954d9df67bf090 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-20T19:58:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thais Laudares Soares Maia.pdf: 2383778 bytes, checksum: 63872173da6a935884954d9df67bf090 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Cancer is a serious public health problem. The World Health Organization (WHO) considers in 27 million new cases of cancer by the year 2030 in the whole world. In Brazil, the frequent diagnose of cancer in advanced phase results in a delay of treatment and invalidate possibilities of cure. Nowadays, the Unique Health System (UHS) advocates to the patients with cancer, without possibilities of cure, the approach in palliative cares that is still recent, limited and little consolidated in health services. The study had as objective to analyse the strategies of confrontation and meanings of cancer without possibility of cure in users of outpatient oncology service from UHS. It was done a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews with 11 participants of both sexes, age from 18 years old and diagnosed with cancer without possibilities of cure. The results were analysed in the following reaction categories: 1) sadness and hope; 2) process of sickness; 3) ¿I don¿t want these words¿; 4) non-clinical context; 5) God¿s will; 6) family comfort; 7) sickness and losses; 8) organic and existential pain; 9) psychosocial aspects of sickness; and 10) eminence of death in health services. One identified the need of reflecting about the relational aspects and cares that envolve the patients without possibilities of cure, considering the advance of medicine and of technology and on the other hand, the need to rescue the human relation aspects between health professionals and patients. / O câncer é um grave problema de saúde pública. A Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) estima em 27 milhões de novos casos de câncer para o ano de 2030 em todo o mundo. No Brasil, o frequente diagnóstico de câncer em fase avançada resulta no atraso do tratamento e inviabiliza as possibilidades de cura. Atualmente, o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) preconiza aos pacientes com câncer, sem possibilidades de cura, a abordagem em cuidados paliativos, que ainda é recente, restrita e pouco consolidada nos serviços de saúde. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar as estratégias de enfrentamento e significados do câncer sem possibilidade de cura em usuários de um serviço ambulatorial de oncologia do SUS. Foi realizado estudo qualitativo com entrevistas semiestruturadas com 11 participantes de ambos os sexos, idade a partir de 18 anos e diagnosticados com câncer sem possibilidades de cura. Os resultados foram analisados nas seguintes categorias empíricas: 1) Tristeza e esperança; 2) processo de adoecimento; 3) ¿eu não quero essas palavras¿; 4) contexto não clínico; 5) vontade divina; 6) o conforto da família; 7) adoecimento e perdas; 8) dor orgânica e existencial; 9) aspectos psicossociais do adoecimento; e 10) a eminência da morte nos serviços de saúde. Identificou-se a necessidade de refletir sobre os aspectos relacionais e de cuidados que envolvem os pacientes sem possibilidades de cura, considerando o avanço da medicina e da tecnologia e, por outro lado, o necessário resgate aos aspectos humanísticos da relação entre profissionais de saúde e os pacientes.

Atlas Copco Secoroc AB are searching after new bulk materials for drill heads that are used in percussive drilling in order to improve their strength and durability. The aim of this project is to assist Atlas Copco in this search and provide them with further information regarding material properties, alloying elements, suppliers, etc. A literary study was carried out in order to identify materials that had UTS and KIC more than or equal to 1700 MPa and 70 MPa*m^1/2, respectively. Materials that fulfilled these criteria were T250 grade maraging steel, Cobalt free maraging steel, High cobalt maraging steel, 300 grade maraging steel, AerMet 100, AF1410, S53, M54, 300M, 4340M and PremoMet. These were categorized into maraging steels, high alloy secondary hardened steels, and low alloy steels, and were then further researched. The material with the highest combination of UTS and KIC was M54 followed by AerMet 100; while AF1410 had the highest KIC but a low UTS, and PremoMet had the highest UTS but a low KIC. Maraging steels and HASH steels have a similar price range, while low alloy steels are much cheaper.