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A cloração é largamente utilizada para a desinfecção de águas de abastecimento e residuárias, porém o potencial de toxicidade da cloração por seus subprodutos torna o processo menos atrativo. O dióxido de cloro surge como alternativa de desinfecção, porém a sua geração envolve reações bastante dependentes das concentrações de reagentes, das condições físico-químicas, podendo gerar também subprodutos prejudiciais à saúde humana. Outras tecnologias alternativas, como o ozônio e a radiação ultravioleta apareceram como processos tecnicamente viáveis. Neste trabalho buscou-se realizar revisão crítica da literatura existente sobre a desinfecção realizada com radiação ultravioleta e ozônio, bem como investigar e interpretar os aspectos relevantes do desempenho da desinfecção de efluentes de esgoto sanitário com ozônio e com radiação ultravioleta na inativação de coliformes totais e coliformes fecais. Na parte experimental avaliou-se as doses de 80, 95 e 120 mg/L e tempos de contato de 20, 30 e 35 minutos para a desinfecção com ozônio. Na desinfecção com radiação ultravioleta, utilizou-se de tempos de exposição de 10, 30, e 60 segundos, mantendo-se a mesma intensidade média de radiação e variando-se a espessura de lâmina líquida. Nos aspectos observados no decorrer desta pesquisa, verificou-se que para as condições analisadas, a desinfecção com radiação ultravioleta mostrou-se como técnica mais simples e eficaz para a inativação de coliformes fecais e coliformes totais quando comparada à ozonização, apresentando assim vários aspectos favoráveis no que concerne ao modo de operação, a influência da qualidade do efluente bruto, ao controle do processo, entre outros. / The Chlorinate is widely used for the disinfection of waste and drinking water, however the toxicity potential by the by-products of chlorinate renders the process less attractive. The chlorine dioxide comes up as a disinfection alternative, but its production involves highly reagent concentration and physical-chemical condition dependant reactions, also being able to create human health hazardous by-products. Other alternative technologies, like ozone and ultraviolet radiation have risen as technically viable processes. It this work, is has been attempted to review critically the existing literature about the effluent disinfection of sanitary waste, using a comparative approach between the disinfection in which ozone and ultraviolet radiation were used, as well as to investigate and interpret the relevant aspects of sanitary waste effluents disinfection with ozone and ultraviolet radiation on the inactivation of otal and fecal coliforms. In the experimental part doses of 80, 95 and 120 mg/L and contact times of 20, 30 and 35 minutes have been evaluated for the ozone disinfection process. For the ultraviolet method, exposure times of 10, 30 and 60 seconds have been used, keeping the same mean intensity of radiation and varying water layer thickness. With regard to the observed of thios research, is has been verified that, for the analyzed conditions, the ultraviolet disinfection has showed the simplest and most effective method of the inactiviation of fecal andtotal coliforms when compared the ozone method, thus showing several favorable aspects concerning the operation mode, the wal effuent quality influence, the process control, among others.

Optical wireless communication systems based on ultraviolet (UV)-band has a lot inherent advantages, such as low background solar radiation, low device dark noise. Besides, it also has small restrictive requirements for PAT (pointing, acquisition, and tracking) because of its high atmospheric scattering with molecules and aerosols. And these advantages are driving people to explore and utilize UV band for constructing and implementing a high-data-rate, less PAT communication links, such as diffuse-line-of-sight links (diffuse-LOS) and non-line-of-sight (NLOS). The responsivity of the photodetector at UV range is far lower than that of visible range, high power UV transmitters which can be easily modulated are under investigation. These factors make it is hard to realize a high-data-rate diffuse-LOS or NLOS UV communication links. To achieve a UV link mentioned above with current devices and modulation schemes, this thesis presents some efficient modulation schemes and available devices for the time being. Besides, a demonstration of ultraviolet-B (UVB) communication link is implemented utilizing quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). The demonstration is based on a 294-nm UVB-light-emitting-diode (UVB-LED) with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 9 nm, and according to the measured L-I-V curve, we set the bias voltage as 7V for maximum the ac amplitude and thus get a high signal-noise-ratio (SNR) channel, and the light output power is 190 μW with such bias voltage. Besides, there is a unique silica gel lens on top of the LED to concentrate the beam. A -3-dB bandwidth of 29 MHz was measured and a high-speed near-solar-blind communication link with a data rate of 71 Mbit/s was achieved using 8-QAM-OFDM at perfect alignment, and 23.6 Mbit/s using 2-QAM-OFDM when the angle subtended by the pointing direction of the UVB-LED and photodetector (PD) is 12 degrees, thus establishing a diffuse-line-of-sight (LOS) link. The measured bit-error rate (BER) of 2.8 × 10−4 and 2.4 × 10−4, respectively, are well below the forward error correction (FEC) criterion of 3.8 × 10−3. The demonstrated high data-rate OFDM-based UVB communication link paves the way for realizing high-speed non-line-of-sight free-space optical (FSO) communications.

L'objectif de cette thèse est, dans un premier temps, d'étudier la génération d'ultraviolets dans les fibres microstructurées par mélange à quatre ondes d'une pompe à 532 nm, en particulier en fonction des fluctuations des propriétés de dispersion dues au procédé de fabrication et en explorant différents régimes de pompage; puis, dans un second temps, le développement d'une méthode versatile de caractérisation du contenu modal. Nous utiliserons le calcul différentiel stochastique pour représenter l'espérance du gain obtenu par mélange à quatre ondes en fonction des fluctuations. Ensuite, de nouveaux schémas de pompages sont étudiés pour générer des UV avec une grand qualité de faisceau. Dans le cadre de l'étude des perturbations du procédé de fabrication, nous avons confirmé que l'invariance de l'accord de phase en fonction des fluctuations d'échelle permet d'obtenir un gain maximum en ces points, et ce même si les fréquences générées sont situées très loin de la pompe.En ce qui concerne la génération d'UV proprement dite, nous avons isolé un schéma de pompage qui consiste à distribuer la pompe sur deux modes d'une fibre microstructurée et d'exploiter l'accord de phase obtenu pour la dispersion de pompe moyenne entre les deux modes. Ce processus permet, comme nous l'avons confirmé expérimentalement, de générer des UV dans le mode fondamental. Enfin, le développement d'une méthode d'analyse statistique multivariée de l'interférence entre les modes a permis de séparer tous les battements inter-modaux et de reconstruire les enveloppes de champ et la distribution modale de puissance, et ce, sans faire appel à aucune des hypothèses propres aux méthodes existantes. / The main objective of this thesis is, firstly, to study the generation of ultraviolet light in photonic crystal fibers through four-wave mixing of a 532 nm pump, in particular in the presence of dispersion fluctuations due to the fabrication process and by exploring different pumping schemes; secondly, the aim was to develop a versatile analysis method of the modal content of multimode fibers.We used stochastic calculus to model the expected gain value of four-wave mixing as a function of the fluctuations of the fiber drawing process. Furthermore, alternative pumping schemes were studied to aim at producing high-quality UV beams.While studying the impact of stochastic fluctuations of the fiber drawing process, we confirmed that phase-matching points showing an invariance with respect to scale fluctuations should indeed provide maximum gain at that point, even for very large frequency detunings with respect to the pump. Concerning the generation of UV light with very high beam quality, we have isolated a pumping scheme in which the pump is split across two spatial modes of a photonic crystal fiber and take advantage of the phase-matching condition of the averaged pump dispersion of the two pump modes. We have shown experimentally that this process can produce ultraviolet light in the fundamental mode. Finally, the elaboration of an advanced multivariate statistical analysis method applied to inter-modal interference allowed one to separate, in a semi-automatic fashion, all the interferences and reconstruct the mode envelopes and modal power distribution without any of the hypotheses required by other methods.

Nearby dwarf galaxies provide a unique laboratory in which to test stellar population models below Z(circle dot)/2. Such tests are particularly important for interpreting the surprising high-ionization ultraviolet (UV) line emission detected at z > 6 in recent years. We present HST/COS UV spectra of 10 nearby metal-poor star-forming galaxies selected to show He II emission in SDSS optical spectra. The targets span nearly a dex in gas-phase oxygen abundance (7.8 < 12 + logO/H < 8.5) and present uniformly large specific star formation rates (sSFR similar to 10(2) Gyr(-1)). The UV spectra confirm that metal-poor stellar populations can power extreme nebular emission in high-ionization UV lines, reaching CIII] equivalent widths comparable to those seen in systems at z similar to 6-7. Our data reveal a marked transition in UV spectral properties with decreasing metallicity, with systems below 12 + logO/H less than or similar to 8.0 (Z/Z(circle dot) less than or similar to 1/5) presenting minimal stellar wind features and prominent nebular emission in He II and C IV. This is consistent with nearly an order of magnitude increase in ionizing photon production beyond the He+-ionizing edge relative to H-ionizing flux as metallicity decreases below a fifth solar, well in excess of standard stellar population synthesis predictions. Our results suggest that often-neglected sources of energetic radiation such as stripped binary products and very massive O-stars produce a sharper change in the ionizing spectrum with decreasing metallicity than expected. Consequently, nebular emission in C IV and He II powered by these stars may provide useful metallicity constraints in the reionization era.

More than 40 different molecules have been observed in Interstellar space within the Galaxy. Many of these molecules are seen near hot OB-type stars whose far-ultraviolet emission is intense. Laboratory spectroscopy of such molecules will lead to a better understanding of their astrophysical behaviour, in particular Celestial Masers. This thesis is preoccupied with the spectroscopy of H$_{2}$O, D$_{2}$O, OH, CO, and C$_{2}$H$_{2}$ in the region 1200$\AA$-400$\AA$ and absolute absorption coefficients are derived for CO and C$_{2}$H$_{2}$ using the Thomas-Reiche-Kuhn Sum Rule. A possible Rydberg series of OH was observed, converging to a first ionisation potential of 13.36 eV and a likely inner shell two-electron resonance detected in the ionisation continuum of D$_{2}$O at 415$\AA$. Both a synchrotron and a laser produced plasma continuum source were used for absorption measurements and the advantages of each source were compared. Experiments were undertaken to examine the radiation properties of laser produced plasmas with a view to their general use as far-ultraviolet continuum sources and a computer program was written to predict their net photon emission by Bremsstrahlung processes, with some success. Optoacoustic spectroscopy was considered as a possible technique in the far-ultraviolet with a synchrotron source; its theory was extended to include ionisation and dissociation of molecules. However, optoacoustic experiments attempted were unsuccessful because of insufficient light intensity and excessive background noise near the synchrotron.

The Z-pinches in a vacuum spark can be classified into slow, fast and superfast according to their pinch durations. Their emission characteristics are investigated in the visible, ultraviolet and the X-ray wavelengths. The plasma during a fast pinch was found to have an electron temperature between 100 and 600eV. The superfast pinch resulted in a minute cylindrical plasma approximately 40 μm in diameter, with an electron temperature of 1 to 4keV and a lifetime of less than 4ns. The slow and the fast pinch were found to be in agreement with the theoretical results predicted by a shock wave model. The formation of the superfast pinch and its associated high density and temperature were explained as the results of magnetohydrodynamic instability. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate