From 1890 to 1920, a small foreign immigrant community, diverse in its cultures and religions, put down roots in Jacksonville, Florida, and thrived. This paper concentrates on southern Italians, Russian and Romanian Jews, Syrian Christians, Greeks, and Chinese who left their countrymen in northern urban centers and settled in this city. It investigates the immigrants' old-world origins, their occupational skills, their settlement patterns, and their motivations for immigrating.The total number of foreign-born white immigrants in Jacksonville was less than 4,000 for the period covered. The manuscript census schedules completed by the Census of Population for 1900 and 1910 provided the names of individuals, occupations, countries of birth, immigration dates, and places of residence. Names obtained from the manuscript schedules were traced through the city directories between 1890 and 1920 to track the first appearance in the city, job changes, marital status, and residence. Oral interviews with the immigrants' children or other relatives supplemented and expanded the data from the census and city directories.The immigrant groups in this study constituted 36 percent of the foreign-born white population in Jacksonville by 1920. These immigrants avoided the laboring occupations of their northern compatriots, and opened small businesses, dominating trade in some instances. They arrived in Jacksonville with a basic knowledge of the rules of the American economy. They had worked in factories, learned trades, and saved their money in northern cities. They possessed the basic qualifications to participate in American capitalism.Jacksonville's immigrants played an active role in the economic development of the city. They sold groceries, shoes, and clothing; they operated barber shops, tailor shops, laundries, and restaurants. They built an environment which supported their families, attracted kinsmen and fellow countrymen, and kept their ethnicity alive. PALMM

This study examines the development of nursing as a vocation, in the early twentieth century, within the context of a growing southern city and an evolving health care system. Nursing advanced from a domestic service to a recognized vocation during this era. An extensive survey of historical and nursing literature revealed few studies which focus on nursing and health care in an urban context. Those studies identified gave only brief glimpses of nurses and focus on northern cities. This investigation aims to add a southern chapter to the history of nursing and health care in urban settings. A community systems approach to analyzing changes in the city provides the context for evaluating nursing development, while health care became more accessible and professional. Historical approaches used to support the thesis include analysis of social history, public health, morbidity and mortality statistics, and quantitative collective biography. These methods yield data which depict what it meant to practice nursing during the study period. Much of the actual information about the nurses and their practice had to come from indirect sources in order to draw conclusions from the research. Primary sources used in this research include newspapers, city directories, census reports, probate records, city health reports, student nurse and hospital records, oral histories and medical records. Secondary sources include southern, women's, urban, city, institutional, medical and public health histories. In addition, nationally oriented nursing histories and theses proved useful in the analysis of primary data. The findings of the study demonstrate marked transitions in the maturation of nursing and health care in the city. These changes happened at a different pace when compared to similar events in northern urban areas. Many variables contributed to the differences noted, including the cultural expectations of women and race relations in community life. Nurses functioned in the beginning of the study as occasional domestic servants who were primarily black women. They practiced in a city with limited public health services, one hospital for whites and a pest house for blacks. By 1930, nurses practiced in a city with improved public health services, four hospitals with nurses' training schools, including one for blacks. Nurses enjoyed a professional association and the protection of a state practice act. These women progressed from shadowy figures seldom seen in public, to a group of workers recognized as an asset to the health of the community. PALMM

The relationship between socially oriented client characteristics and facilitative therapist variables on client perceptions of the therapeutic relationship (CPTR) was investigated. Subjects were75 undergraduate students who answered a pretherapy questionnaire to measure the socially oriented client variables trusting, warmth, dominance (16PF), sex role orientation (Bem Sex Role Inventory), wanted and expressed inclusion, control, and affection (FIRO-B). Subjects were blocked on trusting and expressed affection and randomly assigned to a warm or neutral therapist condition where they saw a counselor for one fifty minute session. CPTR was measured using the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory, Counselor Rating Form, Therapist Rating Scales and Global Warmth Rating. Results indicated that subjects perceived a difference in the warm and neutral therapist conditions. And there was a significant interaction between the client variables of trusting and therapist condition. In addition, a significant interaction between the client variables of trusting and expressed affection was found. Additional correlational analysis indicated that certain other client variables are also related to CPTR.

The Florida Legislature responded to the national call for education reform by passing four statutes in 1991, referred to as Blueprint 2000. One intent of the legislation was to encourage change in schools through local community involvement in School Advisory Councils (SAC). The SAC, composed of parents, community members, teachers, and students was responsible for guiding the school through the process of school improvement. The purpose of the study was to investigate the role of the SAC in the implementation of Florida school improvement initiatives. The study was designed to identify local factors affecting the interpretation of policy and to develop understanding of the members of the SACs defined their roles. Four elementary schools in Duval County, Florida, were selected for study. A case study approach over one year was used to gather data from written materials, participant observation, and interviews. The data were analyzed to develop understanding of the roles of the SAC from the participants' perspectives. Findings indicated that SACs were fulfilling their basic responsibilities as outlined in the legislation. Evidence showed that no decision was entirely site based and the extent of the SAC's influence was greater than intended. Members' perceptions of influence to implement change may be more potent than the actual authority given to the SAC by law.

This study investigated the degree to which teacher expectations of at-risk students affect the teacher's instructional behaviors. Four elementary teachers were observed and videotaped for 20 minutes each during a language arts lesson. The videotapes were analyzed using an instrument consisting of ten behaviors from the Florida Performance Measurement System that reflect Rosenthal's four factors of teacher expectations, climate, input, output, and feedback. The teacher's instructional behaviors were recorded each time the behavior occurred during the 20 minute observation. The data were analyzed to determine if a relationship exists between the teacher's expectations for average or above average students and at-risk students and the teacher's instructional behaviors. The findings are displayed in two forms: raw score numbers and percentages of the behavior occurrences. The results of the study appear to indicate that teacher's expectations of different ability level students affect the teacher's instructional behaviors.

The mechanisms of transepithelial absorption of dietary D-glucose and D-fructose in the American lobster, Homarus americanus, were investigated in this study in order to determine whether sugar transport proteins have been conserved throughout evolution. Whole lobster intestine was isolated and mounted in a perfusion chamber to determine transepithelial mucosal to serosal (MS) and serosal to mucosal (SM) mechanisms of 3H-D-glucose and 3H-D-fructose transport across the intestine. Unidirectional MS and SM fluxes were measured by adding variable concentrations of 3H-D-glucose and 3H-D-fructose (2.5 to 50uM) to either the perfusate or the bath respectively and sampling the amount of radioactivity that exited the opposite side of the intestine. Both the transepithelial MS and SM transports of 3H-D-glucose and 3H-D-fructose were hyperbolic functions of sugar concentration. The net flux of both sugars indicated a net absorption of D-glucose and D-fructose into the serosal compartment. Inhibitory analysis showed that while phloridzin decreased MS 3H-D-glucose transport via a sodium glucose transport (SGLT 1-like) protein located on the mucosal membrane, 3H-D-fructose transport was not affected by the drug. Mucosal phloretin decreased MS D-fructose transport but not MS D-glucose transport. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed the presence of a mucosal GLUT 5 transport protein on the mucosal membrane. Increasing serosal concentrations of phloretin decreased both SM D-glucose and D-fructose transport suggesting the presence of a serosal GLUT 2 used by both sugars. The results of this study support the concept of conserved mechanisms of sugar transport in multicellular animals.

The curriculum developed in this project was designed to meet the needs of primary students in the areas of self-concept, decision-making, and locus of control. It provides activities that enhance these areas in the hope of positively influencing school achievement. The related literature and research review attempts to show the interrelationships between self-concept, school achievement, decision-making, and locus of control.The project consists of 10-15 minute activities that do not require lengthy teacher preparation or numerous materials. The activities take into consideration Piaget's and Kohlberg's stages of development for kindergarten through second grade students. The content of the activities is not arranged in any particular sequential order. The focus of the content is in the affective domain with the activities dealing primarily with feelings, values, relationships with others, self-awareness, and making choices.The curriculum was evaluated by surveying a team of primary teachers. Feedback was gathered concerning the appropriateness of the activities for primary students and the practicality of its use in the classroom.

The prototype Alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SIN), relies on cyclic transmission between the mosquito and vertebrate hosts in order to be maintained in nature. This broad host range suggests that alphaviruses use a universally expressed molecule for attachment. Heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG), a ubiquitous SIN receptor present on the cell surface of most eukaryotic cells, has been reported in the salivary glands and midguts of mosquitoes. These organs are essential for virus transmission from this hematophageous invertebrate. Variable host cell response in the mosquito following intrathoracic inoculation with SIN has been documented. In this study, per os infection of Aedine species with variants of SIN was used to determine organ specific responses to virus as well as the temporal kinetics of SIN dissemination via leg assay. Analysis indicated AR339 virus dissemination in samples at day 14 days post infection (p.i.). TR339 was identified at day 12 in legs of virus fed individuals. AR339, the HSPG adapted variant resulted in SIN-associated pathology in salivary glands of Aedes albopictus. This pathology was limited to lateral lobes, while the median lobe remained unaffected. Infection with TR339, a HSPG-independent variant, did not result in virus-associated pathology in the salivary gland to day 28 post infection. Immunohistochemistry determined that HSPG was located in the lateral lobe duct region of the salivary glands. It has been suggested that human lactoferrin (hLF) may interfere with virus receptor attachment and is involved in inhibition of virus infection in vertebrate cells. To that end, the effects of bovine LF inhibition on virus attachment were compared between AR339 and TR339 in the mosquito cell line C7-10. Cytopathic effect was observed earlier and with greater intensity in TR339 infected monolayers when compared to AR339 infected monolayers. This suggests that bovine LF has an inhibitory effect on AR339 infection in invertebrate cells, possibly due to this variants use of HPSG for attachment.

This investigation explored gender differences and relations among facets of adult stress measured by self-reported cognitive, emotional, and continuous psychophysiological responses to child and non-child stressors. The 46 male and 47 female participants displayed increased heart rate (HR) while watching a video of a happy infant and a decreased HR (associated with increased attentiveness) during a crying infant video. During a cold pressor task, males' HR increased while females revealed a contrary decline in HR. No differences between hyperactive and non-hyperreactive participants were found regarding hypothetical parenting plans or self-reported emotionality. Findings suggest more gender similarity than dissimilarity, possibly due to the evolving nature of parenting (i.e., males and females sharing increasingly analogous parenting roles).

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of many viruses transmitted through the blood or body fluids. This paper concentrates on a mathematical study of the survival rate of HBV. Using data which includes the survival time for individuals who were diagnosed as being affected by HBV and those who died from HBV, we fit non-linear models to study the survival time for people affected by the virus. Survival probabilities suggest an exponential curve for the survival time. We also consider a pure death process which is a stochastic model for the survival time of the individuals affected. Our results show that individuals who have been diagnosed as having HBV have an estimated life expectancy of approximately 625 days.