L'antagonisme entre les besoins croissants d'énergie au niveau mondial et l'obligation de ralentir le réchauffement climatique fait partie des défis auquel l'humanité fait face. Dans le but d'assurer un confort thermique suffisant, les domaines de l'habitat, de l'automobile ou encore des bâtiments agricoles consomment de grandes quantités d'énergie. Pour réduire ces besoins, une des solutions proposées vise à améliorer l'isolation thermique de ces bâtiments grâce à l'utilisation de matériaux innovants. Un des objectifs majeurs est d'améliorer l'isolation des fenêtres qui représentent une partie importante des pertes énergétiques. Les recherches décrites dans cette thèse ont permis de développer des matériaux transparents aux rayonnements solaires visibles tout en étant des boucliers efficaces contre les rayonnements ultra-violets et proche-infrarouges. De tels matériaux sont le fruit de la combinaison entre des motifs à clusters de métaux de transition présentant des propriétés d'absorption recherchées et une matrice hôte permettant la mise en forme de ces matériaux (processabilité). La synthèse, ainsi que la méthodologie de modulation des propriétés d'absorption et d'intégration des clusters dans différentes matrices de type sol-gel ou polymères sont présentées. Un intérêt tout particulier est porté sur les relations qui s'établissent entre la structure des motifs à clusters et leurs propriétés d'absorption grâce aux comparaisons faites entre des études expérimentales et des études de chimie quantique utilisant la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT). In fine, l'augmentation du niveau de compréhension des relations structures-propriétés d'absorption des motifs à clusters étudiés permettra d'envisager l'étude de nouvelles compositions pour des matériaux encore plus efficaces à l'avenir pour le contrôle solaire. / The antagonism between growing global energy needs and the obligation to slow the global warming is one of the challenges humanity faces. In order to ensure sufficient thermal comfort, the housing, automotive or agricultural buildings sectors are major energy consumers. To reduce these needs, one of the proposed solutions aims to improve the thermal insulation of these buildings through the use of innovative materials. One of the major objectives is to improve the insulation of the windows which represent a significant part of the energy losses. The research described in this thesis has made it possible to develop transparent materials for visible solar radiation while being effective shields against ultraviolet and near-infrared radiation. Such materials are the result of the combination between transition metal cluster patterns having desired absorption properties and a host matrix for shaping these materials (processability). The syntheses as well as the methodology for modulating the absorption and integration properties of clusters in different sol-gel or polymer matrices are presented. Of particular interest is the relationship between the structure of cluster pattern and their absorption properties through comparisons between experimental studies and quantum chemistry studies using density functional theory (DFT). In fine, the increase in the level of understanding of the structure-absorption properties of the clusters studied will make it possible to consider the study of new compositions for even more efficient materials in the future for solar control.

Inorganic ions are one of the most important group chemicals. Their importance is crucial for all living organisms on the planet and monitoring of their content is essential for this purpose in clinical or environmental analysis but also in the food industry, agriculture or many other industries. Many analytical methods for ion detection have been designed and used, depending on the area of their use. Recently, numerous methods have been adapted to areas where not primarily intended. One such methods may be, for example, laser ablation with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, which has recently begun to affect the analysis of biological samples. As a complementary method, able to detect also non-metallic ions is capillary electrophoresis. In this master thesis, the possibility of applying capillary electrophoresis with indirect photometric detection for the separation of inorganic ions in cell lysates of HeLa cells by capillary electrophoresis was verified. Main attention was paid to chloride ions. The ability to separate inorganic compounds in cellular material using salicylic acid as an absorbing anion in the base electrolyte was tested.

The aim of this work was to compare authenticity analysis in selected food products with fruit component by using, instrumental and molekular methods. Particularly, the presence of blueberries in fruit–based foodstuffs was verified. The theoretical part is focused on the characterization, chemical composition and botanical classification of blueberries (European blueberry and Canadian blueberry). It also contains an overview of instrumental and molecular diagnostic methods that can be used for the analysis of these fruits. The experimental part focuses on the selection of a suitable method of DNA isolation, and primers for the detection of blueberries in commercial products. DNA analysis was performed by qPCR and HRM analysis. In the experimental part, DNA was isolated in sufficient quality for PCR and the presence of blueberries in foodstuffs was verified by qPCR. Using HRM analysis, we were able to differentiate between bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) in control samples and in some commercial products. Certain phenolic acids and some flavonoids specific for blueberries were detected by HPLC. The total content of polyphenols and flavonoids was determined by UV / VIS spectrophotometry.

Preliminary results of research focused on the applications of DC diaphragm discharge in water solutions containing humic substances are presented in this diploma thesis. Electrical discharges in water produce various reactive species such as radicals (•OH, •O, •H), ions and molecules (H2O2, O3). These species have high oxidation potential and thus they easily react with order species and molecules. Such reactions could lead, for example, to destruction of organic pollutants dissolved in water. This work studies this effect on humic matters that can be contained in water coming from floods. Diaphragm discharge investigated by this work was created in the reactor using konstant DC high voltage up to 2 kV that gave the total input power from 100 to 200 W. Breakdown and discharge ignition started in the pin-hole in the dielectric barrier separating two electrode spaces (anode and cathode space). Presented work investigates decomposition of humic substances by the electric discharge in the dependence of solution properties and discharge conditions. Parameters such as initial solution conductivity, electrolyte kind or input power have been investigated. Moreover, substantial effect of pH on humic acid decomposition has been observed. Refraktometry and absorption spectroscopy in UV-VIS region together with fluorescence spectroscopy has been used for the detection of changes in humic solutions.

In this diploma thesis were studied solubilization properties of polysaccharides by using hydrophobic solutes (Sudan Orange G, Sudan Red G, (±)-alpha-Tocopherol, Pyrene, Perylene, Nile red), which were represented by alkyl derivates of hyaluronan. At first, a behaviour of individual hydrophobic solutes was investigated in variously polar solvents (Methanol, 1 Propanol, Chloroforme, Cyklohexane, n Heptane) and in the environment of varying ionic strength (water, 0.1 M and 0.4 M NaCl). Afterwards, solubilization properties of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate model solubilizated the hydrophobic solutes into a core of micelles was examinate. We were interested in the solubilization capacity as the mol of solubilized molecules per mol micelles of surfactant corresponding with a state of micelles saturation. In the case of the solubilization of (±)-alpha-Tocopherol into the core of micelles, it was not possible to determine the solubilization capacity. So we changed the determination of universally solubilization power. The solubilization power is defined as mol of molecules solubilized per mol surfactant relative to the quantity solubilizate at the micelles saturation. Model system of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate as a simple surfactant carrying a negative charge as the alkyl derivates of hyaluronan was selected bacause of its characteristics.The surfactant forms unimolar micelles and its critical micelle concentrations and aggregation numbers are tabelated for the investigated microenvironment. The main aim of the study was investigating of hydrophobic domains of alkyl derivates of hyaluronan as free places for incorporation hydropbobic solutes in the microenvironment of varying ionic strength. The critical aggregation concentrations were determined by the Pyrene 1:3 ratio method. For the research of micropolarity of alkyl derivates hyaluronan’s domains were selected two concentrations of derivates for the next research of solubilization experiments - the first concentration near the critical aggregation concentration and the second concentration above it. The effect of concentration of Pyrene on a core polarity of derivates was investigated. We discovered the influence of the concentration and the other we found a stationary area of the concentration. In the end we investigated the influence of preparation of solutions of derivates of hyaluronan on the core polarity by the concentration of pyrene which corresponds to the stationary area. The study of solubilization properties of alkyl derivates of hyaluronan is not a simple case as we assumed. When we measured spectra of the absorbance, higher concentration of derivates of hyaluronan belittle absorbance of solubilizates. At the experiment of solubilization with Sudan Red G we found out that Sudan Red G is not able to solubilizate into the hydrophobic core of micelles of hyaluronan’s derivates because of lipophilic or steric effects. We had to change Perylene as a new solubilizate. From the measured emission spectra we found saturation micelles. We can express the solubilization power of hyaluronan’s derivates for the concentration of Perylene. The main aim of the diploma thesis was to determine optimal way of the preparation of hyaluronan’s derivates solutions with required degree of solubilization.

This work deals with the determination of L-carnitine in food supplements. L-carnitine is a substance naturally occurring in organism, essential for metabolism of fatty acids. In food supplements is used especially for reducing body weight as a "fat burner". L-carnitine is popular with athletes for improve athletic performance. While data are not available to support these positive effects of carnitine, the positive results of carnitine supplementation in the medicine were found, mainly on cardiovascular system. The literary part of this study describes the properties and the use of carnitine in the diet of human. Furthermore, a review of methods used for determination of L-carnitine in variety of samples is mentioned. In the experimental section the efficiency of SPE method for preparation matrix of real samples was investigated. A cation exchange solid phase extraction seems to be the most effective. The optimal conditions for isolation of L-carnitine by SPE extraction were not developed. L-carnitine was determined in six various food supplements by reverse phase chromatography with UV/VIS detection.

This Ph.D. thesis is focused on kinetic study of propene and hex-1-ene coordination polymerizations initiated by complex [(2-tBuC6H4)N=C(1,8-naphtalenediyl)C=N(2-tBuC6H4)]NiBr2 activated by simple organoaluminium compounds and on product properties. In first three parts proper activators are chosen in model polymerizations. The attention is paid to the reproducibility of polymerizations and analytical methods. The fourth part is focused on propene polymerization kinetics with the aim to define optimal reaction conditions, especially polymerization temperature and time. The four part concerns also properties of polymers. The fifth and sixth parts deal with hex-1-ene polymerization kinetics conducted at various activator/initiator molar ratios and various catalytic precursor concentrations, to find out kinetic orders with respect to catalyst and cocatalyst concentration. Last part is oriented on detail mechanistic investigation of nickel diimine complexes activation process. Results of measurements in presence or absence of monomer enabled to propose new interpretation of UV-vis spectra based on concrete structures of absorbing species.

This thesis deals with the preparation of the combined alcoholic beverages based on wine and fruit juices. The fruit juices were obtained from the selected fruits as honeysuckle, mulberry, dogwood, rose hips, elderberry, buckthorn and aronia. Some chemical properties e. g. total fenolics, total anthocyanins, vitamin C and sacharides were determined for characterization of the mentioned juices. As well as chemical parameter of juices, the same chemical parameters were determined on wine. There were prepared three sets of combined beverages from wine and juices. The two best evaluated beverages were chosen on the basis of their sensory evaluation. In the end, the same chemical properties were determined in both particular juices and resulting beverages.

This diploma thesis deals with preparation of combined drinks. These drinks consist of white wine and fruit concentrate base. This thesis was divided to 2 parts – senzory and chemical. As a fruit component was chosen aronia concentrate. The first sensory analysis was concentrated on a choice of a suitable white wine for this procedure. Second sensory analysis was focused on aditives. We added citric acid and ascorbic acid to the drinks. Evaluators had to choose the most tasty drinks. Next sensory analysis was dedicated to choice of the right drink composition. The last analysis was focused on choice of right fruit composition. Evaluators had to compare between the drink that was prepared from aronia concentrate or a drink prepared from aronia concentrate and other species of fruits. Their duty was to decide which one is more tasty. Chemical part was dealing with puting individual components of drink preparation to the test. Combined drinks had to undergo chemical tests too.

This thesis is focused on analysis of reduction of ammonium perrhenate using less frequent reducing agents. Ascorbic acid and acetylhydrazine were chosen as less common reducing agents. Reductions were observed leveraging capillary zone electrophoresis and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Measurements were carried out both in acidic and in basic environments. Reduction of peak area of ammonium perrhenate was observed using capillary zone electrophoresis after addition of reducing agent. Rate of absorption of ammonium perrhenate was monitored with UV/Vis spectroscopy. Furthermore, the possibility of shifting the equilibrium of the reaction to the benefit of the reduction products was monitored by the addition of the complexing agent. Py- rogallol (benzene-1,2,3-triol) was used as the ligand and acetylhydrazine was selected as the reducing agent. The reduction was monitored by capillary zone electrophoresis. The identity of the resulting complex was confirmed with ESI/MS. Keywords rhenium, rhenium complexes, ascorbic acid, acetylhydrazine, capillary zone electrophore- sis, UV/Vis spectroscopy, mass spectrometry