The performance of an ultra-short baseline (USBL) positioning system is limited by noises and errors from physical environment and other sources. One of the major errors in USBL positioning is to neglect the sensor misalignment which produces static yaw, pitch, and roll offsets. In this study, a circular survey observation scheme is first proposed to study the positioning errors of a USBL system with a fixed seabed transponder. The center of the circular survey scheme is assumed to be located over the top of the transponder. Mathematical equations of the transponder positioning with yaw, pitch, and roll offsets are derived, respectively. According to characteristics of positioning errors arose from yaw, pitch, and roll offsets, an iterative procedure of first getting roll offset, next computing yaw offset, and then obtaining pitch offset for sensor misalignment correction is established. Simulation results indicate that the iterative procedure can effectively obtain all offsets with high determination accuracy and the computation can rapidly converge to desired error tolerance in a few iterations. However, the center of circular vessel survey scheme is almost impossible to be exactly located over the top of the transponder. In such a case, the horizontal positioning error resulting from pitch offset or roll offset is no more a circle function. As a result, it will fail to evaluate the angle offsets through above iterative procedure unless the deviation from real and estimate horizontal transponder position is extremely small comparing to the transponder depth. Therefore, in addition to circular survey scheme, this study proposed a straight survey scheme to study the patterns of positioning error resulting from yaw, pitch, and roll offsets. Similar to the philosophy of establishing the iterative procedure described above, the iterative procedure of first getting pitch offset, next computing roll offset, and then obtaining yaw offset for sensor misalignment correction is established. Again, simulation results show that the iterative procedure can find all offsets with high determination accuracy and has the advantage of quick converging. Besides, the iterative procedure can still obtain correct angle offsets even though there is a constant heading deviation from the direction of the straight vessel track during vessel survey.

We present a passive and robust mode-locking scheme for a Vertical External Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VECSEL). We placed the semiconductor gain medium and the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) strategically in a ring cavity to provide a stable colliding pulse operation. With this cavity geometry, the two counter propagating pulses synchronize on the SESAM to saturate the absorber together. This minimizes the energy lost and creates a transient carrier grating due to the interference of the two beams. The interaction of the two counter-propagating pulses in the SESAM is shown to extend the range of the modelocking regime and to enable higher output power when compared to the conventional VECSEL cavity geometry. In this configuration, we demonstrate a pulse duration of 195fs with an average power of 225mW per output beam at a repetition rate of 2.2GHz, giving a peak power of 460W per beam. The remarkable robustness of the modelocking regime is discussed and a rigorous pulse characterization is presented.

No description available.

Thesis (MSc (Physics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Through the use of complex Laser Pulse Shaping, numerous fundamental laser induced processes may be controlled as well as studied. This work serves as an introduction into Laser Pulse Shaping, with the focus on a simple Pulse Shaping experiment, as well as to determine whether future, more complex processes may be similarly controlled. A description of Laser Pulse Shaping theory is presented here, along with a full explanation of a simple experiment to maximize second harmonic generation (SHG) through Pulse Shaping. This experiment is simple on a theoretical level yet complicated in both implementation as well as operation. The experimental setup and software integration required hardware compatibility in multiple programming languages. This work was successful in the sense that a fully automated dispersion compensation system, accomplished through the use of a genetic algorithm in a feedback controlled loop, was constructed and tested. The success of this experiment and the understanding gained in this work has laid the foundation for further complex Pulse Shaping systems to be achieved in future. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Komplekse Laserpuls-vervorming kan gebruik word om verskeie fundamentele laser-geinduseerde prosesse beide te beheer asook te bestudeer. Hierdie navorsingstuk dien as n inleiding tot Laserpuls-vervorming, spesifiek gefokus op n eenvoudige Pulsvervormings-eksperiment. Meer komplekse Pulsvervormingsopstellings kan toegepas word deur die kennis opgedoen in hierdie tesis. Die teoretiese agtergrond van Laserpuls-vervormings word bespreek, tesame met n eenvoudige eksperiment om die Tweede Harmoniek Skeppingsproses (SHG) te maksimeer deur van Laserpuls-vervorming gebruik te maak. Die eksperiment is teoreties eenvoudig, waar die implimentering asook bedryf meer kompleks is. Die bedryf van die eksperiment word in 2 dele hanteer: die hoofprogram en n Genetiese Algoritme gebruik in optimering. Die werking van Genetiese Algoritmes asook Ultrakort Pulse (USPs) en pulskarakterisering word ook bespreek. Die suksesvolle opstelling van die experiment en ook die eind resultate wat gevind is, maak dit moontlik om meer ingewikkeld komplekse laserpulsvervorming experimente te bestudeer.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Ultra-short laser pulses are useful in materials processing like melting and cutting metals, and medical applications such as surgery and many other fields. In this study, we characterize and control the temporal shape of the ultra-short pulses generated from a Ti:Sapphire femtosecond laser. It operates in the near infra-red spectral region, with a centre wavelength of 800 nm. The 4f pulse shaper is the main setup used to modulate spectral shape and characterize the laser pulse. The shaper consists of two diffraction gratings, two cylindrical lenses and a computer controlled liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LC-SLM). Gratings, lenses and LC-SLM are arranged in a 4f geometry, f being the focal length of the lenses. This setup is first analysed analytically and numerically using Fourier transform and the results obtained are then compared to those obtained from the experiment. The characterization of ultra-short pulses was done using three different autocorrelation techniques such as the intensity autocorrelation, the interferometric autocorrelation, and the pulse shaping autocorrelation which can act as interferometric autocorrelation when a nonlinear crystal ß-barium borate (BBO) is placed exactly at the position of the experiment. These characterization techniques are based on the interaction between the laser pulse and a replica of it with a nonlinear crystal. The setups were implemented and measurements using the last two techniques were successfully conducted, with the pulse duration result in the range from 80-86 fs. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ultrakort laserpulse het baie nut in verskeie velde waaronder materiaalprosessering (soos die smelt en sny van metale) en mediese toepassings (soos chirurgie) maar net twee voorbeelde is. In hierdie studie karakteriseer en beheer ons die vorm van n ultrakort laserpuls, afkomstig vanaf n Ti:Saffier femtosekonde laser, in tyd. Die laser straal in die nabyinfrarooi spektrale gebied uit met n sentrale golflengte van 800 nm. Ons gebruik n sogenaamde 4f-pulsvormer om die spektrum van die laserpuls te moduleer en die laserpuls te karakteriseer. Die vormer bestaan uit twee diffraksieroosters, twee silindriese lense en n rekenaarbeheerde vloeibare kristal ruimtelike-lig-modulator (LC-SLM). Die diffraksieroosters, lense en LC-SLM is in n 4f-geometrie gerangskik, met f die brandpunt van die lense. Die opstelling is eers analities en numeries beskou deur van Fourier-transformasies gebruik te maak waarna die resultate wat verkry is met die van n eksperiment vergelyk is. Die karakterisering van ultrakort laserpulse was met drie verskillende outokorrelasie tegnieke gedoen, naamlik n intensiteits-outokorrelasie, n interferometriese-outokorrelasie en n pulsvormer-outokorrelasie. Die pulsvormer kan as n interferometriese-outokorrelator optree indien n nie-lineêre kristal ß-bariumboraat (BBO) by die uitset van die pulsvormer geplaas word. Hierdie karakteriseringstegnieke is gebaseer op die interaksie tussen die oorspronklike laserpuls en n kopie van die laserpuls in n nie-lineêre kristal. Die nodige opstellings virdie metings is gemaak en die metings was suksesvol uitgevoer. Die pulslengte wat gemeet is, is in die orde van 80-86 fs.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le projet OxHelease (ANR-TecSan 2011) qui vise à étudier l’impact de l’inhalation de l’hélium-oxygène sur la ventilation, l’oxygénation sanguine, le dépôt d’aérosol dans l’asthme et l’emphysème. Dans ce cadre, ce travail de thèse a consisté à mettre au point des méthodes d’imagerie par résonance magnétique pour quantifier les dépôts d’aérosols chez le rat. L’administration de médicaments par voie inhalée est une approche possible pour le traitement des maladies pulmonaires comme les broncho-pneumopathies chroniques obstructives. C’est également une voie intéressante pour l’administration systémique de médicaments en raison d’un transfert potentiellement rapide dans le sang. Néanmoins, le transport et les dépôts de particules dans les poumons sont complexes et difficiles à prédire, à cause de la dépendance de nombreux paramètres, tels que le protocole d’administration, la morphologie des voies aériennes, le profil respiratoire, ou encore les propriétés aérodynamiques du gaz et des particules. Pour mieux maîtriser cette voie d’administration de médicaments, des outils d’imagerie peuvent être utilisés. L’IRM est moins conventionnelle que d’autres approches pour caractériser le poumon, mais les progrès techniques et les multiples mécanismes de contraste exploitables peuvent être mis à profit pour ce faire.Pour obtenir un signal exploitable du parenchyme pulmonaire chez le rat, une séquence IRM à temps d’écho court a été mise en place sur un système clinique à 1,5 T. Cette technique a été combinée à une administration de courte durée d’un aérosol de chélate de Gadolinium en respiration spontanée. Le mécanisme de contraste principal utilisé est la modification du temps de relaxation longitudinale induisant un rehaussement du signal et qui permet d’estimer la concentration locale avec une résolution spatiale de (0,5 mm)3 et temporelle de 7,5 min permettant également de suivre l’élimination pulmonaire au cours du temps. La sensibilité de cette approche (seuil de détection de l’ordre de 20 µM) a été déterminée et pour cela des méthodes d’analyses spécifiques globales et locales incluant des segmentations, des analyses de distributions et des statistiques ont été développées. Après validation sur des rats sains, pour lesquels un rehaussement moyen de 50%, une distribution homogène de dépôt et une dose totale relativement faible (~1 µmol/kg de poids corporel) ont été observés, cette modalité d’imagerie a pu être appliquée chez des modèles asthmatiques et emphysémateux qui ont montrés des différences significatives de certains paramètres comme l’homogénéité des dépôts ou la cinétique d’élimination. Par ailleurs, des résultats préliminaires de mise en place d’une étude multimodale, où l’IRM est comparée à la tomodensitométrie et à l’imagerie nucléaire sur les mêmes animaux a été effectuée. Enfin, dans une optique d’évaluation de la faisabilité d’approches quantitatives par IRM, un système double noyaux proton-fluor pour déterminer la sensibilité de l’imagerie de gaz et d’aérosols fluorés a été implémenté et testé sur des rats.Ces approches par IRM ouvrent des perspectives pour permettre la caractérisation in vivo des dépôts de particules inhalées dans des conditions d’administration variées et leur sensibilité suggère un transfert potentiel chez l’homme / This PhD thesis is part of the OxHelease project (ANR-TecSan 2011) that aims to study the impact of helium-oxygen inhalation on ventilation, blood oxygenation, and aerosol deposition in chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, such as asthma and emphysema. In this context, this work consisted of developing magnetic resonance imaging methods to quantify aerosol deposition in rat lung.The inhalation of pharmaceutical aerosols is an attractive approach for the treatment of lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. This is also an interesting route for the treatment of systemic disorders with the potentially fast drug transfer into circulation. However, the transport and the deposition of particles within the lungs are complex and difficult to predict, since deposition patterns depend on a number of parameters, such as administration protocols, airway geometries, inhalation patterns, and gas and aerosol aerodynamic properties. Thus, understanding drug delivery through the lungs requires imaging methods to quantify particle deposition. MRI is less conventional than other approaches for lung characterization, but the technical advances and the multiple contrast mechanisms render lung imaging more feasible.To obtain exploitable signal from the lung parenchyma of the rat, an ultra-short echo (UTE) sequence was implemented on a 1.5 T clinical system. This technique was combined with a Gadolinium-based aerosol nebulization of short duration in spontaneously breathing rats. The main contrast mechanism used here is the modification of the longitudinal relaxation time yielding signal enhancement and allowing to assess the local concentration with a spatial resolution of (0.5 mm)3 and a temporal resolution of 7.5 min enabling to quantitatively follow up lung clearance. The sensitivity of this approach (with a detection limit close to 20 µM) was determined. To do so several specific processing methods were developed for local and total lung evaluation, including segmentation, distribution analysis and statistics. After validation in the healthy rats, for which a signal enhancement of 50% on average, a homogenous distribution of deposition and a relatively low total deposited dose (~1 µmol/kg body weight) were observed, this imaging modality could be applied in asthmatic and emphysematous animal models. Significant differences were obtained such as homogeneity of deposition or clearance. Moreover, preliminary results of a multimodal study, in which MRI was compared with computed tomography and with nuclear medicine imaging in the same animals, were obtained. Finally, in order to evaluate the feasibility of other potential quantitative MRI approaches, a dual-nuclei proton/fluorine system was implemented and tested in rats for determining the sensitivity of fluorine-based gas and aerosol imaging.These MRI strategies may be applied for the in vivo characterization of particle deposition inhaled under variable administration conditions. Their sensitivity suggests a feasible translation to human.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of highly fluorinated compounds which comprises of more than 4700 substances. A smaller number of those substances is rou-tinely measured, usually the short (C4-C7) and long chain PFAS (>C7). Detection of PFAS in different water matrices including wet precipitation have been done previously in a limited number of studies, including ultra-short chain compounds (C1-C3). Ultra-short chain com-pounds have however not been investigated to a larger extent. In this study, twelve rainwater samples from Råö have been analysed, each representing a composite sample of one month. Long (C8-C18), short as well as ultra-short chain PFAS have been included in the analysis. Long and short chain compounds were analysed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography tan-dem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-short chain compounds with ultra-perfor-mance convergence chromatography tandem spectrometer (UPCC-MS/MS). Long and short-chain PFAS had a total detectable concentration of 5.1-110 ng/L. A seasonal trend was also studied, which showed a significant difference when performing a Kruskal Wallis test in meas-ured total mean long and short chain PFAS concentration. Dunnet´s test indicated a significant difference between all the seasons. Highest concentrations were measured during summer and lowest during winter. Ultra-short chain compounds analysed by UPCC MS/MS had a total concentration between 16-410 ng/L. No significant difference in total ultra-short PFAS mean concentration could be seen between different seasons using a Kruskal Wallis test. The total PFAS concentration in the rain samples ranged from 28 to 540 ng/L, where ultra-short chain PFAS contributed to 58-92 % of the total concentration. Which makes them an important group to include in future measurements of PFAS in water samples and especially in rainwater sam-ples.

We have developed a novel method of producing ultra-short channel graphene field effect devices on SiO2 substrates and have studied their electrical transport properties. A nonlinear current behavior is observed coupled with a quasi-saturation effect. An analytical model is developed to explain this behavior using ballistic transport, where the charge carriers experience minimal scattering. We also observe multilevel resistive switching after the device is electrically stressed. In addition, we have studied the evolution of the electrical transport properties of few-layer graphene during electrical breakdown. We are able to significantly increase the time scale of break junction formation, and we are able to observe changes occurring close to breakdown regime. A decrease in conductivity along with p−type doping of the graphene channel is observed as the device is broken. The addition of structural defects generated by thermal stress caused by high current densities is attributed to the observed evolution of electrical properties during the process of breakdown. We have also studied the effects of the local environment on graphene devices. We encapsulate graphene with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) polymer and study the electrical transport through in situ measurements. We have observed an overall decrease in doping level after low-temperature annealing in dry-nitrogen, indicating that the solvent in the polymer plays an important role in doping. For few-layer encapsulated graphene devices, we observe stable n−doping. Applying the solvent onto encapsulated devices demonstrates enhanced hysteretic switching between p and n−doped states.

[pt] Neste trabalho descreve-se a geração de pulsos ópticos curtos estáveis, com durações na faixa de alguns psicossegundos, e diversas taxas de repetição. Para isto foi construído um laser a fibra dopada com érbio, na configuração em anel e operando nos regimes de mode- locking ativo harmônico e racional (MLEFL). As características temporal e espectral dos pulsos são estudadas. Os pulsos de saída apresentam potência de pico elevada e são limitados pela transformada, ou seja, na forma de sólitons. Esses pulsos são extremamente adequados para sistemas de comunicações solitônicos. Os lasers a fibra dopada com érbio operando no regime de mode-locking ativo (MLEFL), têm-se mostrado como um dos candidatos mais promissores para os sistemas solitônicos. Isto se deve ao fato desses dispositivos além de produzirem pulsos ultracurtos e com as características necessárias a esses sistemas, eles apresentam alta potência de saída e possibilitam a variação da taxa de repetição. Para a montagem desses lasers de forma razoavelmente compacta são utilizados componentes ópticos, tais como controladores de polarização, filtros e moduladores, em versões integradas (pigtailed) e já disponíveis comercialmente. / [en] This work describes a simple and stable harmonically mode- locked erbium-doped fiber ring laser, that produces high power, ~ 1 ps transform-limited sech optical pulses. Pulse trains with different high repetition rates were obtained using harmonic mode-locking and rational harmonic mode- locking techniques. The temporal and spectral characteristics of the pulses are studied. The pulses are extremely appropriate for soliton based systems communications. Actively mode-locked erbium doped fiber ring lasers (MLEFL), have attracted much attention and are one of most promising candidates for soliton systems. This is due to some characteristics which are very convenient for high capacity optical systems: they can produce very short transform limited optical pulses at gigahertz rates. Such lasers also present high output powers, long term stability and can be easily tuned to operate in a wide region of wavelengths.

<p><br></p> <p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in providing structural information, aiding in disease diagnosis, probing neuron activities, and etc. Sampling k-space, which is the Fourier transform of the image, is a necessary step in MRI scans. The most widely used k-space sampling strategy is the Cartesian trajectories. However, novel non-Cartesian trajectories are flexible and efficient in k-space sampling, permit shorter echo time, and are insensitive to motion artifacts. The non-Cartesian k-space patterns include radial, spiral, concentric rings, rosette, and etc. Some protons restricted by the chemical environment, or other nuclei because of their nature, have short transverse relaxation times (T₂). Ultra-short echo time (UTE) and zero echo time (ZTE) modalities are the promising techniques to capture the rapid decaying signals directly. The common k-space pattern for UTE and ZTE applications is the three-dimensional radial acquisition, which allows a center-out trajectory. Rosette k-space trajectory, which also allows center-out sampling, is a potential candidate for UTE purposes. In addition, it acquires more samples in the peripheral k-space for better spatial resolution, and is more incoherent to stand image quality upon undersampling than radial. However, the rosette trajectories have not yet been applied in UTE.</p> <p> </p> <p>In this study, a 3D rosette k-space trajectory designed for UTE acquisition is developed. In addition, a rosette-based magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) is also developed to measure metabolites with short echo time. A comparison between 3D rosette and 3D radial UTE sequences, based on both phantom and <em>in vivo</em> scans, was performed to test the performance of the novel sequence. In addition, the 3D rosette UTE sequence was also applied in 1) myelin bilayer imaging, 2) brain iron content mapping, 3) cartilage image by sodium MRI, and 4) phosphorus MRSI. In summary, the 3D rosette k-space trajectory performs better than radial, in terms of point spread function (PSF), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and ability to provide structural details. Furthermore, the applications have demonstrated that 3D rosette UTE sequence is able to capture fast decaying signals.</p>