Diploma thesis is about application of ultrasonic pulse velocity method to determinate the strengths of cements, if there is a relevant calibration relation.

Resistance spot welding is used frequently as a successful joining method for a variety of work commonly in automotive and other manufacturing processes. Spot weld nugget is generally hidden between two sheets, causing its inspection difficult and expensive. Undersized nuggets, brittle or cracked nuggets, and excessive indentation of electrodes reveals the lack of fusion between the parts that can make the weld sub-standard. Visual inspection, pry testing and physical teardown with chisel and hammer method or a combination of them are being used traditionally. However, this study presents a more effective nondestructive inspection method based upon an ultrasonic pulse-echo technique. The theory of the technique together with the experimental verification are presented and its advantages over the other destructive and nondestructive techniques are considered.

The aim of this research is to assess the material properties of concrete like modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, and Poisson’s ratio using various nondestructive Testing (NDT) methods like Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) and Rebound Hammer (RH). Assessment of material properties of concrete is very important as they are used for structural design process. Various NDT methods are applied to ensure the quality of concrete specimens but they can also be used to find material properties. UPV is a NDT method which is used to test the internal condition of the concrete specimen. RH is a surface hardness testing method and can be used to test the homogeneity of the specimen. For this study, several batches of concrete samples with three different design strengths of 6000 psi, 8000 psi, and 12000 psi were casted. Modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio were calculated from UPV P-wave and S-wave velocities. A Nomogram was developed by combining the longitudinal ultrasonic pulse velocities, rebound numbers, and compressive strengths measured from UPV, RH, and compressive strength tests respectively. This combined NDT correlation curve (Nomogram) can be used to estimate compressive strength of concrete if UPV and rebound values are known. The accuracy of these NDT methods were determined by comparing estimated strength to the actual strength. Furthermore, the effect of moisture content on UPV and rebound values was reviewed and also studied dynamic modulus of elasticity and its relation with static modulus of elasticity of the concrete was investigated for better understanding.

<p>The aim of this master's thesis is to develop a method that fully automates a trimming step in the production of a fiber-optical power spectrometer, based on a unique Acusto-Optical Scanning Filter.</p><p>The filter is created by letting an ultrasonic mechanical pulse pass through a chirped Fiber Bragg Grating. The pulse introduces a disturbance in the grating, creating a thin optical transmission window in the otherwise reflective bandwidth. The high demands on the window requires a precise, unit dependent pulse form with unknown properties. Thus each unit needs to be trimmed to reach required performance.</p><p>The manual trimming is largely a trial and error process, that contains two performance tests. We redefine one, eliminating the need to reroute the optical path and reducing the number of fiber weldings. The tests are then quantified, allowing a figure of merit to be based on weighted performance values.</p><p>A brute force method, testing a large set of pulses, is implemented. The set is defined by the parameter space spanned by previously produced units. Due to the large space, the method is too time consuming. Instead it is used to measure the performance spaces of three units. An attempt to largely reduce the parameter space using PCA failed.</p><p>An alternating variables method that finds local performance optima in the parameter space is developed. By using a set of several starting points, the method tends to find several qualified pulses. The method is implemented and successfully verified by trimming new units.</p><p>Finally we propose where to focus improvements of the method in a production ramp up.</p>

The aim of this master's thesis is to develop a method that fully automates a trimming step in the production of a fiber-optical power spectrometer, based on a unique Acusto-Optical Scanning Filter. The filter is created by letting an ultrasonic mechanical pulse pass through a chirped Fiber Bragg Grating. The pulse introduces a disturbance in the grating, creating a thin optical transmission window in the otherwise reflective bandwidth. The high demands on the window requires a precise, unit dependent pulse form with unknown properties. Thus each unit needs to be trimmed to reach required performance. The manual trimming is largely a trial and error process, that contains two performance tests. We redefine one, eliminating the need to reroute the optical path and reducing the number of fiber weldings. The tests are then quantified, allowing a figure of merit to be based on weighted performance values. A brute force method, testing a large set of pulses, is implemented. The set is defined by the parameter space spanned by previously produced units. Due to the large space, the method is too time consuming. Instead it is used to measure the performance spaces of three units. An attempt to largely reduce the parameter space using PCA failed. An alternating variables method that finds local performance optima in the parameter space is developed. By using a set of several starting points, the method tends to find several qualified pulses. The method is implemented and successfully verified by trimming new units. Finally we propose where to focus improvements of the method in a production ramp up.

A avaliação de uma estrutura danificada por incêndios usualmente inicia por observações visuais do concreto, incluindo sua mudança de cor. A mudança de cor observada no concreto exposto a altas temperaturas persiste após seu resfriamento, constituindo-se em uma ferramenta importante para uma avaliação preliminar do nível de deterioração do concreto, pois essas mudanças podem ser relacionadas com as temperaturas as quais o mesmo foi exposto. Com o objetivo de avaliar as mudanças de cor e a degradação térmica de concretos potencialmente encontrados em estruturas no estado, foram estudados concretos de resistência convencional, moldados com materiais usualmente empregados no RS. Foram utilizadas três relações água/cimento, empregando-se o cimento CPIV, agregado graúdo granítico e basáltico. Os espécimes moldados foram submetidos às temperaturas de 200°C, 400°C, 600°C e 900°C, utilizando-se como base uma taxa de aquecimento baseada na curva padrão “Temperatura-Tempo”. Após o aquecimento, os espécimes foram resfriados lentamente, no interior do forno, e bruscamente, com aspersão de água. A degradação térmica do concreto foi avaliada através de ensaios de resistência à compressão, módulo de elasticidade e ultra-som. Para a avaliação das mudanças de cor foi utilizada metodologia colorimétrica, método mais consistente do que uma avaliação visual subjetiva. Observou-se queda de resistência à compressão e do módulo de elasticidade do concreto, conforme o aumento da temperatura de exposição. O ensaio de ultra-som mostrou-se bastante efetivo para detectar micro-fissuração do concreto, apresentando fatores de redução da velocidade de propagação mais semelhantes aos fatores de redução do módulo de elasticidade do que da resistência à compressão, mostrando a sensibilidade e potencialidade do método. As maiores diferenças colorimétricas foram obtidas nos concretos expostos às temperaturas mais altas, acima de 600°C, cujos níveis de percepção podem ser classificados como facilmente distinguíveis e muito grandes, o que pôde ser confirmado pela análise visual dos concretos, na qual foi observado o surgimento de uma cor amarelada. Considera-se, portanto, viável a identificação dos níveis de temperatura de exposição do concreto através das diferenças colorimétricas, especialmente para altas temperaturas de exposição, e, portanto, de maior interesse, já que levam a níveis de degradação mais acentuados. / The assessment of fire damaged concrete structures usually starts with visual observation of concrete, including his color change. The observed color change in high temperatures exposed concrete remains after cooling, consisting in a important tool for a preliminar assessment of concrete deterioration degree, therefore this changes could be related with the exposed temperatures. With the objective of assessing the color changes and thermal degradation of concretes potentially finding out in state’s structures, it was studied in this work normal-strength concretes made with materials usually finding in RS state. The concretes were made with three w/c ratio, with Pozzolanic cement (CPIV), granitic e basaltic coarse aggregate. The molded specimens were subjected to temperatures of 200°C, 400°C, 600°C e 900°C, with utilization of the standard fire curve (ISO 834). After heating, the specimens were allowed to a slow cool in the furnace, and quickly with water spread. The concrete thermal degradation was assessed with compressive strength test, elasticity modulus and pulse velocity measurements. The color changes was assessed by colorimetric methodology, a more consistent method than a subjective visual assessment. It was observed concrete loss of compressive strength and elasticity modulus with de increment of the exposure temperature. The pulse velocity test showed itself as a very effective for detecting concrete micro-cracks, showing reducing factors, as exposure temperature, more likely the elasticity modulus reducing factors than the compressive strength, indicating method sensibility and potentiality. The larger colorimetric differences were obtained on concretes exposed at higher temperatures, above 600°C, witch perceptions levels can be confirmed by concretes visual analyses, where was observed the appeared of a buff color. Can be consider, thus, viable to make the identification of concrete exposed temperatures levels through colorimetric differences, specially for higher exposure temperatures, end, thus, of major interest, since they conduce to more accentuated degradation levels.

A avaliação de uma estrutura danificada por incêndios usualmente inicia por observações visuais do concreto, incluindo sua mudança de cor. A mudança de cor observada no concreto exposto a altas temperaturas persiste após seu resfriamento, constituindo-se em uma ferramenta importante para uma avaliação preliminar do nível de deterioração do concreto, pois essas mudanças podem ser relacionadas com as temperaturas as quais o mesmo foi exposto. Com o objetivo de avaliar as mudanças de cor e a degradação térmica de concretos potencialmente encontrados em estruturas no estado, foram estudados concretos de resistência convencional, moldados com materiais usualmente empregados no RS. Foram utilizadas três relações água/cimento, empregando-se o cimento CPIV, agregado graúdo granítico e basáltico. Os espécimes moldados foram submetidos às temperaturas de 200°C, 400°C, 600°C e 900°C, utilizando-se como base uma taxa de aquecimento baseada na curva padrão “Temperatura-Tempo”. Após o aquecimento, os espécimes foram resfriados lentamente, no interior do forno, e bruscamente, com aspersão de água. A degradação térmica do concreto foi avaliada através de ensaios de resistência à compressão, módulo de elasticidade e ultra-som. Para a avaliação das mudanças de cor foi utilizada metodologia colorimétrica, método mais consistente do que uma avaliação visual subjetiva. Observou-se queda de resistência à compressão e do módulo de elasticidade do concreto, conforme o aumento da temperatura de exposição. O ensaio de ultra-som mostrou-se bastante efetivo para detectar micro-fissuração do concreto, apresentando fatores de redução da velocidade de propagação mais semelhantes aos fatores de redução do módulo de elasticidade do que da resistência à compressão, mostrando a sensibilidade e potencialidade do método. As maiores diferenças colorimétricas foram obtidas nos concretos expostos às temperaturas mais altas, acima de 600°C, cujos níveis de percepção podem ser classificados como facilmente distinguíveis e muito grandes, o que pôde ser confirmado pela análise visual dos concretos, na qual foi observado o surgimento de uma cor amarelada. Considera-se, portanto, viável a identificação dos níveis de temperatura de exposição do concreto através das diferenças colorimétricas, especialmente para altas temperaturas de exposição, e, portanto, de maior interesse, já que levam a níveis de degradação mais acentuados. / The assessment of fire damaged concrete structures usually starts with visual observation of concrete, including his color change. The observed color change in high temperatures exposed concrete remains after cooling, consisting in a important tool for a preliminar assessment of concrete deterioration degree, therefore this changes could be related with the exposed temperatures. With the objective of assessing the color changes and thermal degradation of concretes potentially finding out in state’s structures, it was studied in this work normal-strength concretes made with materials usually finding in RS state. The concretes were made with three w/c ratio, with Pozzolanic cement (CPIV), granitic e basaltic coarse aggregate. The molded specimens were subjected to temperatures of 200°C, 400°C, 600°C e 900°C, with utilization of the standard fire curve (ISO 834). After heating, the specimens were allowed to a slow cool in the furnace, and quickly with water spread. The concrete thermal degradation was assessed with compressive strength test, elasticity modulus and pulse velocity measurements. The color changes was assessed by colorimetric methodology, a more consistent method than a subjective visual assessment. It was observed concrete loss of compressive strength and elasticity modulus with de increment of the exposure temperature. The pulse velocity test showed itself as a very effective for detecting concrete micro-cracks, showing reducing factors, as exposure temperature, more likely the elasticity modulus reducing factors than the compressive strength, indicating method sensibility and potentiality. The larger colorimetric differences were obtained on concretes exposed at higher temperatures, above 600°C, witch perceptions levels can be confirmed by concretes visual analyses, where was observed the appeared of a buff color. Can be consider, thus, viable to make the identification of concrete exposed temperatures levels through colorimetric differences, specially for higher exposure temperatures, end, thus, of major interest, since they conduce to more accentuated degradation levels.

A avaliação de uma estrutura danificada por incêndios usualmente inicia por observações visuais do concreto, incluindo sua mudança de cor. A mudança de cor observada no concreto exposto a altas temperaturas persiste após seu resfriamento, constituindo-se em uma ferramenta importante para uma avaliação preliminar do nível de deterioração do concreto, pois essas mudanças podem ser relacionadas com as temperaturas as quais o mesmo foi exposto. Com o objetivo de avaliar as mudanças de cor e a degradação térmica de concretos potencialmente encontrados em estruturas no estado, foram estudados concretos de resistência convencional, moldados com materiais usualmente empregados no RS. Foram utilizadas três relações água/cimento, empregando-se o cimento CPIV, agregado graúdo granítico e basáltico. Os espécimes moldados foram submetidos às temperaturas de 200°C, 400°C, 600°C e 900°C, utilizando-se como base uma taxa de aquecimento baseada na curva padrão “Temperatura-Tempo”. Após o aquecimento, os espécimes foram resfriados lentamente, no interior do forno, e bruscamente, com aspersão de água. A degradação térmica do concreto foi avaliada através de ensaios de resistência à compressão, módulo de elasticidade e ultra-som. Para a avaliação das mudanças de cor foi utilizada metodologia colorimétrica, método mais consistente do que uma avaliação visual subjetiva. Observou-se queda de resistência à compressão e do módulo de elasticidade do concreto, conforme o aumento da temperatura de exposição. O ensaio de ultra-som mostrou-se bastante efetivo para detectar micro-fissuração do concreto, apresentando fatores de redução da velocidade de propagação mais semelhantes aos fatores de redução do módulo de elasticidade do que da resistência à compressão, mostrando a sensibilidade e potencialidade do método. As maiores diferenças colorimétricas foram obtidas nos concretos expostos às temperaturas mais altas, acima de 600°C, cujos níveis de percepção podem ser classificados como facilmente distinguíveis e muito grandes, o que pôde ser confirmado pela análise visual dos concretos, na qual foi observado o surgimento de uma cor amarelada. Considera-se, portanto, viável a identificação dos níveis de temperatura de exposição do concreto através das diferenças colorimétricas, especialmente para altas temperaturas de exposição, e, portanto, de maior interesse, já que levam a níveis de degradação mais acentuados. / The assessment of fire damaged concrete structures usually starts with visual observation of concrete, including his color change. The observed color change in high temperatures exposed concrete remains after cooling, consisting in a important tool for a preliminar assessment of concrete deterioration degree, therefore this changes could be related with the exposed temperatures. With the objective of assessing the color changes and thermal degradation of concretes potentially finding out in state’s structures, it was studied in this work normal-strength concretes made with materials usually finding in RS state. The concretes were made with three w/c ratio, with Pozzolanic cement (CPIV), granitic e basaltic coarse aggregate. The molded specimens were subjected to temperatures of 200°C, 400°C, 600°C e 900°C, with utilization of the standard fire curve (ISO 834). After heating, the specimens were allowed to a slow cool in the furnace, and quickly with water spread. The concrete thermal degradation was assessed with compressive strength test, elasticity modulus and pulse velocity measurements. The color changes was assessed by colorimetric methodology, a more consistent method than a subjective visual assessment. It was observed concrete loss of compressive strength and elasticity modulus with de increment of the exposure temperature. The pulse velocity test showed itself as a very effective for detecting concrete micro-cracks, showing reducing factors, as exposure temperature, more likely the elasticity modulus reducing factors than the compressive strength, indicating method sensibility and potentiality. The larger colorimetric differences were obtained on concretes exposed at higher temperatures, above 600°C, witch perceptions levels can be confirmed by concretes visual analyses, where was observed the appeared of a buff color. Can be consider, thus, viable to make the identification of concrete exposed temperatures levels through colorimetric differences, specially for higher exposure temperatures, end, thus, of major interest, since they conduce to more accentuated degradation levels.

The objective of this research was to increase the independence and safety of the sight impaired by developing an enhanced travel aid in the form of a sensor embedded long-cane to reduce the risk of injury from walking into suspended or overhanging objects while providing the sight impaired community with a familiar and well accepted tool. Prior research at the Electromechanical Systems Laboratory had established a theoretical framework for ultrasound-based ranging and spatial obstacle localization from the moving reference frame of a long-cane. A prototype was implemented using analog threshold detection techniques. This research focused on a new approach. A coded pulse was transmitted and correlation techniques were used to identify echoes and determine time of flight. Compared to the prior effort this new approach was more sensitive, had greater noise immunity, and provide greater spatial resolution for obstacle detection. The first step in the coded pulse approach was to generate a transmit pulse with an embedded binary code that is highly distinguishable. A transmit pulse generated by phase modulating a 40 kHz carrier signal with a 13-bit Barker code word, with each bit consisting of 4 cycles of the 40 kHz carrier was used. Digitized representative echoes were used as reference vectors for correlation to account for the effect of the impulse responses of the transducers, the air, and the reflection, on the transmitted pulse. In a detection cycle, the coded pulse was transmitted, the A/D converters took 2600 samples at the 150 kHz sampling rate to capture any echoes from objects between 1 and 4 meters in front of the cane. The receiver data was cross-correlated with the stored echo image to find echoes in the received signal. The correlation peak positions from the upper receiver were then compared to the peak positions from the lower receiver and if they collaborated within the synthetic aperture, the range and height were calculated annunciation was made by a synthesized voice. The new obstacle detection system described above was designed and a prototype was constructed and embedded into the shaft of an 18 mm diameter body of a long cane.

The diploma thesis deals with influence of the used adhesive to large format tiles properties after installation. Properties on large format tiles were monitored by ultrasonic pulse velocity method. Hydraulic setting adhesives were tested in second part. Strength and modulus of elasticity were tested. The development of shrinkage over time was also monitored. The results were summarized in tabular and graphical form and were examined by simple statistical analysis to determine resulting conclusions.