This thesis primarily focuses on studying the impact of Distributed Generation (DG) on the electromechanical transients in the electric grid (distribution, transmission or combined transmission and distribution (TandD) systems) using a Three Phase Dynamics Analyzer (hereafter referred to as TPDA). TPDA includes dynamic models for electric machines, their controllers, and a three-phase model of the electric grid, and performs three-phase dynamic simulations without assuming a positive sequence network model. As a result, TPDA can be used for more accurate investigation of electromechanical transients in the electric grid in the presence of imbalances. At present, the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) software can be used to perform three-phase dynamic simulations. This software models the differential equations of the entire electric network along with those of the machines. This calls for solving differential equations with time constants in the order of milliseconds (representing the fast electric network) in tandem with differential equations with time constants in the order of seconds (representing the slower electromechanical machines). This results in a stiff set of differential equations, making such an analysis extremely time consuming. For the purpose of electromechanical transient analysis, TPDA exploits the difference in the order of time constants and adopts phasor analysis of the electric network, solving differential equations only for the equipment whose dynamics are much slower than those of the electric network. Power Flow equations are solved using a graph trace analysis based approach which, along with the explicit partitioned method adopted in TPDA, can eventually lead to the use of distributed computing that will further enhance the speed of TPDA and perhaps enable it to perform dynamic simulation in real time . In the work presented here, first an overview of the methodology behind TPDA is provided. A description of the object oriented implementation of TPDA in C++/C# is included. Subsequently, TPDA is shown to accurately simulate power system dynamics of balanced networks by comparing its results against those obtained using GE-PSLF®. This is followed by an analysis that demonstrates the advantages of using TPDA by highlighting the differences in results when the same problem is analyzed using a three-phase network model with unbalances and the positive sequence network model as used in GE-PSLF®. Finally, the impact of rapidly varying DG generation is analyzed, and it is shown that as the penetration level of DG increases, the current and voltage oscillations throughout the transmission network increase as well. Further, rotor speed deviations are shown to grow proportionally with increasing DG penetration. / Master of Science

L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier les systèmes de cointégration fractionnaire de forme triangulaire mais également d'analyser l'apport de ces systèmes dans la modélisation des co-mouvements au sein des marchés financiers internationaux. La thèse s'articule autour de six chapitres équitablement répartis entre contributions économétriques et économiques. Concernant l'approche économétrique, un intérêt particulier est donné à l'estimation de ces systèmes en absence d'information sur les paramètres d'intérêts. Dans cette optique, plusieurs techniques d'estimation sont analysées et développées, essentiellement dans le domaine des fréquences car celui-ci permet un traitement semi-paramétrique des paramètres de nuisances. Les performances de ses estimateurs sont étudiés à travers des simulations mais également à travers l'étude des propriétés asymptotiques. Concernant l'approche économique, une première contribution exploite la cointégration fractionnaire pour révéler l'existence d'un système de taux de change entre certains pays Asiatiques. Une deuxième contribution porte sur l'analyse des interdépendances entre le marché du pétrole et divers taux de change au niveau de la volatilité. Une troisième contribution introduit un processus d'apprentissage adaptatif dans un modèle monétaire à plusieurs pays afin d'étudier sous quelles conditions un système de taux de change peut émerger. / The aim of the thesis is to study a triangular form of fractional cointegration systems and to investigate whether these systems allow to model the comovements in international financial markets. The thesis is organized around six chapters. Three of them are theory-oriented and the three others are empirics-oriented. Concerning the econometric approach, a particular interest is devoted to the estimation of these systems when all parameters of interest are unknown. To this extent, several estimation techniques are investigated and introduced, essentially in frequency domain as it allows a semi-parametric treatment of the nuisance parameters. Most of times, the performance of these estimators are studied by means of simulations but the asymptotic theory is also developed. Concerning the economic approach, a first contribution applies the fractional cointegration theory to reveal the existence of an exchange rate system between several Asian countries. A second contribution deals with the risk interdependences between the crude oil market and several exchange rates. A third contribution considers an adaptive learning mechanism in a multi-country monetary model to investigate the conditions under which an exchange rate system is likely to emerge.