O uso intensivo do solo na agricultura associado ao consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados tem causado a degradação acelerada dos recursos naturais e dos mananciais. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a lixiviação dos íons nitrato (NO3-) e amônio (NH4+) em colunas indeformadas de solo de uma pedossequência (cabeceira de drenagem), no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, analisando o comportamento dos solos em relação à susceptibilidade à contaminação da água pela lixiviação destes íons. Foram coletadas amostras de solo indeformadas de 0,5 m de comprimento, nas profundidades de 0 a 0,50 m e de 0,50 a 1,00 m. Nas amostras à granel foram efetuadas análises de macro e micronutrientes, da acidez atual e potencial, do teor de matéria orgânica e da granulometria nas camadas de 0-0,1 m, 0,1-0,2 m, 0,2-0,3 m, 0,3-0,5 m e 0,5-1,0 m de profundidade. Para determinação das porosidades (macro, micro e total) dos solos foram feitas coletas de amostras em anéis volumétricos nas mesmas profundidades das amostras à granel. Os solos descritos e amostrados foram os seguintes: Latossolo Bruno* Distrófico rubrico (não-hidromórfico), Cambissolo Húmico Distrófico gleissólico (semi-hidromórfico) e Gleissolo Melânico Tb Distrófico típico (hidromórfico). Nas colunas foram adicionadas quantidades de ureia e NPK equivalente a adubação recomendada para um ano e o volume de água adicionado foi equivalente a um ano de precipitação pluvial. Foram determinadas as concentrações de NO3- pelo método colorimétrico do salicilato e de NH4+ pelo sistema FIA (Análise de Injeção de Fluxo) nas amostras de água eluídas nos solos. Os resultados das análises foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, utilizando o programa SAS. A partir dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que: o volume de eluição para os solos da coluna de superfície foi maior para o Gleissolo e Latossolo em relação ao Cambissolo, provavelmente devido a compactação desse último. Ao contrário do solo das colunas de superfície, a subsuperfície do Cambissolo apresentou o maior volume de eluição em relação ao Latossolo; as colunas de solo de superfície apresentaram maior lixiviação de N-NH4+ e N-NO3- no Latossolo em relação ao Cambissolo e Gleissolo. Na subsuperfície, tanto a lixiviação de N-NH4+ como a lixiviação de N-NO3- não diferenciou estatisticamente no Latossolo e Cambissolo. Para o N-NH4+ houve maior retenção no Latossolo em relação ao Cambissolo e o Gleissolo na camada 0,0-0,1 m e maior retenção no Cambissolo e o Gleissolo na camada de 0,1-0,2 m; nas demais camadas não houve diferença estatística. Com relação ao N-NO3- praticamente não houve retenção nos solos estudados; a lixiviação de nitrogênio nos três solos foi maior na forma N-NH4+ em relação a forma N-NO3- / The intensive use of soil in agriculture associated with the nitrogen fertilizers consumption has caused accelerated degradation of natural resources and water sources. This study aimed to evaluate leaching of nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) ions in undisturbed soils columns of a pedossequence in the county of Ponta Grossa, Paraná (Brazil) (25o09\' S, 50o16\' W) and to analyse the behavior of soils in relation to water contamination susceptibility by leaching of these ions. Undisturbed soil columns were colleted in these soils, in the depths from 0 to 0.5 m and from 0.5 to 1.0 m. In the disturbed soil samples were measured both macro and micronutriens, current and potential acidity, organic matter contend and particle size at depths of 0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m, 0.2-0.3 m, 0.3-0.5 m and 0.5-1.0 m. To determine the porosity (macro, micro and total) of soil, undisturbed soil samples were colleted using Uhland extractor at the same depths of the disturbed ones. Soils described and sampled were the following: Latosol (non-hydromorphic), Cambisol (semi-hydromorphic) and Gleisol (hydromorphic). Urea and NPK equivalent to fertilization for one year and water equivalent to one year of rainfall were added into the soil columns. Concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ in eluate (water) samples and in the soils were determined by salicylate colorimetric method and FIA system (Flow Injection Analysis), respectively. The results were subjected to variance analysis and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, using the SAS program. From this experiment it a could be concluded that: (i) the elution water volume for surface soil columns (0.0-0.5 m) was higher for Gleisol and Latosol in relation to Cambisol, probably due to compaction of Cambisol and, in contrast, for subsurface soil columns (0.5-1.0 m), the elution water volume was higher in Cambisol than Latosol; (ii) in surface soil columns, N-NH4+ and N-N0-3 lixiviations were higher in Latosol in relation to Cambisol and Gleisol and, in subsurface soil columns, both N-NH4+ and N-N0-3 lixiviations were not significantly different in Latosol and Cambisol; (iii) there was higher N-NH4+ retention in Latosol in relation to Cambisol and Gleisol only in 0.0-0.1 m soil layer and a higher N-NH4+ retention in Cambisol and Gleisol in relation to Latosol only in 0.1-0.2 m soil layer, whereas with respect to N-N03-, there was no retention in any soil layers in studied soils; (iv) nitorogen lixiviation in the three soils was higher as N-NH4+ than N-N0-3.

O uso intensivo do solo na agricultura associado ao consumo de fertilizantes nitrogenados tem causado a degradação acelerada dos recursos naturais e dos mananciais. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a lixiviação dos íons nitrato (NO3-) e amônio (NH4+) em colunas indeformadas de solo de uma pedossequência (cabeceira de drenagem), no município de Ponta Grossa, Paraná, analisando o comportamento dos solos em relação à susceptibilidade à contaminação da água pela lixiviação destes íons. Foram coletadas amostras de solo indeformadas de 0,5 m de comprimento, nas profundidades de 0 a 0,50 m e de 0,50 a 1,00 m. Nas amostras à granel foram efetuadas análises de macro e micronutrientes, da acidez atual e potencial, do teor de matéria orgânica e da granulometria nas camadas de 0-0,1 m, 0,1-0,2 m, 0,2-0,3 m, 0,3-0,5 m e 0,5-1,0 m de profundidade. Para determinação das porosidades (macro, micro e total) dos solos foram feitas coletas de amostras em anéis volumétricos nas mesmas profundidades das amostras à granel. Os solos descritos e amostrados foram os seguintes: Latossolo Bruno* Distrófico rubrico (não-hidromórfico), Cambissolo Húmico Distrófico gleissólico (semi-hidromórfico) e Gleissolo Melânico Tb Distrófico típico (hidromórfico). Nas colunas foram adicionadas quantidades de ureia e NPK equivalente a adubação recomendada para um ano e o volume de água adicionado foi equivalente a um ano de precipitação pluvial. Foram determinadas as concentrações de NO3- pelo método colorimétrico do salicilato e de NH4+ pelo sistema FIA (Análise de Injeção de Fluxo) nas amostras de água eluídas nos solos. Os resultados das análises foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade, utilizando o programa SAS. A partir dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se que: o volume de eluição para os solos da coluna de superfície foi maior para o Gleissolo e Latossolo em relação ao Cambissolo, provavelmente devido a compactação desse último. Ao contrário do solo das colunas de superfície, a subsuperfície do Cambissolo apresentou o maior volume de eluição em relação ao Latossolo; as colunas de solo de superfície apresentaram maior lixiviação de N-NH4+ e N-NO3- no Latossolo em relação ao Cambissolo e Gleissolo. Na subsuperfície, tanto a lixiviação de N-NH4+ como a lixiviação de N-NO3- não diferenciou estatisticamente no Latossolo e Cambissolo. Para o N-NH4+ houve maior retenção no Latossolo em relação ao Cambissolo e o Gleissolo na camada 0,0-0,1 m e maior retenção no Cambissolo e o Gleissolo na camada de 0,1-0,2 m; nas demais camadas não houve diferença estatística. Com relação ao N-NO3- praticamente não houve retenção nos solos estudados; a lixiviação de nitrogênio nos três solos foi maior na forma N-NH4+ em relação a forma N-NO3- / The intensive use of soil in agriculture associated with the nitrogen fertilizers consumption has caused accelerated degradation of natural resources and water sources. This study aimed to evaluate leaching of nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) ions in undisturbed soils columns of a pedossequence in the county of Ponta Grossa, Paraná (Brazil) (25o09\' S, 50o16\' W) and to analyse the behavior of soils in relation to water contamination susceptibility by leaching of these ions. Undisturbed soil columns were colleted in these soils, in the depths from 0 to 0.5 m and from 0.5 to 1.0 m. In the disturbed soil samples were measured both macro and micronutriens, current and potential acidity, organic matter contend and particle size at depths of 0-0.1 m, 0.1-0.2 m, 0.2-0.3 m, 0.3-0.5 m and 0.5-1.0 m. To determine the porosity (macro, micro and total) of soil, undisturbed soil samples were colleted using Uhland extractor at the same depths of the disturbed ones. Soils described and sampled were the following: Latosol (non-hydromorphic), Cambisol (semi-hydromorphic) and Gleisol (hydromorphic). Urea and NPK equivalent to fertilization for one year and water equivalent to one year of rainfall were added into the soil columns. Concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ in eluate (water) samples and in the soils were determined by salicylate colorimetric method and FIA system (Flow Injection Analysis), respectively. The results were subjected to variance analysis and means compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, using the SAS program. From this experiment it a could be concluded that: (i) the elution water volume for surface soil columns (0.0-0.5 m) was higher for Gleisol and Latosol in relation to Cambisol, probably due to compaction of Cambisol and, in contrast, for subsurface soil columns (0.5-1.0 m), the elution water volume was higher in Cambisol than Latosol; (ii) in surface soil columns, N-NH4+ and N-N0-3 lixiviations were higher in Latosol in relation to Cambisol and Gleisol and, in subsurface soil columns, both N-NH4+ and N-N0-3 lixiviations were not significantly different in Latosol and Cambisol; (iii) there was higher N-NH4+ retention in Latosol in relation to Cambisol and Gleisol only in 0.0-0.1 m soil layer and a higher N-NH4+ retention in Cambisol and Gleisol in relation to Latosol only in 0.1-0.2 m soil layer, whereas with respect to N-N03-, there was no retention in any soil layers in studied soils; (iv) nitorogen lixiviation in the three soils was higher as N-NH4+ than N-N0-3.

Mon sujet de thèse intègre l’un des projets globaux de l’UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement intitule « stratégies de phytoremédiation basées sur l’utilisation d’arbres et de microorganismes associés », qui s’appuie, entre autre, sur 2 projets de recherche :• le projet PROLIPHYT (programme Eco-Industrie, 2013-2018, ADEME) intitulé « PROduction de LIgneux PHYtoremédiants»,• le projet PHYTOCHEM (ANR CD2i, 2013-2018) intitulé « Développement de procédés chimiques éco-innovants pour valoriser les biomasses issues des phytotechnologies ».Les objectifs généraux sont d’améliorer le potentiel de phytoremédiation d’un panel d’espèces ligneuses et de développer le potentiel microbien pour une phytoremédiation aidée sur sol contaminé. En plus de limiter l’impact des polluants, cette stratégie vise à promouvoir la production de biomasse sur sols délaissés et non exploitables par l’agriculture, tout en assurant la biodiversité nécessaire à la restauration d’un écosystème anthropogénique.Mon travail de thèse est financé au travers un contrat doctoral ministériel handicap (dyslexie). Il s’appuie sur la réhabilitation de deux zones de stockage de sédiments industriels, utilisés jusque dans les années 2000. Ces deux sites expérimentaux (site INOVYN de St Symphorien-sur-Saône en Côte d’Or, site CRISTAL de l’Ochsenfeld en Alsace) présentent des caractéristiques physico-chimiques très particulières qui en font des lieux d’étude privilégiés. Le premier est une ancienne lagune de décantation dont les sédiments enrichis en Hg, Ba et As proviennent du traitement des eaux usées issues du procédé d’électrolyse à Hg de l’entreprise SOLVAY. Le second est une lagune constituée d’un remblai dans lequel ont été stockés depuis les années 1930, les résidus d’extraction du dioxyde de titane de l’Usine CRISTAL de Thann. A l’inverse du premier site expérimental, on observe une flore peu abondante qui se traduit par un développement hétérogène d’une espèce ligneuse principale, le bouleau.La recolonisation naturelle et spontanée de végétaux, plus particulièrement d’espèces ligneuses sur les deux sites est sans doute le résultat d’étroites collaborations avec des microorganismes telluriques situés aux abords de leur système racinaire. Nous avons ainsi choisi de travailler sur 3 espèces pionnières qui se sont naturellement réimplantées sur les deux sites d’études : le saule et le peuplier pour la friche industrielle de Tavaux et le bouleau pour l’unité de traitement des effluents du site de l’Ochsenfeld. / AbstractMy thesis subject includes one of the global projects of the UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement entitled "phytoremediation strategies based on the use of trees and associated microorganisms", which is based, among other things, on 2 research projects:• the PROLIPHYT project (Eco-Industry programme, 2013-2018, ADEME) entitled "Production of woody phytoremediants",• the PHYTOCHEM project (ANR CD2i, 2013-2018) entitled "Development of eco-innovative chemical processes to exploit biomasses from phytotechnologies".The general objectives are to improve the phytoremediation potential of a panel of woody species and to develop the microbial potential for assisted phytoremediation on contaminated soil. In addition to limiting the impact of pollutants, this strategy aims to promote the production of biomass on land abandoned and not exploitable by agriculture, while ensuring the biodiversity needed to restore an anthropogenic ecosystem.My thesis work is financed through a ministerial doctoral contract for disability (dyslexia). It is based on the rehabilitation of two industrial sediment storage areas, used until the 2000s. These two experimental sites (INOVYN site of Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône in Côte-d'Or, CRISTAL site of Ochsenfeld in Alsace) present very particular physico-chemical characteristics which make them privileged places of study. The first is a former settling lagoon whose sediments enriched in Hg, Ba and As come from the treatment of wastewater from SOLVAY's Hg electrolysis process. The second is a lagoon consisting of a backfill in which the titanium dioxide extraction residues from the CRISTAL Thann Plant have been stored since the 1930s. In contrast to the first experimental site, there is a low abundance of flora which results in heterogeneous development of a main woody species, the birch.The natural and spontaneous recolonisation of plants, more particularly woody species on both sites, is undoubtedly the result of close collaboration with telluric microorganisms located near their root systems. We have thus chosen to work on 3 pioneer species that have naturally relocated to the two study sites: willow and poplar for the industrial wasteland of Tavaux and birch for the effluent treatment unit at the Ochsenfeld site.

Diploma thesis documents the problems of soil quality, which is assessed on the basis of physical, chemical or biological indicators of soil quality. The paper describes the various indicators, its methodology and evaluation. In the practical part evaluates the quality of soil cultivated with the traditional way - using plowing. The experimental area, where the samples were taken from the soil, lies in the Olomouc region in the municipality Šumvald. Evaluated were selected physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of soil, e.g. particle size distribution, bulk density, porosity, air capacity, hydrolimits, pH, carbonates, humus content and salinity of the soil.

This thesis has a theoretical and a practical part. The first part contains theoretical introduction to the phenomenon of increased stiffness at very small strains and possibilities of its practical applications. The available methods for evaluating initial shear modulus tests are described below. Increased attention is paid to the method of evaluation of test data in the frequency domain using the Fourier transform. The last chapter in this part describes an algorithm designed for automatic evaluation of measurements in the frequency domain. The practical part deals with measurement and evaluation of initial shear modulus for Brno clay as a function of vertical stress in oedometric test. Firstly, a device is presented that allows the extension of the oedometric test with sensors for measuring initial shear modulus of soil. This device was designed for the test in this thesis. Subsequently, the test plan is described including description of all soil samples. In this thesis, several types of soil samples from a single site were tested. Next, the results of the individual tests are evaluated by the selected methods. Examples are used for showing the differences in evaluation of the same data by other methods. At the end, the results of the individual tests for all sample types are compared with each other and with data from literature.