Considerable conceptual confusion exists regarding the meaning of health promotion, yet nurses are called to be leaders in the movement. Pre-registration nursing curricula have been designed purporting to incorporate health promotion principles. In the United Kingdom this change in nursing education has been called Project 2000. Empirical evidence in the United Kingdom suggests that nurses perceive health promotion from an individualistic biomedical perspective. Chapters 1- 4 explore the philosophical and social origins of the concept. It is argued that this is evolutionary, rooted in health education, derived from ancient Greek philosophy. The development of health promotion theory and application to nursing is examined through the development of nursing theory in the United States. Critical comparisons are made by review of national and international literature relating to the focus of health promotion in nursing. Chapters 5-11 contain the main body of the thesis. Three longitudinal case studies investigate Project 2000 nursing student's perceptions of the concept. Three intentions aim to determine the students' health beliefs and values of health promotion on entry to nursing, to establish if any changes in their perceptions of health promotion could be attributed to the philosophical shift from intervention to prevention in nurse education and healthcare generally, and finally to develop an instrument to be used to measure changes in perception as part of curriculum evaluation. The results of the study are reported and contextualised by the influence of teachers, the curriculum and the climate of change in healthcare at that time. The properties of the instrument and the implications for its purpose are addressed. Weaknesses in the design of the strategy are examined. The thesis concludes with a review of the evidence presented. More recent conceptual development is examined. Final conclusions lead to recommendations for further refinement of the instrument, by development of psychometric properties.

In 1995, few retailers considered the Internet important to the future of their businesses. By 2000 the prevailing wisdom suggests that it has become almost imperative to incorporate the Internet into a company's business activities. However, whilst some areas of the U.K. retail sector are successfully integrating the Internet into their businesses others remain unconnected. This work is a study of Internet adoption amongst UK retailers from 1995 to 2000. It explores the level of adoption in terms of the technical progression and extent of adoption, in terms of the range of features included in retail Web-sites. Additionally, the project explores the factors that are likely to influence the retailers' Internet adoption progress. A multi-method research strategy was used combining qualitative and quantitative methods: an on-line survey of retail Web activities followed by in-depth interviews and finally, a postal survey. The results of the on-line survey reveal that Internet adoption varies according to retailer size and product assortment. Some retailers' Web-sites include a range of informational, interactive or transactional features, while others have yet to be developed sufficiently to be available via the Web. The results of the Interviews and postal survey indicate that some retail organisations may be better positioned to take advantage of the Internet than others. Indeed, nine critical factors are found to have a significant influence upon the retailers' level of Internet adoption. In particular, operating in an appropriate market sector and having a positive view of the viability of the Internet, in-conjunction with the development of an appropriate Internet strategy, can strongly facilitate a retailer's adoption progress. From the, researcher's perspective, this study is important as it identifies many new variables and factors, and provides insights into how to devise a robust, multi-faceted methodology.

This thesis tries to answer the question of whether there is a single electricity market in the European Union. Although some further steps were taken in terms of market integration, this study shows that it is still not possible to talk about a single electricity market. The attempts to create a single electricity market demonstrate the tensions between supranational and national decision making in a vital issue area of energy. States have been reluctant to transfer their sovereignty in energy policy making as they deemed this area vital to their economic and security interests. This study argues that intergovernmental premises, still explain the reluctance of the member states in this context better. The thesis incorporates two case studies / United Kingdom and Turkey. The first case illustrates that though UK is at the forefront of the other member states in adopting the EU electricity directives, it has still resisted transferring its right of control over its sector to the supranational authorities. Also, the British Case shows that the liberalisation process has some negative consequences. Turkish case will be an evidence for that the model of UK is not appropriate for Turkey in the restructuring process due to the differences between the two states in terms of laws and regulations, institutional capabilities and domestic market conditions. This thesis proposes that Turkey shouldn&rsquo / t disregard its conditions for the sake of EU membership while developing policies in a strategically important area where member states abstain from devolving their rights to the supranational authorities.

The dual usage of &171;reading&171; in the title evokes the nature of this study. This thesis will analyse the ways in which people &171;reading&171; (make sense of/produce) images of culture as they approach translated novels. Part of this analysis is the examination of what informs the &171;reading culture&171; of a given community; that is, the conditions in which readers and texts exist, or the ways in which readers are able to access texts. Understanding of the depictions of culture found in a novel is influenced by publicity and promotion, educational institutions, book stores, funding bodies and other links between the reading public and the production and sale of books. All of these parties act as &171;translators&171; of the text, making it available and comprehensible to readers. This thesis will make use of a set of contemporary Australian novels, each of which makes extensive use of Australianness and Australianisms throughout its narrative. The movement of these texts from their cultures of origin towards wider Australia, the United Kingdom and France will provide the major case studies. The thesis will assert that no text is accessed without some form of translation and that the reading positions established by translators are a powerful influence on the interpretations arrived at by readers. More than ever, in the contemporary reading environment, the influence of the press and other &171;translators&171; is significant to the ways in which texts are read, and to perceptions held by readers of the culture from which a novel originates.

This thesis examines changes which have occurred since the late 1980s and early 1990s with respect to the representation of cultural diversity on Australian popular drama programming. The thesis finds that a significant number of actors of diverse cultural and linguistic background have negotiated the television industry employment process to obtain acting roles in a lead capacity. The majority of these actors are from the second generation of immigrants, who increasingly make up a significant component of Australia's multicultural population. The way in which these actors are portrayed on-screen has also shifted from one of a 'performed' ethnicity, to an 'everyday' portrayal. The thesis develops an analysis which connects the development and broad political support for multicultural policy as expressed in the National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia to the changes in both employment and representation practices in popular television programming in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The thesis addresses multicultural debates by arguing for a mainstreaming position. The thesis makes detailed comparison of cultural diversity and television in the jurisdictions of the United States, the United Kingdom and New Zealand to support the broad argument that cultural diversity policy measures produce observable outcomes in television programming.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2007.

The thesis comprises two separate journal articles that together form a coherent body of work. In this thesis, the key physical processes responsible for the 23-26 September 2012 UK floods are investigated using a case study approach. The cyclone responsible for the floods developed near the Azores on 20¬-22 September following the interaction between an equatorward-moving potential vorticity (PV) streamer and tropical storm Nadine. Convectively-driven latent heat release associated with the developing cyclone reduced upper-level PV and resulted in the fracture of the PV streamer into a discrete anomaly as the cyclone intensified. In Paper 1, convection-permitting model simulations and diabatic heating rate and PV tendency calculations along trajectories demonstrate that deposition heating strongly reduced upper-level PV in the vicinity of the PV streamer, contributing to its fracture into a discrete anomaly. The cyclone deepened further over the UK on 23-26 September, ahead of a second upper-level PV anomaly. In Paper 2, sensitivity simulations of the storm are presented. PV inversion is used to modify the strength and position of the PV anomaly in the initial conditions and to examine whether the event could have been even more extreme with different upper-level forcing. Results show that quasigeostrophic forcing for ascent ahead of the PV anomaly contributed to the maintenance of the rainfall band over the UK. Counterintuitively however, strengthening the upper-level forcing produced a shallower cyclone with lower rainfall totals. Instead of moving eastward over the UK to interact with the cyclone, the strengthened anomaly rotated cyclonically around a large-scale trough over Iceland, resulting in a fragmented rainfall band. The counterintuitive results suggest that the verifying analysis represents almost the highest-impact scenario possible for this flooding event.

This thesis is a social psychological study on ideas of well-being in later life by older adults, staff members, and volunteers involved in community support. Social representations theory constitutes the theoretical lens through which social constructions of well-being are examined. This project constitutes an ethnography of how groups represent wellness in later life, and how they evaluate receiving and giving support. Three day centres and a scheme of home visits of a voluntary organisation in the United Kingdom were the main sites of this study. Participant observation and 54 in-depth interviews were the main data sources. The study shows that both clients and practitioners understand wellness in later life as the result of an active, independent, and gainful living. This idea was shared amongst all groups in both settings, indicating the prevalence of a hegemonic view of wellness. This view is present in public understandings and professional discourse on ageing well. Nevertheless, clients and practitioners also challenged this ideology of wellness by representing ageing both as experience of gains (e.g. vitality and autonomy) and limitations (e.g. frailty and social isolation). These views are represented via two binary oppositional themes: activity-passivity and independence dependence. Moreover, clients and practitioners highlight the importance of health, adaptation, and relationships of support to attain well-being in old age. The concept of canonic themata and the evidence of a complex representational field around the theme of ageing constitute important empirical insights with which to understand the sharedness of well-being amongst all groups. Differences were observed in the way in which clients and practitioners position themselves – the first groups as receivers of help, whereas the second one as providers of care. Moreover, clients represent themselves as active and independent despite being recipients of support. In negotiating their views of independence, they preserve a positive sense of identity and accept help from others. Cognitive polyphasia also characterises thinking about well-being: physical, psychological, social, and material elements interact to promote wellness. The study also sheds light on how communities of support make sense of their practices. The concept of representational project offered a rich theoretical insight into how groups represent well-being promotion in the charity. Both clients and practitioners represent well-being promotion as actions to preserve functionality and participation in the community. Therefore, two set of actions were mentioned in both settings: socio-emotive and practical support. Implications for well-being policies and community support were addressed.

This thesis is a socio-political analysis of the United Kingdom’s contemporary national identity, as expressed through an intercultural examination of eight Anton Chekhov’s productions presented in the country between 2009 and 2011, characterised by their aesthetic and socio-political diversity. The introduction presents a theoretical exploration and definition of the notions of interculturalism and national identity, which serve as the theoretical pillars of this work. A historical contextualisation summarises the reception, assimilation and reinterpretation processes of British Chekhovian discourses from the early 20th century onwards, as well as the urban and regional transformations that the country experienced during the same time frame. The first chapter explores traditional views of national identity through the analysis of double-bill performances, connecting Chekhov’s pieces to ‘national’ works by Terence Rattigan and William Shakespeare. The second chapter discuses international discourses and their influence in the creation of local imaginaries, using foreign Chekhovian productions presented on the British stage to scrutinise reception processes, importation models and the power of sponsors and festivals. The third chapter approaches Scottish and female discourses, emphasising their ‘otherness’ and value in the construction of more plural notions of national identity, through rewritings of the Russian author done by playwrights born and raised within the UK. The fourth chapter reflects on politically progressive and intercultural understandings of nation through new British experimental performances inspired by Chekhov’s iconographies and symbolisms. Finally, the conclusion re-examines Chekhovian dramaturgy, national identity and interculturalism, proposing an abstract outline to understand processes of reception, assimilation and/or reinterpretation of foreign dramatic discourses within any given geographical construct, and highlighting the importance of building a plural and hybrid post-Brexit British society, focused on a constant intercultural negotiation between superimposing cultural forces.

Suffrage in England in the 19th and the early 20th centuries Abstract The diploma thesis adress the issue of suffrage in England in the 19th and the early 20th centuries. Attention is paid primarily to the reform acts governing elections to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which were passed in years 1832, 1867, 1884-85, 1918 and 1928. The implementation of these reform acts led to the transition from the archaic form of suffrage, which persisted without major changes from the period of the late Middle Ages, to a universal and equal suffrage with direct and secret voting in the form which in the United Kingdom prevails, with minor amendments, to the present. This transformation was completed in 1928. In addition, the development of the municipal elections legislation, changes in a qualification of the Members of the Parliament and other changes in electoral legislation, especially in the legislation dealing with electoral corruption, are mentioned. There is also outlined a political and public debate on electoral reform, with an emphasis on parliamentary relevant debate. The text of the thesis is divided into six sections, corresponding to the chronological development. The first section focuses on the description and evaluation of the unreformed suffrage prior to 1832. The...