Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky., 1965. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 385-398).

Proefschrift--Utrecht. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 204-213).

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin. / Typescript (carbon copy). eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Bibliography: l. 94-96.

With 16 ongoing peacekeeping operations currently deploying almost 100,000 troops, United Nations peacekeeping is the largest single source of multilateral military intervention in conflict zones. Because UN peacekeeping is entirely dependent on voluntary contributions from Member States, there a pressing need to better understand why nations contribute peacekeeping troops in the first place. Individual national rationales for peacekeeping contribution vary significantly, and incentives may include regional hegemonic aspirations, positive economic benefits from peacekeeping, desiring a seat at the Security Council, or a combination of any number of incentives. This has made it difficult to provide a generalized explanation about why states provide peacekeepers. This thesis proposes a model for understanding the peacekeeping contribution issue under the lens of strategic culture. The strategic culture approach focuses on elite beliefs about the objectives of the use of force, with national factors such a geography, history, domestic politics, and bureaucracy forming into cohesive and competing norms about the purpose of the military. Drawing on the fourth generation of strategic culture literature, this dissertation argues that strategic culture serves as an intermediary variable that can be measured by discourse analysis to help understand changes in specific strategic behaviour, such as military peacekeeping contributions. By understanding the dynamic way that a country views the use of force – in short, by understanding how a country views its military as being useful in achieving policy goals -- we work towards a better understanding of why a country may contribute troops to United Nations peacekeeping.

This thesis examines the evolution of the role of the UN Secretary-General in the maintenance of international peace and security. The objective is to examine the role played by the Secretary-General in the rejuvenation of the UN as the cold war came to a close. During this transitional phase in international relations it is argued that the Secretary- General's role in the maintenance of international peace and security developed within a conceptual 'partnership for peace' with the Security Council. The role of the Secretary- General in this 'partnership' was built on the opportunities which presented themselves as a result of Security Council paresis during the cold war. In section one, two periods in the evolution of the Secretary-General's role during the cold war are identified. The first period is one of, 'aggrandisement, ' which encompasses the tenures of Trygve Lie (1946-1952) and Dag HarnmarskJ61d (1952-1961). The second is a period of, 'consolidation, ' which encompasses the tenures of U Tbant (1961-1972) and Kurt Waldheirn (1972-1982). During these two periods it is argued that the conceptual and practical limits to the Secretary-General's role in the maintenance of international peace and security were extended beyond the role envisaged by those who framed the Charter. It is argued that the Secretary-General's role as a diplomatic intermediary and peacekeeper developed on the basis of attributes specific to the cold war context, (impartiality, consent, and the non use of force). During the transitional period examined in section two, these attributes provided a compliment, foil, or alternative to the Security Council's political, economic, and military capacity to enforce decisions. The evolution of the Secretary-General's role since 1946, and the emergence of a 'partnership for peace' are explained at three levels of analysis: in terms of the prevailing systemic conditions and environmental trends; the functioning of the UN organisation; and the personality and approach of the incumbents. In the light of the findings reported in sections one and two, it is argued that the Secretary-General's role in the maintenance of international peace within a 'partnership for peace' provides a conceptual guide for the role of the Secretary-General 'in a transformed world.

This thesis is a study of the results of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. The study of the results of this Conference is important because this was the first time an international gathering of so large a number of countries was held specifically to discuss trade and development problems. One hundred and nineteen nations met in Geneva in a spirit of cooperation and with the expressed willingness to permit international interests to prevail over national interests. The papers presented at this Third Committee will be examined as a device to show the relation of international finance, private development finance companies, tourism, ocean shipping, and external debt to the problem of development. Also, the creation of an International Trade Organization will be discussed as a possible beginning to the solution of the development-trade problem.

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