University, Diss.--Amsterdam, 1999.

Thesis (M.S.)--Worcester Polytechnic Institute. / Title from title screen. Keywords: icons; pictorial; visual language; iconic communication; pidgins; interlingua. Includes bibliographical references (p. 294-301).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1968. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

L’Europe de la Renaissance et de l’Âge classique a été le terrain d’une quête protéiforme de la langue universelle (recherches sur la langue d’Adam, encyclopédies de tous les idiomes de la terre, langues créées ex nihilo…). Afin de percevoir les conditions sociales de production de ce savoir linguistique, cette étude se propose d’élaborer une histoire, moins de la langue universelle elle-même que de ses concepteurs ; une histoire sociale et culturelle de ces pratiques intellectuelles, dans une perspective pluridisciplinaire et à l’échelle européenne. Les acteurs sociaux impliqués dans cette quête s’inscrivent dans des réseaux particuliers, liés à des institutions qui participent pleinement de la transformation du monde moderne (Royal Society, ordre jésuite…). Ils sont souvent des figures de la République des Lettres et en forment, par leurs travaux linguistiques et les correspondances fournies qu’ils suscitent, une province particulière : la « République des Langues ». S’y joue rien moins que le choix, non pas de la langue du bon usage – celle des grammairiens – mais de la langue de la science et de la vérité, la langue de la République des Lettres elle-même. Comment des savants européens contribuent-ils par cet espace social virtuel à faire exister leurs utopies linguistiques ? Discutés dans le cadre de ces réseaux européens transnationaux, les projets apparaissent comme des technologies littéraires et sociales, maîtrisées seulement par un petit nombre d’individus ; ces langues pour tous sont donc indissociablement des langues à l’usage du « moins grand nombre », des langues de distinction / During the Early Modern Age, Europe was the field of a protean quest for the universal language (researches on Adam’s language were carried out, encyclopedias of all the idioms spoken on earth were written, languages were created ex nihilo…). In order to understand the social conditions presiding over the production of that linguistic knowledge, the aim of this study is to retrace the history of the universal language planners rather than that of the language itself. It means to elaborate a social and cultural history of these intellectual practices on a European scale, in a multidisciplinary perspective. The social actors involved in that quest for the universal language were members of specific networks and connected with institutions which actively participated in the transformation of the modern world (the Royal Society, the Jesuits…). They were often prominent figures of the Republic of Letters within which, through their linguistic works and the numerous correspondences these gave rise to, they formed a specific province – the “Republic of Languages”. What was at stake was nothing less than choosing, not the language defining correct usage – that of the grammarians – but the language of sciences and truth, that of the Republic of Letters itself. How did Europeans scholars give life to their linguistic utopias through that virtual social space? Discussed within the framework of these transnational European networks, thelinguistic proects appeared like literary and social technologies, only mastered by a small group of individuals. Therefore these languages intended to be “for all” paradoxically turned out to be languages for “the happy few”, languages of distinction

The aim of this thesis is to explore Machine Translation and the problems that these system are experiencing when translation between two different languages. The grammatical structures will be studied for English, Swedish and Persian to find a common pattern that could relate different ideas in each language to each other. In the other hand an inter lingual MT will be developed according to “René Descartes” principals that not only produces translations to English, Persian and Swedish but it even provides a new way of inputting text just by clicking buttons which each represent a word or concept. Then the system will be presented to a group of chosen users to study the human interaction with the application and identifying new problems associated with the new developed system and evaluating the results. The specific objectives are: the role of prepositions and other grammatical structures in determining the meaning of a text. The study even examines the possibility of using Descartes theory for improving Machine Translation. The study was conducted in “BTH”. The data was collected through research, experiments, and Self-reporting. / bamdadpayvar@msn.com