Woo Chak Hung Stanley. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1996-97, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter 1) --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Design Objective / Chapter 1.2 --- Description of Subject / Chapter 1.3 --- Client & Users / Chapter 1.4 --- Site & Context / Chapter 2) --- Project Analysis / Chapter 2.1 --- Subject analysis / Chapter 2.11 --- Brief formation / Chapter 2.12 --- Architectural language / Chapter 2.2 --- Client / Users analysis / Chapter 2.21 --- Functional relationships / Organisational hierarchies / Chapter 2.22 --- Activities / Chapter 2.23 --- Social patterns / Chapter 2.24 --- Schedule of accommodation / Chapter 2.3 --- Site / Context analysis / Chapter 2.31 --- Location / Chapter 2.32 --- Landscape / Chapter 2.33 --- Ground conditions / Chapter 2.34 --- Access and transportation / Chapter 3) --- Process / Chapter 4) --- Final Project / Chapter 4.1 --- Urban Planning / Chapter 4.2 --- Bedspace Apartment / Chapter 4.3 --- Market / Chapter 4.3 --- Recreational Open Space / Chapter 4.5 --- Proposed Residential Block

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

by Ng Tat-ming Simon. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-109). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / Chapter / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Economic Reform and Social Change / Law and Economic Reform / The Case of Urban Land Management in Shenzhen / The Research Problem and Its Significance / The Scope of Research / Limitations and Difficulties / Arrangement of Chapters / Chapter 2. --- THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF LAND LAWS AND PRACTICES： A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE PRE-REFORM AND REFORM ERA --- p.22 / The State Ownership System / "Laws and Policies in Pre-reform China, 1949-1978" / The Post-1978 Reform and Urban Land Use / Concluding Remarks / Chapter 3. --- THE DEVELOPMENT OF LAND MANAGEMENT LAWS IN THE REFORM ERA: THE CASE OF SHENZHEN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE --- p.45 / "Land Laws and the Development of Shenzhen SEZ, 1982 -1987" / Infra-structural Development of Land and Disguised Land Market / Adjusting to the New Socio-economic Situation: Development in Shenzhen SEZ since1987of Land Management Laws / The SEZ Land Management Regulations1988 and Beyond / Chapter 4. --- CONCLUSION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS --- p.81 / Reversal of Socialism: Implications of the Shenzhen' Exper ience / Withering Idea of Land Management and Proliferation of Networks of Legal Relationships upon Urban Land / The Influence of Hong Kong / Jurisprudential Implications of Shenzhen's Experience / Conclusion / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.94 / APPENDIX I --- p.104 / APPENDIX II --- p.110

关于信任和社会资本的现有文献中存在着以下几点不足有待改进。第一，有关信任格局及比较不同信任类型差异的研究方法有待完善。第二，对信任（尤其是普遍信任）是否存在地区差异的学术研究还很欠缺。第三，在当前关于信任的影响因素研究中，尤其是关于社会资本是否会影响信任的研究中，存在着社会资本概念模糊导致社会资本与信任关系不清的问题。社会资本与信任之间是线性关系还是曲线关系也有待理清。第四，社会资本与普遍信任的关系是否受到制度性结构资源的调节仍然是研究的空白点。 / 为了填补以上现有文献中的不足，本研究引入新的数据分析方法考察中国城镇居民信任的构成以及比较各个信任类型的程度差异，并在总结了相关信任和社会资本理论的基础上，主张“资源（包括信息）影响信任的观点，从“网络资源观出发，分析两个维度的社会资本对普遍信任的影响及效用差异，以及制度性结构资源对此影响的调节作用。 / 本研究发现中国城镇居民的信任呈现“差序格局。具体来说，中国城镇居民对自然人群体的信任低于对制度群体的信任，人际信任内部有非常明显的差异，个体对家人的信任远远高于其他自然人，而制度信任内部则差异较小。另外，本研究发现普遍信任存在地区差异，具体表现为南方城镇居民高于北方城镇居民；东部高于中部，而西部最低。 / 本研究还采用社会资本的多维度视角，将社会资本划分为讨论网社会资本和拜年网社会资本两类。数据显示中国城镇居民的讨论网社会资本（以定名法测量）呈现出相对规模大、资源丰富、密度高以及异质性强等特点。拜年网社会资本（以定位法测量）则具有亲属人数多、成员互动多、职业规模小、资源总量偏低等特点。总体来看，大部分人的拜年网络资源并不丰富，并且资源的占有存在等级性和有限性。 / 就社会资本和普遍信任之间的关系看，本研究发现社会资本对普遍信任存在显著影响。具体地说，讨论网社会资本对普遍信任带来负面影响，而拜年网社会资本则正面地影响中国城镇居民的普遍信任。总的来说，社会资本的增加有助于提高信任水平，并且这种增加符合边际效用曲线。最后，本研究验证了社会资本对普遍信任的影响会受到一些制度性结构资源因素（籍、房产、工作场所）的调节。 / 本研究的相关结论有助于更为清楚、明确地了解中国当前各信任种类的程度差异，更好地把握和了解民众的社会行动，为决策者在改进社会制度方面的政策制定上提供参考。对普遍信任的地区差异的考察为相关的政策在监管不同区域的经济和社会行为时提供了可行性的指导。对两类不同维度的社会资本的效用比较更清楚地解构了社会资本在信任生成上的差异，对了解中国本土的社会关系网络提供了新的视角，方便行动者更为理性地认识自身信任产生的缘由，合理地调整和建构自身能够动用的资源以实现行为目的。有关结构性资源的调节作用分析，有助于更全面地认识社会资本和信任、个体和结构的关系。 / There are several gaps in the existing literature on trust and social capital. First, the methods of analyzing the trust structure and comparing different types of trust need to be improved. Second, few studies have explored the regional difference of trust, especially generalized trust, although China has dramatic diversities geographically, culturally and economically. Third, it still hasn’t been convincingly explored that whether there is a relationship, if any, linear or nonlinear, between social capital and trust in the literature. Fourth, it is still unknown that whether the institutional resources will condition the relationship between social capital and trust. / In order to fill these gaps, this research applies a new data analyzing method to study the trust structure in urban China, and compare the differences among its components. This research also carefully scrutinizes different trust theories and social capital theories, advocates the resource view of social capital, and proposes that social capital measured in two different dimensions will affect the level of generalized trust, conditioned by several institutional resources. / The results show that Chaxugeju does exist in the respondents’ trust in natural persons. Specifically, the trust placed in natural persons is lower than in institutions. Chaxugeju is more remarkable in interpersonal trust than in institutional trust. In terms of regional variations, the respondents in Southern China show higher level of generalized trust than their counterparts in Northern China. In addition, the rank-order from high to low in the level of generalized trust is the East, the Middle, and the West. / In this study, the concept of social capital is measured from two dimensions. One is social capital embedded in discussion network (by the name generator), the other is social capital embedded in New Year greeting network (by the position generator). The data show that the urban residents’ discussion networks are relatively large, resourceful, dense and highly heterogeneous. On the other hand, the New Year greeting networks have the following features: containing more relatives, more interaction among members, smaller size, and less embedded yet unequally distributed resources. / The results confirm the hypothesis that social capital affects the generalized trust. Specifically, social capital embedded in discussion network negatively affects trust while social capital embedded in New Year greeting network positively influences trust. Overall, social capital has positive impact on the generalized trust in a nonlinear way. Finally, the results confirm that the relationship between social capital and trust is contingent on several institutional factors like Hukou, housing, and Danwei. / The results are not only meaningful academically; they also help understand current China and help shape the policy making in relevant fields. It gives clearer and more definite description on differences among types of trust in current urban China, which shed lights on the mechanisms behind social actions taken by citizens, and provides references for improving social policy. The findings on regional differences of generalized trust permit local government to adopt different policies to supervise economy and social action regionally, instead of using unified standard. The decomposition of social capital into two dimensional social capital provides a new perspective to understand social network in China. Such understanding makes agents construct and utilize their resources efficiently to fulfill their action purposes. Finally, the analysis on moderating effects of structural resources draws a clearer and more complete picture on the relation between social capital and trust and on the relation between individual resources and institutional structures. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 鄒宇春. / "2013年3月" / "2013 nian 3 yue" / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 199-206). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Zou Yuchun. / Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究缘起 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 理论背景 --- p.1 / Chapter 三、 --- 研究问题与贡献 --- p.3 / Chapter 四、 --- 论文的章节安排 --- p.5 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文献回顾 --- p.7 / Chapter 一、 --- 信任理论与经验研究 --- p.7 / Chapter （一） --- 信任及其差异的比较研究 --- p.7 / Chapter （二） --- 影响信任生成的因素与机制 --- p.15 / Chapter （三） --- 有关信任生成机制的一个讨论：传统视角 vs. 网络视角 --- p.20 / Chapter （四） --- 普遍信任的重要性及生成机制 --- p.22 / Chapter 二、 --- 社会资本 --- p.24 / Chapter （一） --- 概念厘清 --- p.24 / Chapter （二） --- 理论介绍 --- p.26 / Chapter （三） --- 测量理念 --- p.29 / Chapter （四） --- 指标设置 --- p.30 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本的回报 --- p.31 / Chapter 三、 --- 社会资本与普遍信任 --- p.33 / Chapter （一） --- 信任不等于社会资本 --- p.33 / Chapter （二） --- 社会资本对普遍信任的作用机制 --- p.34 / Chapter （三） --- 多维度理论 --- p.35 / Chapter 四、 --- 社会资本效用空间理论：结构资源的调节作用 --- p.37 / Chapter （一） --- 戶口 --- p.38 / Chapter （二） --- 住房 --- p.39 / Chapter （三） --- 工作场所 --- p.40 / Chapter 第三章 --- 研究构架与方法 --- p.42 / Chapter 一、 --- 研究架构 --- p.42 / Chapter 二、 --- 研究假设 --- p.43 / Chapter 三、 --- 数据，变量和分析模型 --- p.53 / Chapter （一） --- 数据 --- p.53 / Chapter （二） --- 变量和分析模型 --- p.54 / Chapter 第四章 --- 信任的差序格局与地区差异 --- p.68 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.68 / Chapter 二、 --- 子信任类型的基本情况 --- p.69 / Chapter （一） --- 对家人的信任 --- p.69 / Chapter （二） --- 对邻居的信任 --- p.70 / Chapter （三） --- 对外地人的信任 --- p.71 / Chapter （四） --- 对陌生人的信任 --- p.71 / Chapter （五） --- 对居委干部的信任 --- p.72 / Chapter （六） --- 对政府的信任 --- p.74 / Chapter （七） --- 对警察的信任 --- p.74 / Chapter （八） --- 对医生的信任 --- p.75 / Chapter （九） --- 对国内广播电视报刊新闻的信任 --- p.76 / Chapter （十） --- 对法院/法官的信任 --- p.77 / Chapter （十一） --- 对科学家的信任 --- p.77 / Chapter （十二） --- 对商人的信任 --- p.78 / Chapter （十三） --- 小结 --- p.78 / Chapter 三、 --- 子信任类型的差异比较 --- p.80 / Chapter （一） --- 十二类信任类型的差异比较 --- p.80 / Chapter （二） --- 自然人信任与制度信任差异比较 --- p.81 / Chapter （三） --- 自然人内部的信任差异比较 --- p.81 / Chapter （四） --- 制度代表内部的信任差异比较 --- p.82 / Chapter （五） --- 小结 --- p.83 / Chapter 四、 --- 普遍信任的地区差异 --- p.84 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.84 / Chapter （二） --- 差异验证 --- p.85 / Chapter （三） --- 小结 --- p.86 / Chapter 五、 --- 普遍信任与木桶理论 --- p.89 / Chapter 第五章 --- 城镇居民的社会资本分析 --- p.90 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.90 / Chapter 二、 --- 讨论网社会资本 --- p.90 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.91 / Chapter （二） --- 个人特征上的差异 --- p.95 / Chapter 三、 --- 拜年网社会资本 --- p.98 / Chapter （一） --- 基本情况 --- p.98 / Chapter （二） --- 个人特征上的差异 --- p.102 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.105 / Chapter （一） --- 讨论网社会资本的指标情况 --- p.106 / Chapter （二） --- 拜年网社会资本的指标情况 --- p.107 / Chapter （三） --- 个体社会资本：一个“小世界 --- p.108 / Chapter （四） --- 数据之外：辩证地看待两个社会资本维度 --- p.111 / Chapter 第六章 --- 社会资本对普遍信任的影响 --- p.114 / Chapter 一、 --- 引言 --- p.114 / Chapter 二、 --- 社会资本的曲线效用 --- p.114 / Chapter （一） --- 两个维度社会资本对普遍信任存在显著影响 --- p.115 / Chapter （二） --- 社会资本的曲线效用 --- p.116 / Chapter （三） --- 两类资本的曲线效用比较 --- p.118 / Chapter （四） --- 个人特征变量的作用 --- p.119 / Chapter 三、 --- 结构资源的调节作用 --- p.121 / Chapter （一） --- 口资源 --- p.122 / Chapter （二） --- 住房资源 --- p.125 / Chapter （三） --- 工作场所资源 --- p.126 / Chapter （四） --- 小结 --- p.130 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本效用的“鲁棒性 --- p.132 / Chapter 第七章 --- 结论、贡献与反思 --- p.134 / Chapter 一、 --- 结论 --- p.134 / Chapter 二、 --- 贡献 --- p.136 / Chapter 三、 --- 反思 --- p.137 / Chapter （一） --- 社会资本与普遍信任的因果关系 --- p.137 / Chapter （二） --- 地方性数据和缺省值处理 --- p.138 / Chapter （三） --- 公共资源和个体资源 --- p.138 / Chapter （四） --- 社会资本的维度 --- p.138 / Chapter （五） --- 社会资本里的信息 --- p.139 / Chapter 图2.1 --- 影响信任的主要因素图谱 --- p.140 / Chapter 图2.2 --- 结构性位置的相对优势和社会资源分布 --- p.141 / Chapter 图2.3 --- 网络资源观下的社会资本指标示意图 --- p.142 / Chapter 图3.1 --- 研究分析框架 --- p.143 / Chapter 图4.1 --- 各省市城镇居民普遍信任分布情况图 --- p.144 / Chapter 表3.1 --- 数据转换示例 --- p.145 / Chapter 表3.2 --- 不同职业的声望分数与权力分数 --- p.146 / Chapter 表4.1.1 --- 中国大城市社会网与求职调查（JSNET2009）原始数据的样本情况 --- p.147 / Chapter 表4.1.2 --- 个人特征与对家人信任度的相关分析 --- p.148 / Chapter 表4.1.3 --- 个人特征与对邻居信任度的相关分析 --- p.149 / Chapter 表4.1.4 --- 个人特征与对外地人信任度的相关分析 --- p.150 / Chapter 表4.1.5 --- 个人特征与对陌生人信任度的相关分析 --- p.151 / Chapter 表4.1.6 --- 个人特征与对居委干部信任度的相关分析 --- p.152 / Chapter 表4.1.7 --- 个人特征与对政府信任度的相关分析 --- p.153 / Chapter 表4.1.8 --- 个人特征与对警察信任度的相关分析 --- p.154 / Chapter 表4.1.9 --- 个人特征与对医生信任度的相关分析 --- p.155 / Chapter 表4.1.10 --- 个人特征与对新闻信任度的相关分析 --- p.156 / Chapter 表4.1.11 --- 个人特征与对法院/法官信任度的相关分析 --- p.157 / Chapter 表4.1.12 --- 个人特征与对科学家信任度的相关分析 --- p.158 / Chapter 表4.1.13 --- 个人特征与对商人信任度的相关分析 --- p.159 / Chapter 表4.2.1 --- 信任的格局以及两群体信任的对比分析 --- p.160 / Chapter 表4.2.2 --- 自然人及制度信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.161 / Chapter 表4.2.3 --- 自然人信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.162 / Chapter 表4.2.4 --- 制度信任的等级逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.163 / Chapter 表4.3.1 --- 各省市城镇居民普遍信任的排序情况 --- p.164 / Chapter 表4.3.2 --- 城镇居民普遍信任地域差异的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.165 / Chapter 表4.4.1 --- 城镇居民普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析（年龄分组） --- p.166 / Chapter 表5.1.1 --- 讨论网社会资本的指标描述 --- p.167 / Chapter 表5.1.2 --- 讨论网规模与比较 --- p.168 / Chapter 表5.1.3 --- 讨论网亲属人数与比较 --- p.169 / Chapter 表5.1.4 --- 讨论网非亲属人数与比较 --- p.170 / Chapter 表5.1.5 --- 讨论网密度与比较 --- p.171 / Chapter 表5.1.6 --- 年龄异质性与比较 --- p.172 / Chapter 表5.1.7 --- 教育异质性与比较 --- p.173 / Chapter 表5.1.8 --- 性别异质性与比较 --- p.173 / Chapter 表5.1.9 --- 讨论网关系类型的国家比较 --- p.174 / Chapter 表5.1.10 --- 讨论网关系类型的城市比较 --- p.175 / Chapter 表5.2.1 --- 各项个人特征对讨论网规模的负二项模型分析 --- p.176 / Chapter 表5.2.2 --- 各项个人特征对讨论网指标的回归分析 --- p.177 / Chapter 表5.3.1 --- 拜年网社会资本的指标概况 --- p.178 / Chapter 表5.3.2 --- 拜年网内各个职业的比例情况 --- p.179 / Chapter 表5.4.1 --- 各项个人特征对拜年规模的负二项模型分析 --- p.180 / Chapter 表5.4.2 --- 各项个人特征对拜年网指标的回归分析 --- p.181 / Chapter 表5.4.3 --- 各项个人特征对拜年网纽带指标的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.182 / Chapter 表6.1.1 --- 中国综合调查2003（CGSS2003）样本情况 --- p.183 / Chapter 表6.1.2 --- 两维度社会资本因子对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.184 / Chapter 表6.1.3 --- 社会资本二次项对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.185 / Chapter 表6.1.4 --- 两维度社会资本因子自然对数对普遍信任的逻辑斯特回归分析 --- p.186 / Chapter 表6.2.1 --- 家庭成员口迁移次数对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.187 / Chapter 表6.2.2 --- 家庭成员口迁移次数对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.188 / Chapter 表6.2.3 --- 家庭成员“农转非对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.189 / Chapter 表6.2.4 --- 家庭成员“农转非对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.190 / Chapter 表6.2.5 --- 房产资源对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.191 / Chapter 表6.2.6 --- 房产资源对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.192 / Chapter 表6.2.7 --- 工作场所性质对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.193 / Chapter 表6.2.8 --- 工作场所性质对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.194 / Chapter 表6.2.9 --- 主管/挂靠部门行政级别对讨论网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.195 / Chapter 表6.2.10 --- 主管/挂靠部门行政级别对拜年网社会资本与普遍信任关系的调节作用 --- p.196 / Chapter 表7.1 --- 假设验证情况 --- p.197 / Chapter 续表7.1 --- 假设验证情况 --- p.198 / 参考文献 --- p.199

劇烈的城市化過程已經在世界上多個地區發生並產生了許多的城市群，珠江三角洲正是這樣的一個城市群。目前，珠江三角洲上的城市土地利用和土地覆蓋已經發生了巨大的變化。而其中最重要的一個結果就是大量城市不透水層的出現，並已經極大地影響著當地的城市環境，如城市洪水、城市氣候、水污染和大氣污染等。因此，城市不透水層及其分佈的估算對於監測和管理城市化進程及其對環境的影響有著重要的意義。然而，由於城市土地覆蓋類型的多樣性，精確的城市不透水層的估算（ISE）仍然是一個極具挑戰性的課題。本論文旨在通過融合光學遙感和合成孔徑雷達（SAR）遙感技術來提高亞熱帶濕潤區城市不透水層估算的精度。此外，論文還將探索亞熱帶濕潤區土地覆蓋類型分類的季節性變化及其對城市不透水層提取的影響。本論文的研究結果主要包括以下幾個部分。 / 首先，本研究發現亞熱帶濕潤區不透水層提取的季節性效應與中緯度地區截然不同。在亞熱帶濕潤地區，冬季是最適合用遙感影像進行不透水層提取的。原因是由於冬季是旱季，雲量少，許多可變來源區域（VSA）沒有水體覆蓋，而在遙感影像中，水體容易和暗不透水層混淆。另一方面，秋季最不適合不透水層提取，因為存在大量的雲層，並且，大量的降水導致VSA區域充滿水，從而增加了與暗不透水層混淆的區域面積。此外，大量的雲層在影像中也是呈現高反射特徵的，因此極容易和亮不透水層混淆，這是秋季不適合用於提取不透水層的另一重要原因。 / 其次，提出了一種新的基於形狀自我調整鄰域（SAN）的特徵提取演算法。該特徵提取演算法類比人類視覺對圖像感知的強大能力，進行遙感影像低層特徵的提取。實驗結果表明，SAN特徵提取方法對非監督分類有顯著的提高，其中總體分類精度從0.58提高到0.86，而Kappa係數從0.45提高到0.80。SAN特徵對於監督分類的精度也有一定的提高，這些都表明，與傳統的特徵提取方法相比，SAN特徵對遙感影像分類具有重要的作用。 / 再次，通過對比分析光學遙感影像和SAR影像發現，單獨採用光學遙感影像進行不透水層提取比單獨採用SAR影像取得更好的結果。同時，單獨採用光學遙感（Landsat ETM+）時，支援向量機（SVM）比人工神經網路（ANN）取得更好的結果，這是因為ANN對於亮不透水層與幹裸土之間，以及暗不透水層與陰影之間的光譜混淆更加敏感。然而，當單獨採用SAR遙感（ENVISAT ASAR）時，ANN則取得更好的結果，這是由於SVM分析SAR影像時更容易產生雜訊，並具有明顯的邊緣效應。因此，融合光學遙感和SAR遙感具有重要的意義。通過比較不同圖像融合層次發現，像元級融合（Pixel Level Fusion）會降低單獨採用光學遙感提取不透水層的精度，因而不適合光學和SAR影像的融合。而特徵級融合（Feature Level）決策級融合（Decision Level）可以更好的把不透水層從陰影區域和裸土中區分出來，因為更加適合光學與SAR的融合。 / 最後，三組不同的光學遙感和SAR遙感影像被用於評估本論文提出的光學和SAR融合方法，包括Landsat ETM+與ASAR影像，SPOT-5與ASAR影像，以及SPOT-5與TerraSAR-X影像。此外，還比較了不同的融合方法（人工神經網路、支援向量機和隨機森林）對融合結果的影響。結果表明，用光學和SAR遙感影像融合提取不透水層有利於減少在光學遙感影像中容易出現的光譜混淆現象，從而提高不透水層提取的精度。另外，隨機森林在融合光學和SAR影像中效果較其它兩種方法，因為隨機森林對兩種不同的資料來源區別對待，而這正是符合光學遙感與SAR遙感截然不同的工作方式的特點，從而能更好的融合光學遙感和SAR遙感。 / 本論文的研究成果有助於探索亞熱帶濕潤區中物候特點和氣候特點對城市不透水層提取所產生的季節性效應；同時也為融合光學遙感和SAR遙感影像提取城市不透水層提供了一個技術框架。由於珠江三角洲是一個亞熱帶濕潤區一個典型的快速城市化的城市群區域，本文所提出的方法框架和所得到研究結論可為世界上其它亞熱帶濕潤區的城市遙感研究提供一定的參考價值。 / Dramatic urbanization processes have happened in many regions and thus created a number of metropolises in the world. The Pearl River Delta (PRD) is one of such typical areas, where the urban land use/land cover has been significantly changing in the recent past. As one of the most important implications, a large increment of impervious surface (IS) turned out to be one of the features of fast urbanization process and has been influencing the urban environment significantly, including urban flooding, urban climate, water pollutions, and air pollutions. Therefore, the estimation of IS would be very helpful to monitor and manage the urbanization process and its impacts on the environment. However, accurate estimation of urban IS remains challenging due to the diversity of land covers. This dissertation attempts to fuse optical and SAR remote sensing data to improve the accuracy of urban impervious surface estimation (ISE) in humid subtropical regions (HSR). The seasonal characteristics of land covers and its impacts on ISE in HSR are all investigated. Some interesting findings are summarized as follows. / Firstly, the study demonstrates quite a special pattern of the seasonal effects of ISE in humid subtropical areas that is different from that in mid-latitude areas. According to the results, in subtropical monsoon regions, winter is the best season to estimate IS from satellite images. There are little clouds, and most of the Variable Source Areas (VSA) is not filled with water. On the other hand, autumn images obtained the lowest accuracy of IS due to the clouds coverage and the water in VSA. Autumn is a rainy season in a subtropical monsoon region, for which clouds occur very often and VSA areas are always filled with water. Consequently, clouds are confused with bright IS due to their similarly high reflectance, and more water in VSA is confused with dark IS due to their similarly low reflectance. / Secondly, a novel feature extraction technique, based on the shape-adaptive neighborhood (SAN), is proposed to incorporate the advantages of human vision into the process of remote sensing images. Quantitative results showed that improvement of SAN features is particularly significant improvement for the unsupervised classifier, for which the overall accuracy increased from 0.58 to 0.86, and the Kappa coefficient increased from 0.45 to 0.80, indicating promising applications of SAN features in the unsupervised processing of remote sensing images. / Thirdly, a comparison study of ISE between optical and SAR image demonstrates that single optical image provides better results than using single SAR image. In addition, results indicate that support vector machine (SVM) is a better choice for ISE using Landsat ETM+ (optical) images, while artificial neural network (ANN) turns out to be more sensitive to the confusion between dry soils and bright IS, and between shades and dark IS. However, ANN gets a better result using ASAR (SAR) image with higher accuracy, while the SVM classifier produces more noises and has some edge effects. Considering both the merits and demerits of optical and SAR images, synergistically fusing the two data sources should be a promising solution. Comparison of three different levels of fusion shows that pixel level fusion seems not appropriate for optical-SAR fusion, as it reduces the accuracy compared to the single use of optical data. Meanwhile, feature level fusion and decision level fusion obtained better accuracy, since they improves the identification of IS from shaded areas and bare soils. / Fourthly, a methodological framework of fusing the optical and SAR images is proposed. Three different data sets are used to assess the effectiveness of this methodological framework, including the Landsat TM and ASAR images, the SPOT-5 and ASAR images, and the SPOT-5 and TerraSAR-X images. In addition, different methods (e.g. ANN, SVM and Random Forest) are employed and compared to fusion the two data sources at a mixed level fusion of pixel and feature levels. Experimental results showed that the combined use of optical and SAR image is able to effectively improve the accuracy of ISE by reducing the spectral confusions that happen easily in optical images. Moreover, Random Forest (RF) demonstrated a promising performance for fusing optical and SAR images as it treats the two data sources differently through a random selection procedure of variables from different data sources. / The major outcome of this research provides evidence of the seasonal effects on IS assessment due to phenological and climatic characteristics, as well as provides an applicable framework of methodology for the synergistic use of optical and SAR images to improve the ISE. Since the PRD region is highly typical of many fast growing areas, the methodology and conclusions of this research would serve as a useful reference for other subtropical, humid regions of the world. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zhang, Hongsheng. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 169-185). / Abstract also in Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / 論文摘要 --- p.vii / Table of Contents --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Figures --- p.xviii / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research questions and hypotheses --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives and significance --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2 --- Significance of Impervious Surface --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Environmental significance --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Socio-economic significance --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Climatology and Phenology in HSR --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Characteristics of the climate and phenology --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Seasonal effects from Climatology and Phenology --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4 --- Land-cover complexity in rapid urbanized region --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5 --- Approaches of ISE --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Sub-pixel approaches --- p.22 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Per-pixel approaches --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Synergistic use of optical and SAR data for ISE --- p.27 / Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.28 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- STUDY AREA AND DATA SETS --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1 --- Study area --- p.31 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Site A: Guangzhou --- p.32 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Site B: Shenzhen --- p.33 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Site C: Hong Kong --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2 --- Satellite data --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Landsat ETM+ --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- SPOT-5 --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- ENVISAT ASAR --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- TerraSAR-X --- p.37 / Chapter 3.3 --- Digital Orthophoto data --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4 --- In-situ data --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5 --- Summary --- p.40 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.43 / Chapter 4.1 --- Framework --- p.43 / Chapter 4.2 --- Per-pixel modeling of ISE --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Investigation of the seasonal effects --- p.46 / Chapter 4.4 --- Feature extraction --- p.47 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Conventional approach --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Novel approach based on shape-adaptive neighborhood --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- The concept of shape-adaptive neighborhood --- p.49 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- The determination of a shape-adaptive neighborhood --- p.51 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Extracting spatial features --- p.54 / Chapter 4.5 --- Fusing the optical and SAR data --- p.58 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Multi-source image co-registration --- p.60 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Compare the single use of optical and SAR image --- p.61 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Compare different levels of fusion --- p.62 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Fusion with supervised classifiers --- p.65 / Chapter 4.5.4.1 --- Artificial neural network --- p.66 / Chapter 4.5.4.2 --- Support vector machine --- p.68 / Chapter 4.5.4.3 --- Random Forest --- p.71 / Chapter 4.6 --- Results validation and accuracy assessment --- p.75 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Training and testing data sampling --- p.75 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Accuracy assessment --- p.76 / Chapter 4.7 --- Summary --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (I) - ASSESSMENT OF SAN FEATURES --- p.79 / Chapter 5.1. --- Analysis of threshold to determine the SAN --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2. --- Feature extraction from SAN --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3. --- Assessment of the SAN features with classification --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Training samples and classification --- p.82 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Testing samples and accuracy --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Assess the effectiveness of the SAN based features --- p.85 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.87 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (II) - SEASONAL EFFECTS OF ISE --- p.89 / Chapter 6.1 --- Seasonal effects of ISE --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2 --- Analyzing the seasonal changes of typical targets --- p.92 / Chapter 6.3 --- Comparing the seasonal sensitivity of methods --- p.96 / Chapter 6.4 --- Summary --- p.97 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (III) - URBAN LAND COVER DIVERSITY --- p.101 / Chapter 7.1 --- Introduction --- p.101 / Chapter 7.2 --- Urban LC classification Using RF --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Optimization of RF --- p.102 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Land covers classification with optimized RF --- p.104 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Compare RF with other decision tree-based methods --- p.107 / Chapter 7.3 --- Summary --- p.108 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (IV) - FUSING OPTICAL&SAR DATA --- p.111 / Chapter 8.1 --- Introduction --- p.111 / Chapter 8.2 --- Comparison of ISE with single optical and SAR data --- p.111 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- ISE with ETM+ data --- p.112 / Chapter 8.2.1.1 --- Mapping the IS --- p.112 / Chapter 8.2.1.2 --- Effects of the parameter configurations of the methods --- p.114 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- ISE with ASAR data --- p.115 / Chapter 8.2.2.1 --- Mapping the IS --- p.115 / Chapter 8.2.2.2 --- Effects of the parameter configurations of the methods --- p.117 / Chapter 8.2.3 --- Comparisons over the data and methods --- p.119 / Chapter 8.2.4 --- Discussion and implications --- p.121 / Chapter 8.3 --- Comparison of different levels of fusion method --- p.122 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Fusion strategies at different levels --- p.122 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Results of feature extractions --- p.124 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- Fusion results on different levels --- p.126 / Chapter 8.3.4 --- Comparisons --- p.128 / Chapter 8.3.5 --- Discussion and implications --- p.129 / Chapter 8.4 --- Synergizing optical and SAR data with RF --- p.130 / Chapter 8.4.1 --- Feature extraction from ASAR data --- p.130 / Chapter 8.4.2 --- Determine the optimal number of features in each decision tree --- p.132 / Chapter 8.4.3 --- Determine the optimal numbers of decision trees in the RF --- p.134 / Chapter 8.4.4 --- ISE with optimized RF --- p.135 / Chapter 8.4.5 --- Discussion and implications --- p.140 / Chapter 8.5 --- A comprehensive study: ISE using SPOT-5 and TerraSAR-X data --- p.142 / Chapter 8.5.1 --- Data set and experiment design --- p.142 / Chapter 8.5.2 --- Feature extraction of SPOT-5 data --- p.145 / Chapter 8.5.3 --- Feature extraction of TerraSAR-X data --- p.148 / Chapter 8.5.4 --- LULC classification with optimized models --- p.149 / Chapter 8.5.5 --- ISE with optimized models --- p.152 / Chapter 8.5.6 --- Discussion and implications --- p.155 / Chapter 8.6 --- Summary --- p.156 / Chapter CHAPTER 9 --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.159 / Chapter 9.1 --- Findings and conclusions --- p.159 / Chapter 9.1.1 --- Seasonal effects of ISE in HSR --- p.159 / Chapter 9.1.2 --- Feature extraction methods --- p.160 / Chapter 9.1.3 --- Comparison between optical and SAR data --- p.161 / Chapter 9.1.4 --- Fusion level and fusion methods --- p.162 / Chapter 9.2 --- Recommendations for future research --- p.163 / Chapter 9.2.1 --- Feature extraction --- p.163 / Chapter 9.2.2 --- Study areas selection and design --- p.163 / Chapter 9.2.3 --- Validation with in-situ data --- p.164 / Chapter 9.2.4 --- Fusion level and strategy --- p.164 / Chapter 9.2.5 --- Fusion methods --- p.165 / References --- p.169 / Chapter Appendix I --- Codes for Determining Shape-adaptive Neighborhood --- p.186 / Chapter Appendix II --- Publication list related to this thesis research --- p.188

Wong Wang Ting Peter. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1996-97, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 81-82). / Chapter 1 --- PROJECT BRIEF --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background / Chapter 1.2 --- Physical Conditions / Chapter 1.3 --- Site of Citynodes / Chapter 1.4 --- Client Profile / Chapter 1.5 --- Southern District: Problems & Opportunities / Chapter 2 --- PROGRAM --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Mission / Chapter 2.2 --- Issues & Goals / Chapter 2.3 --- Schedule of Accommodation: The Aqua Life Centre in Southern District / APPENDIX --- p.23 / Chapter A. --- Architectural Identity / Chapter B. --- Age of Aquarium by Edward Gunts / Chapter C. --- Factors Affecting the Psychological & Physiological Effect in Underground Space / Chapter D. --- Aquarium: Mechnical Requirement / Chapter E. --- District Analysis / Chapter F. --- Case Study / Chapter G. --- Kyoto: The Best City / Chapter H. --- Good & Bad in Hong Kong / Chapter I. --- "Atoll Reef, Ocean Park, Hong Kong" / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.81

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Government and Public Administration