It all started with one of my deep memories -- when I was a child, and first saw QINGMING FESTIVAL, a masterpiece created by great painter, Zhang Zeduan, I was attracted by the riverside city scene of Song dynasty, and was surprised by the amiable atmosphere among citizens social life and the comfortable sense of urban scale. This memory has deeply affected me. In contrast, our Chinese newborn modern cities become dreadfully alike, with their monotonous expansion, and meanwhile, they gradually lost their intimate sense of scale and regional sense of identity that they once had. Bridge, as one of Chinese infrastructural development, not only indicates the Chinese urban development in history, but its role and responsibilities go beyond its proper functions. No matter who we are, ancient Chinese or modern Chinese, their love for the bridge have beyond the practicability of the bridge itself. The bridge has a deep cultural heritage in a sense. Since such issues have arisen in our contemporary cities, why not date back to the origins of Chinese cities development -- to reinterpret the function of bridges so that reshape the scale of entire city by using modern architectural language? / Master of Architecture

Wal Mart, which contains nation's largest private employers (1.2 million workers), sellers of retail goods($280 billion), and owner of corporate real estate(911 million square feet), is now locally and globally getting more dominant. Its simple but straight forward strategy is enough to make customers' pockets open and buy goods. However, these strategies are also getting bumped into the risks for high quality oriented markets which have been targeted for upper income class. Furthermore, on the reason that maintains enormously occupied box storage concept outside the town, Wal Mart is blamed for making the town more boundless and uncharacteristic as well as killing many retail shops in downtown. Architecturally. reconsidering Wal Mart to be more distinctively balancing to proper urban issues and practical designs is now more imperative than ever. Therefore, this thesis work will be new grope of possibilities of that Wal Mart can be futurally constructive being more friendly approached to the town and communities in a revitalization view of rural towns. / Master of Architecture

Yes / Quantification of stocks and flows of construction materials is a key first stage in assessing the potential for creating higher value at end-of-life decisions compared to destructive demolition. Steel and concrete are amongst the most widely used construction materials primarily in structural components. Such components are highly variable in design, type, and dimensions. In the absence of urban-scale digitised models of structural components or building plans, accurate assessment relies on either onsite inspection or modelling by material intensity (MI) co-efficient which can vary by up to a factor of 100. In this study, we extend previous stock modelling approaches through the development of a method that relies on building archetypes and produces MI coefficients of steel and concrete that are representative of frame types, temporally explicit and disaggregated at product level. This is compared to the common existent method of calculating MI to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed method. Coupled with a spatiotemporal model of urban buildings, the developed MI of both methods are applied to a case study in the UK. The total in-use stock of steel and concrete within multi-storey buildings is estimated at 81,000 tonnes and 655,000 m3 respectively. The stocks of steel and concrete are disaggregated based on their functions as products, for instance steel beams are distinguished from reinforcement steel. Subsequently, the embodied carbon of the in-use stock is calculated as 350 kt CO2eq. The results show the proposed method enables a more granular assessment of the embodied carbon of the structural material quantities. / This work was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) research grant ‘REBUILD - REgenerative BUILDings and products for a circular economy’ [Grant reference: EP/ P008917/1]

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Pour répondre aux enjeux énergétiques et climatiques, une des échelles d’action pertinentes est désormais celle du quartier ou de la ville. Des besoins de connaissance, d’outils d’aide à la décision et d’évaluation à cette échelle se manifestent de plus en plus. Un des volets concerne la modélisation de la demande d’énergie des bâtiments résidentiels, préalable à la mise en place d’actions de rénovation de l’existant ou à la valorisation de sources d’énergie locales. La diversité de situations de terrains, d’objectifs d’acteurs et de contextes de disponibilité de données incitent à rechercher des modèles flexibles, aptes à produire de l’information pour différentes applications, à partir de jeux alternatifs de données d’entrée, combinant des modèles de natures diverses (notamment physiques et statistiques) selon les besoins. Dans cet esprit, le présent travail cherche à explorer le potentiel de méthodes dites ascendantes, s’appuyant sur des modèles développés à l’origine pour la simulation à l’échelle d’un bâtiment isolé, mais extrapolés ici pour le parc de bâtiments d’une zone urbaine sur la base de bâtiments types. Les deux questions clés abordées sont celles de la sélection des bâtiments types et de la reconstitution des données d’entrée pertinentes sur le plan statistique pour la zone étudiée. Des techniques d’analyse de sensibilité, en particulier la méthode des effets élémentaires de Morris, ont été appliquées à un code de calcul thermique de bâtiment (ESP-r). Elles ont mis en évidence une réponse non linéaire du modèle, notamment du fait des interactions entre paramètres et de la dispersion des paramètres d’entrée. Elles ont permis d’identifier les paramètres les plus sensibles et les plus en interaction (concernant les bâtiments eux-mêmes, leur environnement ou leurs habitants), sur lesquels doit être concentré le travail de collecte ou de reconstitution statistique. Un modèle, dénommé MEDUS, de reconstitution de la distribution des besoins de chaleur sur un quartier à partir de trois typologies de bâtiments, a été développé et testé sur le secteur St-Félix à Nantes. Il est alimenté par des données INSEE à l’échelle d’un IRIS. Ses résultats sont analysés, à la fois sous l’angle de la pertinence des typologies choisies et dans une perspective d’application à l’échelle du quartier. / Urban scale is now considered as one of the most relevant scales to face energy and climate challenges. Specific needs for knowledge, decision making tools and evaluation are identified at urban scale. Modelling energy demand from residential buildings is one key aspect, priorto energy retrofitting of existing building asset or to valorisation of local energy sources. Diversity of local contexts, stake holder goals and data availability lead to search flexible models, with ability to produce information for different applications, from alternative input data sets, combining different types of basic models (namely both physical and statistical ones), according to user needs. The present work is exploring the potential of bottom-up approaches, based on engineering models, developed originally for isolated buildings. These models are extrapolated for the complete set of buildings in a city or neighbourhood, based on building archetypes. Two key questions tackled are the selection of suitable archetypes and the reconstitution of relevant input data, statistically representative for the area of interest Sensitivity analysis techniques have been applied to a thermal simulation programme (ESP-r), particularly the Morris elementary effects method. A non-linear response of the model has been emphasized, caused by scattering of input parameters and interaction effects. The most influencing and interacting parameters have been identified. They concern the buildings themselves, their environment and the inhabitants. Data collection or statistical reconstitution must be concentrated in priority to these main parameters. A model of the heat demand at a neighbourhood scale has been developed and tested on the sector St-Félix in Nantes. It is called MEDUS (Modelling Energy Demand at Urban Scale). Application is based on three building archetypes. Census data (INSEE) available at the sector scale are the main input data. Results are analyzed both to check archetype relevancy and to study a possible application for evaluating actions at sector scale, such as energy retrofitting.

The aim of the study is to discuss and determine the property relations, development patterns and major agents at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / region in Ankara, where is claimed to be new central business node, developing with ultimate architectural, constructional efforts and highly sophisticated land speculations. Rapid transformation in characteristic of S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / region from agricultural use to commercial uses at twenty years does not only display contemporary space creation efforts, but also shows tendencies of private entrepreneurs in Ankara. Increasing commercial activities on the land and introduce of new modes of interaction patterns, which are related with the rise of private property in neo-liberal era after 1980, also brings out changing protocols on property ownership patterns. In this context, S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / case is related with discourses about repositioning of private initiatives on urban issues. However this becomes critical, when reconsidering, the capital city was designed to be modern cradle of republic by the public comprehensive planning initiatives. The current situation at the region is bringing new sets of confronting concepts between comprehensive planning approaches and property capital&rsquo / s space creation methods. Figuring out basics of space creation agencies and achieving appropriate design guidelines at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / may not only provide efficient well-growth of the specific sector of the city, but also bring out alternative solutions to achieve urban compromise in Ankara. For that reason, determinations on property formation, physical developments at S&ouml / g&uuml / t&ouml / z&uuml / should be studied in historical context.

La surveillance de la qualité de l'air est actuellement effectuée avec des mesures de concentration et à partir d'outils de modélisation de la dispersion atmosphérique. Ces modèles numériques évaluent les concentrations des polluants avec une résolution spatio-temporelle plus fine que les mesures. Néanmoins, les estimations fournies par ces modèles sont moins précises que les mesures. Dans ce projet de recherche, nous avons étudié les approches de couplage d'échelles et d'assimilation de données pour améliorer les estimations fournies par le modèle de dispersion atmosphérique SIRANE, dédié à l'échelle urbaine. L'approche de couplage d'échelles consiste à déterminer les conditions aux limites d'une simulation à partir d'une autre simulation à plus grande échelle. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, nous avons analysé trois méthodes afin de coupler le modèle urbain SIRANE et le modèle à méso-échelle CHIMERE. Cette étude montre que ces méthodes permettent potentiellement d'estimer la qualité de l'air à l'échelle urbaine de manière plus satisfaisante que les modèles à méso-échelle (utilisés seuls). Cependant, elles n'améliorent pas forcément la modélisation des conditions aux limites d'une simulation à l'échelle urbaine et les estimations fournies par celles-ci. Cela est a priori lié au fait que les estimations fournies par le modèle CHIMERE ne sont pas suffisamment satisfaisantes sur notre cas d'étude. Il est néanmoins possible que ces méthodes améliorent les résultats à l'échelle urbaine en utilisant une simulation à l'échelle régionale de meilleure qualité. L'approche d'assimilation de données consiste à combiner les mesures et les données modélisées afin de déterminer la meilleure estimation de l'état d'un système. Durant cette thèse, nous avons étudié trois méthodes d'assimilation de données : la méthode de débiaisement, la méthode que nous avons nommée modulation de la contribution des sources et la méthode Best Linear Unbiased Estimator. Cette étude indique que ces méthodes permettent globalement d'améliorer les estimations fournies par le modèle SIRANE. L'étude de sensibilité vis-à-vis du nombre de mesures utilisées lors de l'assimilation de données indique qu'en général, plus ce nombre est élevé plus les résultats sont satisfaisants. Enfin, les résultats montrent que les performances statistiques associées à ces trois méthodes d'assimilation de données sont globalement comparables entre elles sur notre cas d'étude. / Air quality monitoring is currently carried out with concentration measurements and with atmospheric dispersion modeling tools. These numerical models evaluate pollutant concentrations with a finer spatio-temporal resolution than measurements. Nevertheless, the estimates provided by these models are less accurate than measurements. In this research project, we studied multiscale coupling and data assimilation approaches to improve the estimates provided by the SIRANE atmospheric dispersion model, dedicated to the urban scale. The multiscale coupling approach consists in determining the boundary conditions of a simulation from another simulation on a larger scale. In this thesis work, we analyzed three methods for coupling the SIRANE model with the CHIMERE mesoscale model. This study shows that these methods can potentially estimate the air quality at the urban scale more satisfactorily than the mesoscale models (used alone). However, they do not necessarily improve the modeling of the boundary conditions of a simulation at the urban scale and the estimates provided by them. This is a priori due to the fact that the estimates provided by the CHIMERE model are not sufficiently good on our case study. It is possible, however, that these methods improve the results at the urban scale by using a better simulation at the regional scale. The data assimilation approach consists of combining the measurements and the modelled data to determine the best estimate of the system state. During this thesis, we studied three data assimilation methods : the unbiased method, the method that we called source apportionment modulation, and the Best Linear Unbiased Estimator method. This study indicates that these methods generally improve the estimates provided by the SIRANE model. The sensitivity study on the number of measurements used during the data assimilation indicates that, in general, higher is this number, more satisfactory are the results. Finally, the results show that the statistical performances associated with these three data assimilation methods are globally comparable on our case study.

Bairros não são mais que linhas no papel. Mas linhas plenas de significados que contêm, sobre o arcabouço físico-geográfico, diversas matrizes sócio-econômicas e histórico-culturais que os fazem únicos. Ainda mais esses dois conjuntos de bairros estudos de caso desta pesquisa, tão significativos recortes espaciais da Cidade do Recife, que ora até se confundem com a própria essência da Cidade, num sentido não só de identidade íntegra e plena, mas de complementaridade e solidariedade. Limites abstratos num sentido, concretíssimos em outro, cuja discussão extrapola, e muito, o âmbito de uma tese. Sempre tema da ordem do dia no planejamento urbano atual, o bairro antes de tudo é a escala do cotidiano, do (re) conhecimento do cidadão perante o espaço que habita. A definição de bairro e as questões que o definem e limitam correspondem ao eixo central deste estudo. / Districts no are more than lines in a paper. But lines full of meanings, which have at the physicgeographycal support many social-economical and historic-cultural nuances, that make them unicals. Moreover these two sets of neighborhoods that are case studies in this research, as significant special profiles of Recife, which even confused with the very essence of the city, a sense of identity not only full of complementarity and solidarity. Abstract limits in a sense, concrete in another, whose discussion goes beyond the scope and much of the argument of a thesis, always subject on the agenda in the current urban planning, the district first and foremost is the scale of everyday life, recognition of citizen´s living space. The definition of a neighborhood and the issues which defines it correspond to the central axis of this research.

Bairros não são mais que linhas no papel. Mas linhas plenas de significados que contêm, sobre o arcabouço físico-geográfico, diversas matrizes sócio-econômicas e histórico-culturais que os fazem únicos. Ainda mais esses dois conjuntos de bairros estudos de caso desta pesquisa, tão significativos recortes espaciais da Cidade do Recife, que ora até se confundem com a própria essência da Cidade, num sentido não só de identidade íntegra e plena, mas de complementaridade e solidariedade. Limites abstratos num sentido, concretíssimos em outro, cuja discussão extrapola, e muito, o âmbito de uma tese. Sempre tema da ordem do dia no planejamento urbano atual, o bairro antes de tudo é a escala do cotidiano, do (re) conhecimento do cidadão perante o espaço que habita. A definição de bairro e as questões que o definem e limitam correspondem ao eixo central deste estudo. / Districts no are more than lines in a paper. But lines full of meanings, which have at the physicgeographycal support many social-economical and historic-cultural nuances, that make them unicals. Moreover these two sets of neighborhoods that are case studies in this research, as significant special profiles of Recife, which even confused with the very essence of the city, a sense of identity not only full of complementarity and solidarity. Abstract limits in a sense, concrete in another, whose discussion goes beyond the scope and much of the argument of a thesis, always subject on the agenda in the current urban planning, the district first and foremost is the scale of everyday life, recognition of citizen´s living space. The definition of a neighborhood and the issues which defines it correspond to the central axis of this research.