In this study an analysis was made of the leadership structure of the community of Grahamstown. It was hypothesized that the leadership structure is pluralistic i.e. that leaders are divided along themselves on different issues. An historical and documentary analysis of various aspects of community life revealed that leaders were not united on almost all issues. An analysis of the voluntary associations in which the top leaders took an active part revealed great discrepancy in terms of orientation toward the community, society, and social exclusiveness. A schedule was administered to 90 leaders who were identified by the Cooperating- Informant Technique. Data. were collected about their background characteristics, attitudes toward certain local issues and their general ideological orientations. It was found that stands taken on local issues can best be interpreted in terms of ideological orientation. We conclude that local community leadership is pluralistic. In view of the relationship between local issues and the larger society, several selected problems merit further investigation.

Thesis ( M.A. (African languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / The study discovered that above mentioned situation has hardly changed English in the in the school under review is fill medium of instruction of the majority of learners,power of Afrikaans. A major recommendation of the study is that African languages should be introduced as medium of infraction for African language speakers in all former model school

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / Urbanisation is one among the pressing issues facing human kind today and with it large number of rural poor immigrated to cities, failed by economic growth to get formal employments, large number of the poor are now found in informal settlements around cities where abject poverty, unemployment and extreme hunger is concentrated. Urban Agriculture is viewed as one of the strategies the urban poor employs to cushion themselves from the hardships of poor economic conditions. In contrast, there is a view that urban agriculture exploits labour, generates below poverty incomes and land fetches higher prices in cities, as such providing scarce public resources to this practice is not of economic importance. The purpose of this study was to explore the impact of urban agriculture on poverty, more precisely on the contribution of the practice towards job creation, cash incomes and food security. To determine if, urban agriculture can become a potential avenue for local economic development in the informal settlements of Soweto. Descriptive and quantitative assessments of the variables of urban agriculture in the study area were attempted to validate whether urban agriculture can emerge as a substantial mechanism to eradicate poverty and bring forth a potential area for local economic development in the study area. A questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. In the study, some of the facts revealed were that large proportion of the practitioners of urban agriculture are women and few went pass the matric. Moreover, large proportion of the urban farmers were doing so to supplement food at home and surplus sold, on average generating below poverty incomes and no job opportunities were recorded. The study concluded by providing recommendations on how city municipalities, development scientists and policy administrators can ensure that Urban Agriculture is supported in order to offer a potential avenue for local economic development. Some of the recommendations proposed, to cite a few, are that bottlenecks that limit development of Urban Agriculture must be removed, such as policy biasness, especially to livestock production in the cities, provision of infrastructure, tenure system and access to credits to improve productivity of the practice. Provision of advisory service must be conducted in indigenous language to improve adoptability and comprehension to facilitate technological transfer.

For many decades, black rural women have been underprivileged, illiterate, with limited access to resources in general. They were not only faced with discrimination and segregation, both in organised labour markets and in informal sector employment, but they also had different legal rights regarding inheritance, land and credit. They got less education if any at all, lower pay, although they worked longer hours and had less access to professional training then men (Moser, 1993). For many years, development projects have been technical projects or construction projects focussing on construction work. Since the 1970s, possibilities for women participating in the planning, management and maintenance of development projects were broadened. In many of the projects, the project managers/planners would say that they have worked with the villages, leaders and committees, yet the majority of the time, they work with males living in the village. Women are usually targeted only for health education. More gender sensitive approach was shown in the 1980s, when women had several roles to play in matters of development (Syme, 1992: 6). In the past couple of years, South Africa has had a growing acceptance of a gender-focused approach to development. In accepting the gender-focused approach to development, the country went as far as creating a department of women, children and disabled to fight for the rights of women, children and the disabled. The country also signed a protocol of the SADC on gender and development. This protocol encompasses commitments made in all regional, global and continental instruments for achieving gender equality. It enhances these instruments by addressing gaps and setting specific, measurable targets where these do not already exist. The protocol advances gender equality by ensuring accountability by all SADC member states, as well as providing a forum for the sharing of best practices, peer support and review (SADC, 2008).

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / The 2010 FIFA World CupTM was hosted for the first time on the continent of Africa. The importance of understanding residents’ perceptions of such mega-events is key. Most studies that have previously been commissioned on residents’ perceptions have focused on the pre-event, with only a few focusing on what transpired post-event, as regards the legacy impacts associated with a mega sport event of that nature. This study focuses on the residents’ perceptions of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM in Port Elizabeth (one of the nine host cities of the 2010 tournament), with the view to compare pre- and post-event impacts. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were used in the study. The survey population of interest, included residents living within a two kilometre (2km) radius of the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium. The sample size (n=700) of questionnaires that was collected (with 350 each for pre- and post-event) was administered in face-to-face interviews that were conducted with the respondents. The results showed significant statistical differences and similarities between the pre- and post-event responses in relation to key socio-economic variables. Shifts in perceptions were noted in terms of comparing both event phases. Post-event, residents displayed a more positive perception of the impact of the event. The study recommends the need to develop legacy indicators to track, monitor and determine the long-term effects of the event. In addition the necessity for a longitudinal study that measures changes in perceptions over time is essential.

M.Phil. / While it is true that urban transport is a function of land use, it is equally true that land use is a function of urban transport. Any change in urban transport facilities changes the relative accessibility and hence the relative attraction of various land uses of every piece of land in a given area. Blumenfeld (1972, p. 140) feels that: "Transportation planning and city planning are not two different things but two sides of the same coin". According to several international sources the physical-spatial interrelation of urban transport and land use are totally ignored during the planning process. The short-term measures which have dominated urban transportation and land use planning have failed to appreciate long-term negative side-effects which, at later points in time, are perceived as current problems and again tackled with short-term solutions. This indicates a vicious circle which can only be broken if planners resolve to develop urban transport policies which are designed to reinforce desirable land use and development policies. In the long term it ls-the accessibility engendered by transport facilities which determine changes in the distribution of land use. Unfortunately in South Africa urban transport and land use planning appear to be concerned only with current perceptions of the transportation/land use problem such as congestion, delay, safety, movement, zoning and bulk regulations. Cameron (1977, p, 6) is of the following opinion: "Sadly the Driessen Report in South Africa has resulted in a transportation planning Act which, while appearing to offer scope for integrated planning, is being widely interpreted as a means to solve current problems, rather than as a means to really plan for the future". The object of this study is an attempt to determine within the physical-spatial dimension the interrelation of urban transport and land use with reference to Alberton. The methodology followed consists of a theoretical analysis of urban transportation and land use throughout the world. Thereafter the study area is described in order to marry the theory with the practice. An empirical investigation into the components of an urban structure, i.e, residential, industrial, business, administrative, open spaces and the transportation network, is followed by an analysis of the gathered information by means of a computer.

D.Phil. / The spatial distribution patterns of wholesale establishments on an intra-urban level is a neglected field of study. This is mainly due to the fact that various disciplines regard the wholesale establishment merely as an annexure to industrial land-uses. This study attempts to prove that wholesaling has its own distinct character and that it is indeed necessary to give more serious attention to the locational problem of wholesale establishments ...

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Arts University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the Degree of Master of Arts. / Thesis examines cultural expressions and community attachment, and their relation to each other, in the creation and maintenance of urban identity. In examining this, the thesis considers a number of key cultural forms in Sharpeville such as boxing, football, musicial performance, youth. gangs, and styles of dress. It argues that, conceptually, "community" is never static; rather it is a state of existence, a perception, for a grouping of people. At a given time they may consider themselves to be collectively part of or constitute a community; at another, their attachments may be to a different entity - the local neighbourhood, for example. The empirical data was derived mainly from primary sources although due to the historical time-period examined - namely 1943 to 1985 - there was some reference to secondary sources. The research involved mainly in-depth interviews and participant observation. By administering a questionnaire, "key" informants within the various cultural areas examined were identifed and interviewed at length, sometimes more than once. The thesis argues that "communities" only gain a sense of cohesion, "identity" and unity at certain specific historical moments; at other times the cultured focus within them may in fact express quite other meanings than those of "community" for their members. This identity is seen thus as both a product of the structural features which inform, influence and even dictate its direction as well as the responses and actions of the residents themselves, in shaping its outcome. / Andrew Chakane 2018

Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Cities and in particular, secondary cities are fast emerging as the dominant form of human settlement. Considering the anticipated growth in the population and the expected global economic growth, what role will cities play in addressing the core issues pertaining to sustainable development? Will cities be able to address these issues at all? Addressing the sustainability of cities is about focussing on addressing the key issues of form and function. These, coupled with the specific social interactions, the cultural and political actions, are the drivers that need to be harnessed, integrated and reworked if cities are to be sustainable in any way. Without a collective and concerted drive to make direct inputs into the three main drivers of a city; planning and design, the resource use and inputs and the social interactions within cities, no efforts to address the hope of leaving legacies of resources for future generations will be realised. If these efforts do not originate in, and grow out of cities, cities will not support, but rather undermine, any attempts at achieving sustainable development. There is an increasing realisation that the current approaches to development are not meeting the needs of the growing global populations and as such, new approaches need to be sought. The one key area where these new approaches hold potential is to attempt to seek ways to create sustainable communities, communities with equitable access to resources and where communities are designed to function in different ways. The town and outlying areas of the Grabouw region in the Western Cape provide a unique and extremely rare opportunity for implementing a wide range of Government policies that have been adopted at the National, Provincial and Local Government levels to give effect to the national commitment to sustainable development and the creation of sustainable communities. These policy commitments span social, environmental and economic policies. Grabouw is perfectly configured in both geographical and strategic terms to become a national model for ‘integrated sustainable development’ and to demonstrate in practice how the attainment of the concept of sustainable development and sustainable communities can be supported. The intention of the project proposal is to facilitate specific actions that would include the framing of a foundation that is the core discussion document for the engagement with the broader communities. The purpose of this document and supporting plan would be to facilitate the communities’ participation in the creation and design of the project that serves to transform the town of Grabouw, and the region, ultimately becoming a national model of sustainability with a community that is resilient and equitable, meeting their current needs fairly, but doing so in a manner that preserves resources for future generations of Grabouw residents and South Africans. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Stede, en sekondêre stede in die besonder, wen vinnig veld as die dominante vorm van menslike vestiging. Met inagneming van die verwagte groei in die bevolking en die verwagte globale ekonomiese groei, kan die vraag gestel word watter rol stede gaan speel om die kernvraagstukke met betrekking tot volhoubare ontwikkeling aan te spreek. Sal stede hoegenaamd daartoe in staat wees om hierdie vraagstukke aan te spreek? Van deurslaggewende belang vir die volhoubaarheid van stede is die fokus op die sleutelvraagstukke van vorm en funksie. Dit, gekoppel aan die spesifieke maatskaplike interaksies, die kulturele en politieke aksies, is die sleutelaandrywers wat ingespan, geïntegreer en herbeplan moet word om stede volhoubaar te hou. Sonder 'n kollektiewe en volgehoue plan om direkte insette te lewer in die drie sleutelaandrywers van 'n stad – beplanning en ontwerp; die gebruik van hulpbronne en insette; en die maatskaplike interaksies binne stede – sal daar niks kom van die wens om hulpbronne vir toekomstige nageslagte na te laat nie. As hierdie pogings nie in stede ontstaan en uit stede groei nie, sal stede nie daarin slaag om enige pogings tot volhoubare ontwikkeling te ondersteun nie, maar dit eerder kelder. Daar word toenemend besef dat die huidige benadering tot ontwikkeling nie in die behoeftes van die groeiende globale bevolkings voorsien nie en dat nuwe benaderings op die proef gestel moet word. Die een sleutelgebied waar 'n nuwe benadering belofte inhou, is om maniere te ondersoek om volhoubare gemeenskappe te skep – gemeenskappe met gelyke toegang tot hulpbronne en waar gemeenskappe ontwerp is om op verskillende maniere te funksioneer. Die dorp en distrik Grabouw in die Wes-Kaap bied 'n unieke en uiters seldsame geleentheid vir die implementering van breë nasionale, provinsiale en plaaslike regeringsbeleide om uitvoering te gee aan die nasionale verbintenis tot volhoubare ontwikkeling en die skepping van volhoubare gemeenskappe. Maatskaplike, omgewings- en ekonomiese beleide word in hierdie beleidsverbintenisse saamgesnoer. Grabouw is ideaal vanuit 'n geografiese sowel as strategiese oogpunt om 'n nasionale model te word vir 'geïntegreerde volhoubare ontwikkeling' en om prakties te demonstreer hoe volhoubare ontwikkeling en volhoubare gemeenskappe ondersteun kan word. Die oogmerk van die projekvoorstel is om spesifieke aksies te fasiliteer, soos die opstel van 'n kernbesprekingsdokument met as doelwit die betrekking van die breër gemeenskappe. Die doel van hierdie voorstel is die fasilitering van die gemeenskappe se deelname aan die skepping en ontwerp van die projek wat dien om die dorp en distrik Grabouw te transformeer tot 'n nasionale model van volhoubaarheid, met 'n gemeenskap wat kragtig en gelyk is, en waar in huidige behoeftes voorsien word, maar op so 'n manier dat hulpbronne vir toekomstige geslagte Grabouw-inwoners en Suid-Afrikaners bewaar word.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reliable and valid methods of studying needs of communities are an essential tool in the development of those communities. This study looks at different ways in which community needs could be assessed and uses two of those methods in assessing needs of the Langa community. The findings are that for a successful needs assessment, the key is, to identify a method or a combination of methods appropriate to the issues and to one's goals and resources, and implementing it well. Queeney (1995) states that one must always choose a technique that will give accurate results of the community being studied, and resources used should be cost-effective. Langa was chosen as a case study because of its diverse socia-economic structure. The type of housing that one occupies is indicative of the socioeconomic background of that person. The housing types found in Langa are shacks, hostels, public houses and private houses. The methods used in the Langa area for this study were the key informant approach and the survey approach. The key informant approach was used with community leaders in Langa while a survey was conducted with sampled dwelling units in the area. The reason for using the two methods was to get a more comprehensive picture of community needs in the area. Key informant approach Representatives of 10 of the 15 community organisations operating in the Langa area were interviewed. Priority needs for the community differed according to the organisation that key informants represented. Survey approach The total number of people interviewed using the survey approach was 425. Of the total number respondents living shacks, approximately 40% were in full time employment. In public housing, it was approximately 47% of the respondents. The private houses had by far the highest number of respondents in full time employment (73%) followed by hostels at 59%. The high number for private housing was not surprising considering that the occupants were mostly government employees. People in shacks did not have access to basic services. However, their first priority was housing. This was the same as the priority in the overcrowded migrant labour hostels. In public housing the priority need was jobs. Private housing dwellers mentioned housing for shack dwellers as their first priority. The close proximity of shack dwellers to private housing made private housing private housing dwellers aware of the conditions under which people in shacks live. Recommendations Most of the community organisation in the Langa area existed because of a need that was identified by the community. The priority needs cited by representatives of the various organisations were needed by the Langa community. In the survey approach housing and jobs were the main priorities. Priority needs raised by key informants as well as survey respondents need to be addressed urgently to ensure the development of the Langa community. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Betroubare en geldige tegnieke vir die bestudering van die behoeftes van gemeenskappe vorm In essensiële deel van die ontwikkeling van gemeenskappe. Hierdie studie ondersoek die verskillende wyses waarop gemeenskap behoeftes gemeet kan word en gebruik twee van hierdie metodes om behoeftes van die Langa gemeenskap te bepaal. Die bevindinge toon dat die belangrikste komponent vir In suksesvolle behoefte opname, die identififsering van In metode of kombinasie van metodes geskik vir die situasie is, as ook die suksesvolle implementering daarvan. Queeney (1995) stel dat die navorser altyd In tegniek moet kies wat akkurate bevindinge sal voortbring en ook koste-effektief is. Langa is gekies as In gevallestudie vanweë die diverse sosio-ekonomiese struktuur. Die tipe behuising van In okkupant is In indikator van die sosioekonomiese agtergrond van die individu. Die behuising tipes in Langa is tydelike wonings, hostelle, losieshuise as ook privaat wonings. Die metodes wat in Langa gebruik is vir hierdie studie is die sleutel informant metode as ook In opname. Die sleutel informant metode is gebruik met die gemeenskapsleiers terwyl In opname uitgevoer is in geselekteerde areas van Langa. In Kombinasie van metodes is gebruik om In meer omvattende beskrywing van die gemeenskapsbehoeftes in die omgewing te verskaf. Sleutel informant tegniek Daar is onderhoude gevoer met 10 verteenwoordigers van die 15 gemeenskapsorganisasies in Langa. Die prioritisering van behoeftes het gewissel afhangende van die organsisasie. Opname Daar is onderhoude gevoer met 425 persone tydens die opname. Naastenby 40% van die respondente woonagtig in tydelike behuising, het In voltydse betrekking. Vir respondente woonagtig in losieshuise was dit naastenby 47% van die respondente. Respondente in privaat wonings toon die hoogste persentasie respondente met 'n voltydse betrekking (73%) gevolg deur die hostel inwoners teen 59%. Die hoë persentasie vir privaat wonings is nie verbasend aangesien die inwoners meestal regerings amptenare is. Die inwoners van tydelike behuising het nie toegang tot basiese dienste nie. Hulle eerste prioriteit is dus behuising. Behuising is ook 'n prioriteit vir die inwoners van die oorbevolkte hostelle. In die publieke woning sector was die prioriteit behoefte werksgeleenthede. Die respondente in hierdie sector het ook aangetoon dat behuising vir die inwoners van tydelike behuising 'n prioriteit vir hulle is. Die nabyheid van die tydelike behusing het die inwoners van privaat wonings meer bewus gemaak van hulle omstandighede. Aanbevelings Die grootste gedeelte van die gemeenskapsorganisasie in Langa het ontwikkel uit 'n behoefte wat die gemeenskap geïdentifiseer is. Die bevindinge van die opname het getoon dat behuising en werksgeleenthede die hoofprioriteite is. Die belangrikste behoeftes wat in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer word moet dringend aangespreek word.