Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006 / The focus of this study is on the management and impacts of sport tourism events. The study specifically evaluates the Red Bull Big Wave Africa (RBBWA) event as a case study. RBBWA is a unique surfing event taking place at the heart of the community and in an environmentally sensitive area (Sentinel) which is part of the Cape Peninsula National Park. Of cognisance in this study is the stakeholders' involvement, perceptions, attitudes and an understanding of costs and benefits linked to the event. The study examines the involvement of stakeholders and cost and benefits associated with the event as providing a critical view on the management aspects of the event and what impacts are evident from different stakeholders' point of view. Stakeholders involved in this study include: participants, spectators, organisers, sponsors, established businesses, informal traders and residents. Research methods deployed in this study included questionnaires, direct observations and interviews, as an attempt to gain a broader perspective of the research topic. The study reveals that there is a greater need to look at the relationship between participants and spectatorship, a dire need for community involvement, current and possible event leveraging business opportunities for local businesses, environmental control and responsibility as critical aspects in understanding the management and impacts of the event. The study contends that involvement of all stakeholders in the organisation of the RBBWA event will result in a better management of the impacts associated with the event, provide a better sport tourism experience and contribute greatly to the development of a sustainable sport tourism event industry in South Africa.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2013 / The continent of Africa hosted the FIFA World Cup™ for the first time in 2010. The historical hosting of Africa‟s first mega-event by South Africa was deemed to be a key opportunity to initiate and promote socio-economic legacies for local South Africans. Therefore, the importance of examining visitor experiences and perceptions of the event cannot be overemphasised. The global struggle for competitive advantage, national reputation or nation branding is in recent times more and more significant as countries compete for attention, respect and trust of investors, tourists, consumers, donors, immigrants and media. Assessing visitors‟ experiences can contribute significantly to knowledge management and inform the planning of future events to leverage positive benefits while minimising the negative impacts. In this study, visitors‟ perceptions of the event are examined using Nelson Mandela Bay / Port Elizabeth (one of the nine [9] host cities for the 2010 event) as a case study. A spatially-based systematic sampling technique was used to interview visitors at fan parks and in the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium precinct during the 2010 FIFA World Cup™. Face-to-face interviews were conducted and in all, two thousand, two hundred and twenty-five (n=2225) visitors were interviewed. The key findings reveal that many of the visitors came from the key tourism source markets of South Africa (the United Kingdom [UK], Germany, the Netherlands, the United States of America [USA] and France), were men and had an average age of thirty three (33) years. They generally had positive perceptions about the hosting of the event and the quality of tourism facilities and services on offer during their stay in Nelson Mandela Bay / Port Elizabeth, and South Africa generally. Additionally, many visitors suggested that the hosting of the event in Nelson Mandela Bay / Port Elizabeth offered an opportunity to experience a different tourism destination, with potential for future repeat visitations. However, the city was found to be a poor responsible tourism destination and as not being a good value-for-money destination. During the event, the Nelson Mandela Bay / Port Elizabeth region arguably drew its biggest international crowd as it usually receives fewer international tourists when compared to other regions in South Africa. The study therefore underscores the need for local tourism authorities to devise strategies aimed at capitalising on the exposure garnered through the hosting of the event and at maximising the opportunity to tap into new tourism markets with a view to increasing international visitation in a province that is said to attract only five percent of South Africa‟s international visitors.

Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology / The 2010 FIFA World CupTM was hosted for the first time on the continent of Africa. The importance of understanding residents’ perceptions of such mega-events is key. Most studies that have previously been commissioned on residents’ perceptions have focused on the pre-event, with only a few focusing on what transpired post-event, as regards the legacy impacts associated with a mega sport event of that nature. This study focuses on the residents’ perceptions of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM in Port Elizabeth (one of the nine host cities of the 2010 tournament), with the view to compare pre- and post-event impacts. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection were used in the study. The survey population of interest, included residents living within a two kilometre (2km) radius of the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium. The sample size (n=700) of questionnaires that was collected (with 350 each for pre- and post-event) was administered in face-to-face interviews that were conducted with the respondents. The results showed significant statistical differences and similarities between the pre- and post-event responses in relation to key socio-economic variables. Shifts in perceptions were noted in terms of comparing both event phases. Post-event, residents displayed a more positive perception of the impact of the event. The study recommends the need to develop legacy indicators to track, monitor and determine the long-term effects of the event. In addition the necessity for a longitudinal study that measures changes in perceptions over time is essential.

Thesis (DTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management ))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / The relationship between sport and tourism is symbiotic and offers valued visitor experiences that aid sport tourism development. The growth of sport tourism justifies critical consideration, as sport is an important activity within tourism, while tourism is fundamentally associated with several types of sport. Sport and tourism have become significant economic activities in both the developed and the developing world. Sport tourism events is an essential category of sport tourism and because of their special characteristics, require particularly good organisation. Hence, the monitoring and evaluation of sport tourism events are integral to developing a sustainable sport tourism event industry in South Africa. The focus of this study was a comparative analysis of the management and socio-economic impacts of sport tourism events in Durban and Cape Town, utilising a case study approach. The study specifically evaluates the Comrades Marathon (CM), the Hansa Powerade Dusi Canoe Marathon (DCM), the Old Mutual Two Oceans Marathon (OMTOM) and the Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon (BR). Of importance in this study is stakeholders‟ involvement, perceptions, attitudes and understanding relating to the costs and benefits linked to the events. These particular events provided excellent case studies for comparative event impact analysis, as they are well-known sport tourism events, namely two running marathons and two canoe marathons that are held at popular tourist destinations. These case studies reflect a cross-section of experiences contrasting institutional dynamics, management issues, resident perceptions, sport event types as well as socio-economic and spatial contexts. As stakeholders have a direct influence on managerial decision making, a stakeholder analysis was undertaken. Stakeholders included individuals and organisations that were actively involved in the sport tourism events and whose interests may have been positively or negatively affected by the sport tourism event, viz. spectators, managers, sponsors, local government officials and residents. Due to the outdoor nature of the events, the movement of several people at spectator areas and along routes and the surveys being conducted face to face, a multistage, stratified, spatially-based purposive sampling method was used for spectators and residents. Two surveys were conducted at the events: a spectator questionnaire (n = 200 per event) and a service quality questionnaire (n = 100 per event). Spectators were approached while within the various spectator congregation points of each of the sport tourism events, whereas residents located within a 10-km radius of the sport tourism event route were surveyed (n = 200 per event) after the events. Structured key informant interviews were conducted with sponsors, managers and local government authorities.

Mini-dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2009 / Sport tourism events have grown in prominence globally. Governments increasingly include these activities into their development and tourism strategies. Notably, there are benefits and costs to hosting sport mega-events. The 2010 FIFA World Cup presents South Africa with tangible and intangible benefits. Communities are one of the most important stakeholders of events. Research investigating residents’ perceptions on impacts of mega-events, especially those residing closest to the event location are limited. This study examined Green Point residents’ perceptions of the 2010 FIFA World Cup and the impacts of the Green Point Stadium. The aim was to investigate the level of awareness, perceptions and attitudes of residents’ living within one kilometre of the Stadium using a spatially based stratified random sampling method. Interviewer completed questionnaires were administered and 344 responses from residents recorded. Findings reveal that residents have high levels of awareness about the event but more could be done to improve communication and the dissemination of information by stakeholders. Although, the stadium location was initially contested, the majority of residents favour the chosen site. Residents’ primary concern about South Africa hosting the event relate to crime, safety and security of visitors. Overall, residents have high expectations’ regarding social and economic impacts. Moreover, residents have positive attitudes towards the country hosting the mega-event and most believe that lasting legacies will be left for the nation. The findings encourage stakeholders to promote active community involvement and participation by using all communication methods available to regularly engage with residents to address and alleviate concerns about perceived negative impacts of the event and future events.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Events Management ))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / The importance of conducting resident perception studies into the phenomenon of mega sports events cannot be over-emphasised; as such studies provide a unique platform by means of which to gauge the perceptions and attitudes of host communities with regards to the impacts of mega-events. In the context of South Africa’s hosting of the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and regarding the perceived impacts of the event on host communities, a couple of studies have been undertaken within the Green Point suburb of Cape Town. As a continuum of such studies, the current study is undertaken with the objectives of ascertaining whether any adaptations have occurred three months before kick-off of the event, and to further provide a platform for post-event longitudinal studies. Furthermore, in cases where changes in perceptions were recorded, previous studies carried out within the same study area were reflected upon. The target population in the study involved residents living within a 2- kilometre radius of the Cape Town Stadium situated in Green Point. A total of 400 questionnaires were administered to residents using a spatially based stratified random sampling method. The focus of the study was to examine the perceptions and attitudes of Green Point residents towards the development of the Cape Town Stadium and potential impacts of the 2010 World Cup on their community. Key findings of the study revealed the profile of Green Point residents to be predominantly male, with an average age of 38.2 years.

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 1996. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sport organisations in the Western Cape are finding it increasingly difficult to survive. The major problem seem to be a lack of financial resources, but the financial position of any sport organisation is the culmination of a number of factors which directly or indirectly influence the financial status of these organisations. It is clear that sport organisations did not develop at the same pace as other business enterprises, with the result that they are still managed on an informal basis and, in many instances, by volunteers. It is therefore easy to realise why virtually no active marketing of sport organisations is currently being undertaken. It is absolutely necessary that sport organisations start applying the principles of the marketing science if they want to ensure their survival. A total transformation of the organisation might be required and the best way to face this possibility, is to undertake a process of strategic planning. The sport organisation will then be forced to look at all aspects of its operations in a scientific manner. Strategies should be devised in terms of each one of the elements of the marketing mix for sport organisations, namely the sport product, price, place, promotion and public relations. It is also clear that co-operation amongst sport organisations is vitally important in terms of the development of the sport industry. In addition, the appointment of professional marketing personnel will ensure the proper implementation of the sport organisation's marketing plan. The key marketing success factors for the marketing of sport are presented in order to provide sport organisations with guidelines which could be of assistance in the planning process. The relevance of these success factors will be determined in each case by the nature and extent of operations of the organisation. The implications of sport marketing for the promotion of tourism in the Western Cape are also considered. This is done primarily in the form of major sport events and its influence on the tourism industry. This study proposes various recommendations for sport marketing and sport tourism. The outstanding feature of these recommendations is the recognition of the need for an organisation to foster co-operation amongst sport organisations and also between the sport industry and the tourism industry. It is generally recognised that tourism in South Africa has potential for enormous growth over the next few years, In this regard, it is important to realise that sport has a unique role to play in the promotion of tourism in the -Western Cape. Sport organisations are seemingly not aware of their current and future contributions to tourism, with the result that there is a lack of interaction and co-operation between sport organisations and the tourism industry. This situation will have to be addressed in order to integrate sport into a tourism strategy for the region. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sportorganisasies in die Wes-Kaap vind dit al moeiliker om te oorleef, hoofsaaklik om finansiele oorwegings. Die finansiele posisie van enige sportorganisasie is die resultaat van die direkte of indirekte invloed van ' n aantal faktore op die finansiele status van sodanige organisasies. Dit is duidelik dat sportorganisasies nie teen dieselfde pas ontwikkel het as ander sake-ondernemings nie, met die gevolg dat hierdie organisasies steeds op 'n informele basis en deur vrywilligers bestuur word. Dit is dus duidelik waarom daar huidiglik byna geen aktiewe bemarking van sportorganisasies plaasvind nie. Dit is absoluut noodsaaklik dat sportorganisasies die beginsels van bemarking op 'n wetenskaplike basis toepas om sodoende hul oorlewing te verseker. Dit mag 'n totale transformasie van die organisasie vereis en die beste manier om hierdie moontlikheid te aanvaar is om 'n proses van strategiese beplanning te onderneem. Die sportorganisasie sal dan verplig word om wetenskaplik na alle aspekte van sy bedrywighede te kyk. Strategie moet dan ontwikkel word in terme van elkeen van die elemente van die bemarkingsmengsel vir sportorganisasies, naamlik die sportproduk, prys, plek, promosie en eksterne betrekkinge. Dit is ook duidelik dat samewerking tussen sportorganisasies uiters belangrik is in terme van die ontwikkeling van die sportbedryf. Daarbenewens sal die aanstelling van professionele bemarkingspersoneel die korrekte implementering van die sportorganisasie se bemarkingsplan verseker. Die belangrikste faktore wat die behoorlike bemarking van sport sal verseker word voorgestel om sodoende riglyne, wat waardevol in die beplanningsproses kan wees, aan sportorganisasies te verskaf. Die toepaslikheid van hierdie faktore word in elke geval bepaal deur die aard en omvang van die bedrywighede van die organisasie. Die implikasies van die bemarking van sport vir toerisme in die Wes-Kaap word ook in oenskou geneem. Dit word hoofsaaklik gedoen na aanleiding van die invloed van groot sportgebeurtenisse op die toerismebedryf. Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat toerisme in Suid-Afrika groot potensiaal vir groei in die volgende jare inhou. In hierdie verband is dit belangrik om te besef dat sport 'n unieke rol het om te speel in die bevordering van toerisme in die Wes-Kaap. Sportorganisasies skyn nie bewus te wees van hul huidige en toekomstige bydraes tot toerisme nie, met die gevolg dat daar 'n gebrek aan interaksie en samewerking tussen sportorganisasies en die toerismebedryf bestaan. Hierdie studie maak sekere aanbevelings ten opsigte van die bemarking van sport en die invloed van sport op toerisme. Die uitstaande kenmerk van hierdie aanbevelings is die besef dat daar 'n behoefte bestaan aan 'n organisasie wat samewerking tussen sportorganisasies, asook tussen die sportbedryf en die toerismebedryf , sal verseker.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. / Sport mega-events are a powerful tool for branding nations. There has been a significant shift in countries that bid for and win the rights to host sport mega-events. Historically, Western countries used to be leaders in winning rights to host such events; however a new emerging trend has seen developing countries winning the rights ahead of developed ones, for example, South Africa, Brazil and Russia winning the rights to host the FIFA World CupTM. South Africa faced a serious branding challenge leading up to the 2010 FIFA World CupTM. Therefore, one of the primary objectives of hosting this tournament was to change international tourists’ perceptions of South Africa. There has been limited research on the brand legacies of the 2010 FIFA World CupTM, hence this research examined the brand image legacies of the tournament in the long run. It is believed that the football fans who attended the 2016 UEFA European Championship either visited South Africa during the 2010 FIFA World CupTM or watched the tournament on television (TV) at home, therefore they have certain perceptions of South Africa as a sport tourism destination. A quantitative methodology was employed to survey football tourists at fan parks and stadium precincts in five metropolitan cities in France during the 2016 UEFA European Championship, using a spatially based systematic sampling technique. In total 391 football tourist questionnaires were completed. The key findings reveal that prior to the 2010 FIFA World CupTM, football tourists’ perceptions of South Africa as a sport tourism destination were generally positive; however they indicated that they were very concerned about safety and security, as well as segregation issues, prior to the tournament. It can be argued that the tournament had a significant impact on reinforcing the positive perceptions of the destination as well as reducing the negative perceptions of the destination. The findings reveal statistically significant differences in most aspects between tourists’ perceptions prior to, and six years after, the 2010 FIFA World CupTM. Tourists’ perceptions on most aspects changed positively six years after the event, including those that were major concerns prior to the tournament. The findings also show that there has been very little repeat visitation to South Africa since South Africa hosted the 2010 FIFA Word CupTM. However, an overwhelming majority of respondents indicated that they were willing to travel to South Africa should it host another sport mega-event in the near future. The key findings of this study have a wider applicability to sport mega-events legacy research and body of knowledge. These key findings can assist destination marketers in managing the destination image and foster a greater understanding of brand image legacies of past mega-events in order to inform the bidding and hosting of future sport mega-events.

M. Tech. Business Administration / Sport tourism events in recent years have become one of the fastest-growing types of tourism attractions globally. For the aim of this study, it is important to understand spending patterns, socio-economic characteristics and activities that relate to the sport tourist to have a greater understanding of the impact of these events on the host community. The sport tourism event spectator is a consumer who, through a process of decision making, obtains certain goods and services from the sport tourism event for personal consumption. Sport tourism event leverage begins by encouraging visitor spending and by retaining visitor expenditure within the host community, which can be achieved by fostering spending during the sport tourism event and by lengthening visitor stays The purpose of this research study was to determine the spending patterns and expectations of sport tourism event spectators. This research study was exploratory to determine spectator spending patterns, demands and possible economic impacts that a sport event being hosted at Loftus Versveld will have on shareholders involved.

Thesis (MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Tourism is regarded as the world’s largest industry. The various contributions the industry can make towards the global economy and towards creating employment has been acknowledged. In South Africa, sport has been used as a method of nation building and a way of building the country’s national prestige since its re-entry into the global community. The two sectors, tourism and sports, accompany with them the potential to create employment and generate economic spin-offs, as well as enhancing the quality of life for citizens. In light of the many benefits that sport and tourism can generate, South Africa has attempted to host and participate in numerous sports events. Since the end of apartheid, it has hosted several international sporting events, which include the Rugby World Cup in 1995 and the Cricket World Cup in 2003 as well as continental sporting events such as the Africa Cup of Nations in 1996. South Africa has also hosted international events of a smaller degree, which include the Presidents Cup 2003, held in George in the Western Cape. Golf tourism in the Garden Route in particular has escalated to a large degree. Some of the top golf courses can be found there and thus the Western Cape province is closely linked to the golf industry. The main focus of this study is to explore the impact that the Presidents Cup had on the town of George, its community members as well as its contribution towards the tourism industry. It attempts to investigate whether the event generated economic spin offs and whether it has resulted in development for the town and its people. Through a series of face- to- face interviews, the study explores what the perceptions are among key stakeholders in the community concerning the economic and other spin offs. One of the key findings is that the event has contributed to the escalation of various new golf estates in and around George and these has left community members disgruntled. This has resulted in provincial government placing a moratorium on any further development of golf estates along the Garden Route. It has also amounted to property values rising, making it difficult for the locals to afford proper housing. In an attempt to adequately address the issues that have been raised and to preserve and maintain the natural environment for future generations, it is the contention of this study that sustainable development is pivotal. If implemented in a proper way it can have far reaching benefits for all.