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An overview of asset allocation processes and their importance in portfolio managementGantz, Frederick Albrecht 04 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Rapid development of asset pricing models, asset return prediction models,
information technologies, and the integration and globalisation of world
economic markets, require the investor to have a fundamental understanding
of the role of asset allocation (diversification) and the various strategies
available in achieving investor's risk and return objectives.
Assets are allocated across different asset classes in an attempt to optimise the
combination of investment returns and investment risk. In this way your
investment will not be subject to the volatility of anyone asset class alone. It
is important to note that the movements of one class of assets (stocks, bonds or
cash) may be somewhat offset by the non-correlated movement of a different
class of assets. The intent of asset allocation is not necessarily to increase
return as much as it is to fmd the accepted rate of return, while simultaneously
reducing risk or maintaining it at a predefined level.
This study explores the underlying theories concerning the relative importance
of asset allocation in determining portfolio performance, and the three primary
asset allocation strategies available. It also discusses relevant theory of how
the predictability of asset returns and the investment horizon of a portfolio can
have an impact on which asset allocation strategy to utilize in achieving the
necessary risk and return objectives of the investor. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die toenemende ontwikkeling van bate prys modelle, modelle wat die
opbrengs van bates vooruitskat, informasie tegnologie, asook die integrasie en
globalisering van internasionale ekonomiese markte, vereis dat die
investeerder 'n omvangryke kennis moet beskik oor die rol van bate allokasie
(diversifisering) en die verskillende strategië beskikbaar tot die bereiking van
investeerder risiko en opbrengs doelwitte.
Bates word geallokeer tussen verskillende bate kategorieë (aandele, effekte of
kontant) in die poging om die kombinasie tussen belegging opbrengste en
belegging risiko te optimaliseer. Sodoende word die belegging nie blootgestel
aan die onbestendigheid van slegs een bate kategorie nie. Daar moet gelet
word dat die beweging van een kategorie van bates (aandele, effekte of
kontant) teengewerk kan word deur die nie-korrelerende beweging van 'n
ander kategorie van bates. Die voorneming van bate allokasie is nie
noodwendig die toename van opbrengste nie. Daar word gestreef na die
bereiking van 'n aanvaarbare opbrengskoers, terwyl risiko verminder word of
volhou word op 'n voorafbepaalde vlak.
Hierdie studie ondersoek die onderliggende teorieë rakende die relatiewe
belangrikheid van bate allokasie om portefuelje opbrengste te kan bepaal,
asook die drie primêre bate allokasie strategieë beskikbaar. Relevante teorie
word bespreek, betreffende die vooruitskatting van bate opbrengste en die
horison van 'n portefuelje, asook die impak wat beide het op die keuse van 'n
geskikte bate allokasie strategie, om sodoende aan die nodige risiko en
opbrengs doelwitte van die investeerder te kan voldoen.
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The importance of branding in the low cost retail industryJäckel, Michelle 03 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MEcon)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The field study reported here examined the importance of branding in the low cost retail industry.
Two low cost retailers were identified, who sell boys grey school trousers. The one retailer sells
the trousers with a brand name, while the other doesn't sell the grey school trousers with a brand
name. Sales volumes of both retailers were drawn for a certain period and questionnaires were
developed and sent to the different shops to be completed by the customers to determine how
important brands were to them. The results of the research indicated that the retailer selling grey
school trousers with a brand name sold more units than the retailer selling the grey school
trousers without a brand name. Furthermore, the customers indicated that they would buy grey
school trousers with a brand name rather than buying grey school trousers without a brand name, / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing wat hier gerapporteer word, ondersoek die belangrikheid van handelsmerke in die
lae-koste kleinhandel industrie. Twee lae-koste kleinhandelaars is geidentifiseer wat grys skool
langbroeke vir seuns verkoop. Die een kleinhandelaar verkoop die grys skoollangbroek met 'n
handelsnaam, terwyl die ander kleinhandelaar nie die broek met 'n handelsnaam verkoop nie.
Verkoopsvolume data vir 'n sekere periode is van beide kleinhandelaars getrek en vraelyste is
ontwikkel en na die winkels gestuur. Die klient moes die vraelys voltooi om te bepaal hoe
belangrik handelsmerke vir die klient is. Die resultate van die studie het daarop gedui dat die
kleinhandelaar wat die grys skool langbroek met die handelsmerk verkoop, meer eenhede
verkoop het as die kleinhandelaar wat die grys skool langbroek sonder handelsmerk verkoop.
Verder het die klient aangedui dat die grys skool langbroek met 'n handelsnaam eerder gekoop
sal word as 'n grys skoollangbroek sonder handelsmerk.
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Sport marketing in the Western Cape with specific reference to the implications for tourismVan Der Heever, Ivan Charles 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 1996. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sport organisations in the Western Cape are finding it
increasingly difficult to survive. The major problem seem to
be a lack of financial resources, but the financial position
of any sport organisation is the culmination of a number of
factors which directly or indirectly influence the financial
status of these organisations.
It is clear that sport organisations did not develop at the
same pace as other business enterprises, with the result that
they are still managed on an informal basis and, in many
instances, by volunteers. It is therefore easy to realise why
virtually no active marketing of sport organisations is
currently being undertaken. It is absolutely necessary that
sport organisations start applying the principles of the
marketing science if they want to ensure their survival. A
total transformation of the organisation might be required and
the best way to face this possibility, is to undertake a
process of strategic planning.
The sport organisation will then be forced to look at all
aspects of its operations in a scientific manner. Strategies
should be devised in terms of each one of the elements of the
marketing mix for sport organisations, namely the sport
product, price, place, promotion and public relations.
It is also clear that co-operation amongst sport organisations
is vitally important in terms of the development of the sport
industry. In addition, the appointment of professional
marketing personnel will ensure the proper implementation of
the sport organisation's marketing plan.
The key marketing success factors for the marketing of sport
are presented in order to provide sport organisations with
guidelines which could be of assistance in the planning
process. The relevance of these success factors will be
determined in each case by the nature and extent of operations
of the organisation.
The implications of sport marketing for the promotion of
tourism in the Western Cape are also considered. This is done
primarily in the form of major sport events and its influence
on the tourism industry.
This study proposes various recommendations for sport
marketing and sport tourism. The outstanding feature of these
recommendations is the recognition of the need for an
organisation to foster co-operation amongst sport
organisations and also between the sport industry and the
tourism industry.
It is generally recognised that tourism in South Africa has
potential for enormous growth over the next few years, In
this regard, it is important to realise that sport has a
unique role to play in the promotion of tourism in the -Western
Cape. Sport organisations are seemingly not aware of their
current and future contributions to tourism, with the result
that there is a lack of interaction and co-operation between
sport organisations and the tourism industry. This situation
will have to be addressed in order to integrate sport into a
tourism strategy for the region. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sportorganisasies in die Wes-Kaap vind dit al moeiliker om te
oorleef, hoofsaaklik om finansiele oorwegings. Die finansiele posisie van enige sportorganisasie is die resultaat van die
direkte of indirekte invloed van ' n aantal faktore op die
finansiele status van sodanige organisasies.
Dit is duidelik dat sportorganisasies nie teen dieselfde pas
ontwikkel het as ander sake-ondernemings nie, met die gevolg
dat hierdie organisasies steeds op 'n informele basis en deur
vrywilligers bestuur word. Dit is dus duidelik waarom daar
huidiglik byna geen aktiewe bemarking van sportorganisasies
plaasvind nie. Dit is absoluut noodsaaklik dat
sportorganisasies die beginsels van bemarking op 'n wetenskaplike basis toepas om sodoende hul oorlewing te
verseker. Dit mag 'n totale transformasie van die organisasie
vereis en die beste manier om hierdie moontlikheid te aanvaar
is om 'n proses van strategiese beplanning te onderneem.
Die sportorganisasie sal dan verplig word om wetenskaplik na
alle aspekte van sy bedrywighede te kyk. Strategie moet dan
ontwikkel word in terme van elkeen van die elemente van die
bemarkingsmengsel vir sportorganisasies, naamlik die
sportproduk, prys, plek, promosie en eksterne betrekkinge.
Dit is ook duidelik dat samewerking tussen sportorganisasies
uiters belangrik is in terme van die ontwikkeling van die
sportbedryf. Daarbenewens sal die aanstelling van
professionele bemarkingspersoneel die korrekte implementering
van die sportorganisasie se bemarkingsplan verseker.
Die belangrikste faktore wat die behoorlike bemarking van
sport sal verseker word voorgestel om sodoende riglyne, wat
waardevol in die beplanningsproses kan wees, aan
sportorganisasies te verskaf. Die toepaslikheid van hierdie
faktore word in elke geval bepaal deur die aard en omvang van
die bedrywighede van die organisasie.
Die implikasies van die bemarking van sport vir toerisme in
die Wes-Kaap word ook in oenskou geneem. Dit word hoofsaaklik
gedoen na aanleiding van die invloed van groot
sportgebeurtenisse op die toerismebedryf.
Daar word algemeen aanvaar dat toerisme in Suid-Afrika groot
potensiaal vir groei in die volgende jare inhou. In hierdie
verband is dit belangrik om te besef dat sport 'n unieke rol
het om te speel in die bevordering van toerisme in die Wes-Kaap.
Sportorganisasies skyn nie bewus te wees van hul
huidige en toekomstige bydraes tot toerisme nie, met die
gevolg dat daar 'n gebrek aan interaksie en samewerking tussen
sportorganisasies en die toerismebedryf bestaan. Hierdie studie maak sekere aanbevelings ten opsigte van die
bemarking van sport en die invloed van sport op toerisme. Die
uitstaande kenmerk van hierdie aanbevelings is die besef dat
daar 'n behoefte bestaan aan 'n organisasie wat samewerking
tussen sportorganisasies, asook tussen die sportbedryf en die
toerismebedryf , sal verseker.
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Determining a method to measure the capital intensity for enterprises listed in the industrial sector of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange for the period 1989 to 1996Erasmus, Petrus Daniel 04 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A definite need exists for a measure which can be used to determine the degree of capital
intensity of an enterprise. One of the main reasons why it is important to determine if an
enterprise is capital or labour intensive is that the two types of enterprises react to
changes in the economic environment in different ways. Some changes in the economic
factors will have a totally different effect on a capital intensive enterprise than they would
have on a labour intensive one. The degree of capital intensity of an enterprise can
therefore be used to predict how it will react to economic changes, and it is therefore a
valuable source of information for financial decision-making.
The measurement of capital intensity, however, presents a major problem. A large
number of different measures have been developed and used in the literature. These
measures include the measures of total assets to revenue; property, plant and equipment
to revenue; property, plant and equipment to total assets; depreciation as a percentage of
revenue; as well as property, plant and equipment per employee. A number of measures
are also based on value added figures, and these include salaries to revenue; value added
per employee; property, plant and equipment to value added; and salaries to value added.
In the literature most researchers provide no or little justification for their preferred
measure of capital intensity.
The main objective of the study is to determine an appropriate method to measure capital
intensity. For this purpose the above-mentioned measures, which are generally used to
determine capital intensity, are considered critically and evaluated by classifying
enterprises listed in the Industrial Sector of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange during the
period 1989 to 1996. During this period the South African economy experienced a
decline, followed by an upswing in the economic cycle. Principal component analyses (PCA) are used to analyse the data. These analyses are
carried out for each year separately as well as for the period as a whole. Biplots are used
to provide a multidimensional graphic representation of the results.
The results indicate that the five traditional measures of capital intensity which are not
based on value added figures are all suitable to use as measures of capital intensity. Only
one of the measures based on value added figures, however, are able to indicate capital
intensity. The five traditional measures of capital intensity which are not based on value
added figures, as well as the measure property, plant and equipment to value added, are
therefore included in the principal component analyses. The principal component scores
obtained from the first principal component are proposed as a composite measure of
capital intensity. These principal component scores represent a linear combination of the
six measures of capital intensity. The relative contributions of the various measures to
this composite measure are also investigated, and it is found that all six the measures
provide an important contribution. The results indicate that a number of enterprises listed
in the Stores and Food sectors are relatively less capital intensive, while enterprises listed
in the Building and Construction, Engineering, Steel and Allied, and Electronics sectors
are relatively capital intensive. A visual evaluation of the results indicates that the
proposed method IS able to distinguish between capital and less capital intensive
enterprises.
The results of the study provide researchers with a more efficient way of measuring
capital intensity, and can be used to provide more information about the effect of changes
in the economic cycle on the expected financial performance of enterprises. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Duidelike behoefte bestaan VIr 'n maatstaf wat gebruik kan word om die
kapitaalintensiteit van 'n onderneming te bepaal. Een van die vernaamste redes waarom
dit belangrik is om te bepaal of 'n onderneming kapitaal- of arbeidsintensief is, is die
verskillende wyses waarop die twee tipes ondernemings gedurende 'n verandering in die
ekonomiese siklus reageer. Sommige veranderinge in die ekonomiese faktore sal die
teenoorgestelde effek op 'n kapitaalintensiewe onderneming hê as wat dit op 'n
arbeidsintensiewe onderneming mag hê. 'n Onderneming se graad van kapitaalintensiteit
kan dus gebruik word om te voorspel hoe die onderneming op ekonomiese veranderinge
sal reageer, en is dus 'n belangrike bron van inligting by finansiële besluitneming.
Die meting van kapitaalintensiteit is egter 'n belangrike probleem. 'n Groot aantal
verskillende maatstawwe van kapitaalintensiteit is ontwikkel en word algemeen in die
literatuur gebruik. Hierdie maatstawwe sluit totale bates tot inkomste; eiendom, aanleg
en toerusting tot inkomste; eiendom, aanleg en toerusting tot totale bates; depresiasie as
'n persentasie van inkomste; asook eiendom, aanleg en toerusting tot aantal werknemers
in. 'n Aantal maatstawwe wat op waarde toegevoeg gebaseer is, is ook ontwikkel, en sluit
die maatstawwe salarisse tot inkomste; waarde toegevoeg per werknemer; eiendom,
aanleg en toerusting tot waarde toegevoeg; asook salarisse tot waarde toegevoeg in. In
die literatuur verskaf die meeste navorsers min of geen motivering vir die spesifieke
maatstaf wat hul voorkeur geniet nie.
Die primêre doelstelling van die studie is om 'n geskikte metode te vind om
kapitaalintensiteit te meet. Ten einde hierdie doelstelling te bereik, word die
bogenoemde maatstawwe, wat algemeen gebruik word as maatstawwe van
kapitaalintensiteit, krities ondersoek en geëvalueer deur ondernemings wat genoteer is in
die Industriële Sektor van die Johannesburgse Aandelebeurs gedurende die periode 1989
tot 1996 te klassifiseer. Gedurende hierdie periode het die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie 'n
afname, gevolg deur 'n opswaai in die ekonomiese siklus beleef. Hoofkomponent analises word gebruik om die verskillende maatstawwe te evalueer. Die
analises word individueel uitgevoer vir elke jaar, sowel as vir die periode as 'n geheel.
Bi-stippings word gebruik om 'n meerdimensionele grafiese voorstelling van die resultate
te verskaf.
Die resultate toon dat die vyf tradisionele maatstawwe van kapitaalintensiteit wat nie op
waarde toegevoeg gebaseer is nie almal geskik is om as maatstawwe van
kapitaalintensiteit gebruik te word. Slegs een van die maatstawwe wat op waarde
toegevoeg gebaseer is, is egter in staat om kapitaalintensiteit aan te toon. Die vyf
tradisionele maatstawwe van kapitaalintensiteit, sowel as die maatstaf eiendom, aanleg en
toerusting tot waarde toegevoeg, word derhalwe ingesluit in die hoofkomponent analises,
en die hoofkomponenttellings wat verkry word uit die eerste hoofkomponent word as 'n
saamgestelde maatstaf van kapitaalintensiteit voorgestel. Hierdie hoofkomponenttellings
verteenwoordig 'n liniëre kombinasie van die ses maatstawwe van kapitaalintensiteit.
Die relatiewe bydraes van die verskillende maatstawwe tot die saamgestelde maatstaf
word ook ondersoek. Die resultate dui aan dat 'n aantalondernemings wat in die
Winkels en Voedsel sektore genoteer is relatief minder kapitaalintensief is, terwyl
ondernemings wat in die Boubedryf, Ingenieurswese, Staal en Bedrywe, asook die
Elektronika sektore genoteer is, relatief kapitaalintensief is. 'n Visuele evaluasie van die
resultate toon aan dat die voorgestelde maatstaf in staat is om tussen kapitaalintensiewe
en minder kapitaalintensiewe ondernemings te onderskei.
Die resultate van die studie stel navorsers in staat om 'n meer effektiewe meting van
kapitaalintensiteit te verkry, en kan ook meer inligting verskaf oor die invloed van
veranderinge in die ekonomiese siklus op die verwagte finansiële prestasie van
ondernemings.
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The role of sponsorship marketing in the integrated marketing communication programme with reference to the German insurance company Cosmos DirektJantzen, Elke Simone 12 1900 (has links)
Assignment (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sponsorship marketing, as part of the integrated marketing communication programme, is a
relatively new field of application. There is still a lack of research in many areas of this field,
especially in respect of the measurement of the effectiveness of this communication
instrument. Although its roots could be traced back to ancient Greece, substantial growth and
development in the field of sponsorship marketing have taken place over the past three
decades. More recently the concentration of sponsored events has moved away from sports
and has been divided between a number of other areas, notably art and entertainment and also
charity events. With the increase in sponsorships, an increase in literary research has also been
detected.
The analysis of the sponsorship strategy of a German insurance company - Cosmos Direkt -
has shown that in practice many companies are still not fully exploiting the potential of their
sponsorships. This became even more obvious when it was compared to the approach to
sponsorships of some of South Africa's largest insurance companies. The comparison
indicated that some of the insurance companies had achieved satisfaction with their
sponsorship, while others were still battling to establish the right formula for success.
The inconsistency of the success of sponsorships could often be ascribed to a large number of
companies being uncertain about sponsorships and reluctant to fully integrate these into their
marketing strategies. Sponsorships could only be effective when they are supported by other
marketing communication tools, rather than being viewed as a completely separate activity.
Sponsorships should be used in synergy with the other communication instruments, so that the
company may project a uniform message to its customers and the public. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Borgskappe, as deel van 'n geïntegreerde bemarkingskommunikasie, is 'n redelike nuwe veld
van aanwending. Navorsing in baie gebiede van hierdie veld is nog uitstaande, veral waar die
meting van hierdie kommunikasie-instrument van belang is. Oor die afgelope drie dekades het
wesenlike groei en ontwikkelinge op die gebied van borgskappe plaasgevind, alhoewel die
oorsprong teruggevolg kan word tot na die antieke Grieke. Meer onlangs het die fokus van
geborgde gebeurtenisse wegbeweeg van sport af en is nou meer versprei oor 'n aantal ander
gebiede, byvoorbeeld kuns en vermaak, asook liefdadigheidsorganisasies. Met die toename
van borgskappe het daar ook 'n toename in literêre navorsing plaasgevind.
Die analise van die borgskapstrategie deur 'n Duitse versekeringsmaatskappy - Cosmos
Direkt - het aangetoon dat baie maatskappye in die praktyk nog nie die volle potensiaal van
hul borgskappe benut nie. Hierdie bevinding is bevestig nadat dit met die benadering tot
borgskappe van verskeie Suid-Afrikaanse versekeringsmaatskappye vergelyk is. Die
vergelyking het aangetoon dat sommige versekeringsmaatskappye tevredenheid met hulle
borgskappe bereik het, terwyl ander nog steeds op soek was na die regte formule vir sukses.
Die teenstrydigheid ten opsigte van die sukses van borgskappe is dikwels die gevolg van
maatskappye w~t onseker is oor hulle borgskappe en huiwerig is om dit ten volle met hulle
bemarkingstrategieë te integreer. Borgskappe kan egter net effektief wees wanneer hulle
ondersteun word deur ander bemarkingskommunikasie-instrumente, en nie as iets heeltemal
afsonderliks beskou word nie. Borgskappe behoort in sinergie met die ander
bemarkingskommunikasie-instrumente gebruik te word sodat 'n maatskappy 'n eenvormige
boodskap aan sy klante en die publiek sal stuur.
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