Over the course of the nineteenth century, while many towns and cities grew at a remarkable rate, interest in architectural design, planning, and the quality of urban landscapes also increased. By the close of the century a number of associations had been established that were concerned with promoting the care of ancient buildings, the protection of open spaces, or the quality of future urban growth. During the twentieth century associational activity concerned with the quality of urban space has proliferated. Many, if not most, towns and cities in Britain have an organized body dedicated to campaigning and acting for the interests of local identity, development and heritage. Sometimes these are called Preservation Trusts (as in St Andrews or Cambridge), sometimes they are simply named after the city to which they belong (The London Society or The Warwick Society), most commonly they are known as Civic Societies. Regardless of name, they share key objectives: the promotion of high standards in planning and architecture; the preservation of historically or aesthetically significant buildings; the education of the public in the history, geography, and architecture of the local environment. In the early twentieth century these organizations provided a focus for discussions about the nature of urban space and approaches to shaping the development of towns and cities. They brought together a range of individuals, including planners, architects, reformers, academics, artists and politicians, who shared a concern for the landscape of Britain’s cities. Through their discussions and activities emerged an approach to urban development that emphasised socio-scientific methods and ideas in combination with an argument about the affective bonds that connect individuals to a place. The approach was often called civics and the agenda pressed forward by civic associations and their members forms the focus for this study. This work explores the continuities between philanthropic experiment in the later nineteenth century and the civic movement of the twentieth century by demonstrating the connections between earlier and later activities, and emphasising the continued involvement of a number of key individuals and families. It makes a contribution to understanding professional development in the fields of planning, architecture and urban studies. Key figures in the history of British planning, such as Patrick Abercrombie, Raymond Unwin and George Pepler, formed their early professional networks through civic groups, while architects including Charles Reilly and Aston Webb developed their collaborations through their involvement with the civic movement. Furthermore, individuals whose role in British urban sociology, most notably Patrick Geddes, has influenced the ways in which we study our urban areas first promoted their ideas and methods through the network of civic associations that developed over the course of early twentieth century. Through the analysis this thesis draws in theoretically informed questions. Firstly these relate to the role of voluntary associations and networks in structuring the development of professions, circulating their bodies of specialist knowledge and securing wider participation in urban policy. Secondly, the thesis considers the manner in which spaces come to hold the meaning and memories of particular groups, the significance and power of representations of place and the emerging tradition of spatial history that privileges the micro-processes through which places are created and sustained.

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This study is an urban history of Denver, Colorado, viewed through the lens of its constantly evolving physical, political, cultural and economic relationship with its mountain hinterland. From the town's early years as a 19th century mining and ranching depot to its 20th century emergence as a hub of tourism and technology, that relationship informs every aspect of the city's urban, cultural and environmental history. This study seeks, first, to analyze Denver's historical appropriation and utilization of its mountain hinterland, whether for water, wealth, recreation and cultural identity. Second, it highlights how access to and control over the Rocky Mountain hinterland shaped Denver's evolving political, class and racial landscapes throughout the city's history. Integrating the methodologies of environmental, urban, and social history, it demonstrates how different social groups competed for access, control, and the ability to vii assign value to the mountain hinterland. Every Denverite in the city's history, regardless of station, has lived within the context of this tense and constantly changing relationship. Since the city's founding, that relationship has been the constant object of human agency, accommodation, and change, and in it can be read the story of Denver itself.

The consumption of LSD and similar psychedelic drugs in New York City led to a great deal of cultural innovations that formed a unique psychedelic subculture from the early 1960s onwards. Historians and other commentators have offered conflicting views on this phenomenon by using either an epidemiological approach or by giving drug users more agency. The present study sides with the latter category to offer a new social history of LSD, but problematizes this topic in a sophisticated way by understanding psychedelic drug use as a social fact that in turn produces meaning for its consumers. It analyses the multiple cultural features of psychedelia through the lenses of politics, science, religion, and art, but also looks at the utopian and radical off-shoots of that subculture. To balance this thematic approach, it historicises the subculture by analysing its early days and discussing its origins, and then by pointing to the factors that led to its metamorphosis towards the end of the 1960s. In order to give LSD consumers a clearer voice, this dissertation is based on memoirs, correspondence and interviews that are used to balance press coverage gleaned from archival collections. With this wide array of primary sources supplemented by up-to-date secondary literature, it argues that the use of LSD and psychedelics led to a rich subculture that can be explained by the inherent complexity of the psychedelic experience. In turn, the plurality of opinions regarding the meaning and purposes of the experience led to tensions and polarisations within the large subculture, as well as with other drug subcultures and outsiders leery of illicit drug use. In doing so, this dissertation contributes to the social history of illicit substance consumption and adds to the fields of urban history and the history of subcultures, and makes a case for understanding LSD and psychedelics as a unique category of forbidden drugs that differ vastly in their cultural meaning from other drugs.

This thesis argues that the significance of apartments in Sydney's urban history has not been recognised due to a cultural resistance to apartment living. This lack of acknowledgement has masked the urban, social and architectural impact of the apartment building type in Sydney's history. As an interdisciplinary reading of the development of the purpose-built apartment building in Sydney since its inception in 1900, the thesis is premised on a desire to use the apartment building as a vehicle to tell an alternative housing history to the more commonly told one of house and garden. In the process, it provides a different story of the city's development through the lens of the apartment building and challenges cultural prejudices against apartment living. The research documents the growth and changes of apartments, tracking their location, diversity of type and scale across the Sydney metropolitan region. The research analyses prototypical and generic apartment buildings in the context of the city's history. Drawing on the intersection of eras and themes as a method of critical inquiry, the thesis covers aspects of domestic debates, market, regulation, scale, demography, geography distribution, design and typology, traversing a time period of 1900 to 2008. The thesis explores the debates for and against apartment living in Sydney, emphasising the roles played by apartments in the broader discourses of Australian cultural and design history. The thesis concludes that after more than a century, the debates between apartment and cottage living continue to rage. In systematically providing a trajectory for the history of apartments from ideology to typology, this thesis establishes a place for apartments in Sydney's urban and cultural history; and simultaneously provides a deeper historical context to assist the process of better understanding and responding to the contemporary debate about high-density living and its consequences for the life of the city. Despite the size of its largely undocumented subject, this thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of its rationale: to use analysis of a specific, controversial building type to provide new insights into Sydney's urban history, ideologies and built forms.

This thesis argues that the significance of apartments in Sydney's urban history has not been recognised due to a cultural resistance to apartment living. This lack of acknowledgement has masked the urban, social and architectural impact of the apartment building type in Sydney's history. As an interdisciplinary reading of the development of the purpose-built apartment building in Sydney since its inception in 1900, the thesis is premised on a desire to use the apartment building as a vehicle to tell an alternative housing history to the more commonly told one of house and garden. In the process, it provides a different story of the city's development through the lens of the apartment building and challenges cultural prejudices against apartment living. The research documents the growth and changes of apartments, tracking their location, diversity of type and scale across the Sydney metropolitan region. The research analyses prototypical and generic apartment buildings in the context of the city's history. Drawing on the intersection of eras and themes as a method of critical inquiry, the thesis covers aspects of domestic debates, market, regulation, scale, demography, geography distribution, design and typology, traversing a time period of 1900 to 2008. The thesis explores the debates for and against apartment living in Sydney, emphasising the roles played by apartments in the broader discourses of Australian cultural and design history. The thesis concludes that after more than a century, the debates between apartment and cottage living continue to rage. In systematically providing a trajectory for the history of apartments from ideology to typology, this thesis establishes a place for apartments in Sydney's urban and cultural history; and simultaneously provides a deeper historical context to assist the process of better understanding and responding to the contemporary debate about high-density living and its consequences for the life of the city. Despite the size of its largely undocumented subject, this thesis demonstrates the effectiveness of its rationale: to use analysis of a specific, controversial building type to provide new insights into Sydney's urban history, ideologies and built forms.

abstract: Civic identity in San Diego emerged first from a complex set of Native, Spanish and Mexican traditions. However, after 1850 Americans from the East coast and Midwest arrived and brought with them to San Diego a strong sense of how to both build and manage towns. These regional influences from other parts of the country carried over into the early twentieth century, and began to reshape civic identity and the first historic preservation movements in San Diego. This dissertation establishes San Diego's place in the scholarly literature of the urban West and historic preservation. After a brief background of San Diego history, this study begins with an explanation of the dual efforts at work in San Diego after 1945 to build for the future while preserving the past. Next, this study examines the partnerships formed and conflicts between promoters for development and advocates of preservation. The progression of historic preservation efforts in San Diego since WWII includes missed opportunities, lapses in historic authenticity, and divisions about what buildings or stories to preserve. This study describes how conflicts were resolved and explains the impact of those outcomes on historic preservation and authenticity. San Diego's history has much in common with many cities in the American West, but the historic narrative of San Diego also differs from other Western cities in several compelling ways. First, San Diego bears distinction as the oldest city in California and one of the oldest cities in the West. Second, historic preservation in San Diego has yet to be fully explored by scholars. Third, some of preservation conflicts explored in this study reveal distinct differences from preservation debates in other urban areas. Using government, organizational, and archival records, secondary sources, interviews, and personal observation, this dissertation explains how historic preservation in San Diego became an integral part of city planning, an expectation of residents and visitors, and a key feature of the city`s civic identity. This study contributes to Western scholarship by bringing San Diego into the literature of historic preservation and the urban West. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. History 2011

This study examines postwar Japanese photography and the influence of World War Two, the Allied Occupation (1945-1952), and social and economic transformations during the Era of High-Speed Growth (1955-1970) on ways in which photographers approached and depicted reality. In the late 1940s, censorship erased the reality of a devastated society and evidence of the Allied Occupation from photography magazines. Once censorship ended in 1949, photographers reacted to miserable living conditions, as well as the experience of producing wartime propaganda, by confronting reality directly. Finally, photographers responded to social transformations and resulting challenges during the Era of High-Speed Growth by shifting from an objective reporting to a subjective critique of reality. A study of photography from 1945 to 1970 not only demonstrates how socio-historical forces influence photography but also reveals key changes in Japanese society and the urban landscape as Japan transitioned from a defeated, occupied nation to an economic powerhouse.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Usado por grande parte da populaÃÃo, o transporte coletivo de Ãnibus à elemento marcante no cotidiano de Fortaleza nos dias atuais. A importÃncia desse veÃculo na capital cearense, no entanto, foi sendo construÃda ao longo do tempo. A presente pesquisa investiga o processo de implantaÃÃo dos Ãnibus em Fortaleza entre os anos de 1926 e 1953. O ano de 1926 marca o momento do aparecimento da primeira empresa privada de transporte de Ãnibus, a Matadouro Modelo, empreendimento muito importante para a difusÃo do uso desses veÃculos na cidade. Jà 1953 se refere ao momento de aprovaÃÃo de um conjunto de leis que previa a reestruturaÃÃo do serviÃo de transporte coletivo na cidade. Com base na anÃlise de fontes como periÃdicos locais, planos de urbanizaÃÃo, atas da CÃmara Municipal, processos criminais, livro de estatÃstica, essa pesquisa possibilita compreender as implicaÃÃes da introduÃÃo desse objeto tÃcnico na cidade e na vida cotidiana dos fortalezenses. Permite entender ainda como, em meio Ãs tentativas de construÃÃo de uma Fortaleza moderna, os Ãnibus foram afetados pelas polÃticas pÃblicas de intervenÃÃo no espaÃo urbano. Investigar essa modalidade de transporte, portanto, pode contribuir para uma melhor compreensÃo do papel dos Ãnibus na capital cearense atualmente, de modo a desnaturalizar seu predomÃnio. / Used by most of the population, the public transport bus service is a striking element in Fortalezaâs quotidian nowadays. The importance of this vehicle in Fortaleza, however, was being built over time. This research investigates the bus deployment process in Fortaleza over the years 1926 and 1953. The year 1926 marks the time of the appearance of the first private transport bus company, Matadouro Modelo, very important project for widespread use of these vehicles in the city. The year of 1953 refers to the time of approval of a set of laws that provided for the restructuring of the public transport service in the city. Based on the analysis of sources such as local newspapers, urbanization plans, minutes of City Hall, criminal cases, statistical book, this research makes it possible to understand the implications of the introduction of this technical object in the city and the daily lives of its citizens. It also allows to understand how, amid attempts to build a modern Fortaleza, the buses were affected by the intervention of public policies in the urban space. Investigating this modality of transport can therefore contribute to a better understanding of the role of the bus in Fortaleza nowadays, in order to deconstruct its dominance.

A proposição central desta tese é investigar o processo de urbanização da cidade de São Paulo, nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, numa perspectiva \"a partir de baixo\" (from below), seguindo uma linha metodológica de investigação em história social que remonta ao marxismo britânico, particularmente da forma proposta por E. P. Thompson e Raymond Williams. Desta forma, observa-se como as transformações da cidade são percebidas e representadas pelos grupos sociais subalternos da cidade, ou por seus praticantes ordinários, como denomina Michel de Certeau. Para empreender essa investigação, adotou-se como corpus documental fundamental o conjunto das composições musicais populares, enquanto registros verbais (mas não escritos) dos moradores da cidade; dessas composições, dedicou-se atenção principalmente aos sambas de compositores e intérpretes como João Rubinato (Adoniran Barbosa), Paulo Vanzolini, Germano Mathias, Geraldo Filme, Noite Ilustrada, Jorge Costa, Osvaldinho da Cuíca e Demônios da Garoa. A adoção da perspectiva \"a partir de baixo\" para o estudo da urbanização implica uma série de desafios metodológicos, cuja discussão é objeto da primeira parte da tese. Na segunda, investiga-se as condições de produção das fontes adotadas (o samba) a partir da análise das condições de vida e experiências urbanas dos sambistas. Para isso, são consideradas diversas fontes biográficas (biografias publicadas, trabalhos acadêmicos, entrevistas, documentários em diversos meios de divulgação), a partir das quais se constroi a trajetória dos sambistas no espaço urbano; a profissionalização dos sambistas ou as estratégias de sobrevivência e resposta à condição de insegurança estrutural que caracteriza, em quase todos os casos, a vida desses artistas; e a resposta coletiva a essas condicionantes, em termos de formas de organização dos sambistas, a constituição de suas identidades grupais, de suas redes sociais, e outras formas de associação. Na terceira e última parte, são analisados os sambas propriamente ditos, tanto em seus conteúdos líricos (letra) quanto musicais (melodia), articulando-os em busca de uma compreensão das percepções, dos desígnios e das expectativas (manifestas e tácitas) a respeito da cidade e suas transformações. / The central proposal of this thesis is to investigate São Paulo city urbanization process, during the 1950\'s and 1960\'s, within a perspective from below, following the methodological guidelinesof investigation in social history as proposed by British Marxist historians, particularly as proposed by E. P. Thompson and Raymond Williams. Thus, it is observed how urban transformations have been perceived and represented by subaltern social groups of the city, or by its ordinary practicers, as Michel de Certeau named them. In order to undertake this research, there has been adopted as the fundamental document corpus a set of popular music compositions, taken as verbal records (but not written) of city residents; from these compositions, we devoted ourselves mainly to the attention of samba composers and performers such as João Rubinato (Adoniran Barbosa), Paulo Vanzolini, Germano Mathias, Geraldo Filme, Noite Ilustrada, Jorge Costa, Osvaldinho da Cuíca and Demônios da Garoa. Adopting the perspective \"from below\"for the study of urbanization implies a series of methodological challenges whose discussion is the subject of the first part of the thesis. In the second part, production conditions of the sources taken (samba) are investigated from the analysis of living conditions and urban experiences of sambistas (samba players). For this purpose, various biographical sources are considered (published biographies, academic papers, interviews, documentaries on various means of dissemination), from which the trajectory of sambistas in urban areas is constructed; as well as professionalization of samba or the survival strategies and responses to the strutural insecurity condition which characterizes, in almost all the cases, the lives of these artists; and the collective response to such constraints, in terms of forms of organization of the sambistas, the formation of their group identities, their social networks, and a other kinds of association. In the third and final section, the sambas themselves are analysed, both in its lyrical and musical content (lyrics and melody), articulating them in search of an understanding of perceptions, plans and expectations (overt and implied) concerning the city and its transformations.