Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-07-21T23:21:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 68c.pdf: 2650442 bytes, checksum: 80953fcca9a4afae310c7298ccbba34e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-21T23:21:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 68c.pdf: 2650442 bytes, checksum: 80953fcca9a4afae310c7298ccbba34e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-09 / Nenhuma / Na presente tese, discutimos o cotidiano do indivíduo urbano e a trajetória das políticas públicas nas pequenas cidades do Oeste de Santa Catarina, a fim de compreender como essas políticas públicas urbanas são implantadas a partir da resistência e estratégias utilizadas pelos indivíduos na vida cotidiana. As análises bibliográficas subsidiaram o entendimento e a compreensão das relações entre políticas públicas e o cotidiano do indivíduo urbano. Com base em fontes primárias, como história oral de habitantes das cidades em estudo, observamos a vida cotidiana e as estratégias utilizadas para alcançar determinados objetivos individuais ou coletivos. Nesse aspecto, partimos do pressuposto de que o indivíduo é um ser de projetos e para alcançar determinados objetivos, cria estratégias para esse fim. A dimensão projetiva é motivacional e entre diversos fatores que a envolvem, os principais são valores, sentimentos ou até mesmo aventuras. A dicotomia entre público e privado é, por diversas vezes, manifesto em um sistema de percepções espontâneas como se fosse um contrato organizador da vida cotidiana. Assim, por meio de análises sociológicas, destacamos a dicotomia e a ambiguidade público/privado em seus múltiplos critérios de análises. Observamos que as estratégias e a resistência de sobrevivência cotidiana do indivíduo urbano e a promoção de políticas públicas é a tentativa de dar sentido à própria vida. Essa autonomia de criar e organizar estratégias para alcançar determinado fim, está em sua motivação íntima e é a própria liberdade do ser. Essa liberdade que o torna individualizante também é provocada pelo processo de globalização tecnológica, que aumenta os limites e as possibilidades do homem. Nesse cenário, as cidades estão sendo orientadas para o mercado mundial e moldadas a partir de valores culturais mundiais. Dessa forma, as pequenas cidades são colocadas nas mesmas vitrines que as médias e grandes cidades, ou seja, as políticas adotadas nas pequenas cidades são as mesmas políticas dos grandes centros urbanos. Isso demonstra que nos estudos sobre cidades, as análises dos dados das médias e grandes podem ser estendidas às pequenas cidades. Portanto, ao diferenciar pequenas e grandes cidades, é preciso observar as relações sociais e culturais no espaço vivido, bem como a interferência na racionalidade do indivíduo. Somente assim, é possível notar o desenvolvimento da cultura objetiva em relação à cultura subjetiva. / In this thesis, we discuss the daily life of the urban individual and the trajectory of public policies in the small towns of the West of Santa Catarina, to understand how these urban public policies are introduced from the resistance and strategies used by individuals in everyday life. The Literature reviews supported understanding and comprehension of the relationship between public policy and everyday life of the urban individual. Based on primary sources like oral history of the inhabitants of the cities under study, we observed the daily life and the strategies used to achieve certain individual or collective goals. In this aspect, we assume that the individual is a being of projects, and to achieve certain goals he establishes strategies for this purpose. The projective dimension is motivational and among several factors that surround it, the main ones are values, feelings, or even adventures. The dichotomy between public and private is, by several times, expressed in a system of spontaneous perceptions as if it were an organizing contract of everyday life. Thus, through sociological analysis, we highlight the public / private dichotomy and ambiguity in its multiple criteria analysis. We observed that the strategies and the daily survival resistance of the urban individual and the promotion of public policies is the attempt to give meaning to life itself. This autonomy of creating and organizing strategies to achieve a certain purpose, lies in its inner motivation and is the very freedom of being. That freedom that makes him individualizing is also caused by the process of technological globalization process, which increases the limits and possibilities of man. In this scenario, cities are being world market driven and shaped from global cultural values. Thus, small towns are placed in the same windows that medium and large cities, namely, the policies adopted in small towns are the same policies of the large urban centers. This demonstrates that in studies about cities, the statistical analysis of medium and large can be extended to small towns. Therefore, when differentiating small and large cities, it is necessary to observe the social and cultural relations in the living space as well as the interference with the individual rationality. Only then you can note the development of objective culture in relation to subjective culture.

L’indice de surface foliaire (Leaf Area Index, LAI), défini comme la moitié de la surface foliaire par unité de surface de sol, est un paramètre clé du cycle écologique de la Terre, et sa précision d'acquisition a toujours la nécessité et la possibilité d'amélioration. La technologie du scanner laser actif offre une possibilité d'obtention cohérente du LAI à plusieurs échelles, car le scanner laser terrestre et le scanner laser aéroporté fonctionnent sur le même mécanisme physique. Cependant, les informations tridimensionnelles du scanner laser ne sont pas complètement explorées dans les méthodes actuelles et les théories traditionnelles ont besoin d'adaptation. Dans cette thèse, le modèle de distribution de longueur de trajet est introduit pour corriger l'effet d’agrégation, et il est appliqué aux données du scanner laser terrestre et du scanner laser aéroporté. La méthode d'obtention de la distribution de longueur de trajet de différentes plates-formes est étudiée et le modèle de récupération cohérent est établi. Cette méthode permet d’améliorer la mesure du LAI des arbres individuels dans les zones urbaines et la cartographie LAI dans les forêts naturelles, et ses résultats sont cohérents à différentes échelles. Le modèle devrait faciliter la détermination cohérente de l'indice de surface foliaire des forêts à l'aide de données au sol et aéroportées. / Leaf Area Index (LAI), defined as one half of the total leaf area per unit ground surface area, is a key parameter of vegetation structure for modeling Earth's ecological cycle and its acquisition accuracy always has the need and opportunity for improvement. Active laser scanning provides an opportunity for consistent LAI retrieval at multiple scales because terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and airborne laser scanning (ALS) have the similar physical mechanism. However, the three-dimensional information of laser scanning is not fully explored in current methods and the traditional theories require adaptation. In this thesis, the path length distribution model is proposed to model the clumping effect, and it is applied to the TLS and ALS data. The method of obtaining the path length distribution of different platforms is studied, and the consistent retrieval model is established. This method is found to improve the individual tree measurement in urban areas and LAI mapping in natural forest, and its results at consistent at different scales. The model is expected to facilitate the consistent retrieval of the forest leaf area index using ground and airborne data.