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The thesis deals with identification of local actors of a residential suburbanization. The main interest of this work is suburban area of the town České Budějovice, which is in this post- socialistic period undergoing intensive residential construction and population development. The tools, which could possibly control this process (to prevent its negativ impacts and on the other hand to support its positives) are very limited. The most important tool for controlling the development of the territory (which is municipal plan) is available to particular municipalities. However it indicates now that the attitude of the municipalities towards town and country planning is rather "difficult". Councils are under a big pressure of the individual builders, landowners and also developers, who require expansion of the usable territories for more building. The councils usually comply those requirements and they are willing to change the municipal plan. From communities point of view and also from metropolitan region point of view can such steps lead to too fast and extensive building development with series of negative impacts. In the thesis there is an intention to document this inappropriate suburbanization development by a case study of the village Srubec, which is affected by so called urban sprawl impacts. The...

The main hypothesis of this thesis is that the problem of urban sprawl, as a disorder in the growth of the cities, is not a natural result of the growth of the capitalist city but a phenomenon manipulated politically. Consequently, generally a geographically problematized phenomenon / the urban sprawl is, within this work, problematized with reference to urban politics. In the searching of the politics of urban sprawl, one of the political interventions into the urban space / the master plans has utmost importance in this work. The impact of the master plans on the sprawl of the city will be analyzed. A categorization of urban sprawl is proposed in the work, on the urban geography with reference to politics of urban sprawl. After illustrating the types of urban sprawl, the politics of urban sprawl is modeled. The political interventions of State, Metropolitan Municipality, District Municipalities, Housing Development Administration, Real Estate Agents and Rural Landowners located on the periphery is included in the model and their impact on the urban geography is evaluated. Ankara will be examined as a case in the politics of urban sprawl / her unique characteristics like being the &#039 / planned&#039 / capital city controlled by master plans make her indispensable to study. The political interventions of the actors to the urban space of Ankara is highly visible especially considering urban sprawl in the geography of the city, yet another reason to work on.

La périurbanisation, bien que décriée, a longtemps été oubliée des politiques publiques. Ce travail interroge l’évolution des modalités de la gestion métropolitaine, la place qu’y prennent les espaces périurbains et les recompositions territoriales induites. La réflexion est menée dans l’aire urbaine toulousaine dont les dynamiques sont appréhendées par une analyse statistique des évolutions sociétales, une étude de la documentation programmatique et stratégique et une quarantaine d’entretiens auprès d’acteurs de la scène métropolitaine et locale. Elle a pu mettre en évidence l’intégration des espaces périurbains à la réflexion métropolitaine et la capacité de leurs acteurs à se saisir des outils et cadres territoriaux à leur disposition pour dépasser leur statut de sous-espace urbain au profit d’un rôle à part entière dans le devenir métropolitain. En même temps qu’elles accompagnent cette promotion métropolitaine, ces recompositions territoriales ouvrent la voie à une diversité de trajectoires périurbaines. / Although criticized, urban sprawl has been forgotten by public policy for a long time. This research focuses on the evolution of regional planning, especially on the suburbs’ role in this evolution and on the reorganization of regional political governance. Our analysis is based on the example of Toulouse metropolitan area, studied through a statistical analysis of the social dynamics, a study of the urban planning materials and interviews with urban public stakeholders. Our work highlights the growing involvement of the suburbs in regional planning : suburban leaders have been able to use public policies to overcome their political marginalization and to link their destiny to the metropolitan area’s future. The current administrative and political regional reorganization also opens the door to a diversity of suburban trajectories.

The contemporary urban development pattern in the United States is characterized by land consumptive nature of development, such as a sprawled development pattern. Out of concern that the social and environmental costs of this development pattern outweigh their benefits, cities, counties and states have created a wide range of policy instruments designed to manage urban growth and to protect open spaces from development. The present research deals with such strategies in three study areas namely Portland Metropolitan Area, OR; Montgomery County, MD; and Orange County, FL in order to find out if growth management strategies have been able to reduce sprawl and promote a compact form of development. Based mainly on secondary sources of information, the research evaluates the characteristics, effectiveness, strengths and weaknesses of selected growth management strategies employed in each of these areas and analyses their implications for promoting a compact form of development.

Parce qu'elles concentrent plus de la moitié de la population et l'essentiel de l'activité économique mondiales, les villes sont des acteurs majeurs des problématiques environnementales globales. Les politiques de transport, d'urbanisme et de logement sont ainsi reconnus comme des moyens nécessaires et efficaces d'action pour réduire les émissions ainsi que pour réduire la vulnérabilité aux impacts du changement climatique. Jusqu'à présent, malheureusement, il n'y a pas de consensus sur ce qui doit être fait, et encore moins sur comment le faire. Trois difficultés, au moins, expliquent cela. Tout d'abord, les politiques climatiques interagissent avec les autres objectifs des politiques urbaines, comme la compétitivité économique ou les problèmes sociaux, entrainant des synergies et des conflits. Ensuite, les inerties sont un facteur-clef à prendre en compte : les modifications structurelles des villes s'opèrent très lentement. Si l'on veut que les villes soient adaptées au climat de la fin du XXIème siècle, il est indispensable de commencer à agir dès maintenant. Enfin, les effets des politiques urbaines dépendent de nombreux facteurs exogènes, et inconnus au moment où la décision doit être prise : les changements démographiques, socio-économiques culturels politiques et technologiques vont jouer un rôle majeur. Ces trois difficultés ne sont cependant pas insurmontables, et nous illustrerons comment une modélisation intégrée peut permettre de répondre à une partie de ces problèmes / Because they are home to more than half of the world population, and because most of the world economic activity takes place within them, cities are at the forefront of global environmental issues. Land use planning, urban transport and housing policies are now recognized as major tools for the reduction of both greenhouse gases emissions and vulnerability to climate change impacts. So far, however, how to use these tools efficiently remains unclear. At least three main difficulties explain this, and play a key role in urban climate policies analysis. First, urban climate policies are also not developed or implemented in a vacuum; they interact with other policy goals, such as economic competitiveness or social issues, giving rise to both synergies and conflicts. Second, inertia is a key factor when designing optimal climate policies : structural modifications in cities occur slowly over a long time horizon. Some immediate actions are required if cities are to be adapted to a different climate or to help reduce greenhouse gases emissions within a few decades. Third, the evolution of a city depends on several external factors, on which local policy-makers do not generally have much influence : demographic, socio-economic, cultural, political and technological changes will play a major role. This uncertainty has to be taken into account, and climate policies have to be robust against future possible global evolutions is important. These three difficulties are not, however, impossible to overcome, and we will illustrate how integrated city modelling can help address these issues

Neste trabalho apresenta-se um modelo que relaciona variáveis da forma urbana com o gasto de energia com transporte nas Capitais do Brasil. Na literatura sobre planejamento urbano, menciona-se que a densidade urbana tem significativa influência no consumo de energia. Este consumo pode ser medido, em parte, pelo combustível que é gasto relativo aos meios de transportes utilizados no meio urbano. Para isto foram selecionadas, nas 27 capitais do país, aspectos relativos à população, área territorial das cidades, número de veículos em circulação e consumo de combustível (por tipo), além de variáveis relacionadas a aspectos espaciais das áreas urbanizadas em que se situam estas capitais. Os resultados obtidos apontam o impacto do espalhamento no consumo de energia com transporte urbano. Os resultados das análises mostram que, juntamente com a população, as variáveis espaciais são fatores importantes no consumo de energia por transporte, respondendo por cerca de 92% da variação observada. / The relationship of some variables describing the urban form and the amount of energy consumed with transportation in the state capitals in Brazil is investigated in this work. Urban densities are often mentioned in the urban planning literature as one of the most important variables influencing energy use. The energy consumed for transportation may be measured, in some way, by the quantity of fuel used in different modes of transportation in urban areas. Information about population, urban area, number of vehicles and fuel (the available types in each city) consumption of the 27 state capitals in Brazil, along with variables describing the spatial features of the urbanized areas in which the capitals are located, have been gathered in order to reach the main objective of this work. The results found emphasize the impact of urban sprawl on the amount of energy used for urban transportation. The analyses results indicated that spatial variables are, together with population, responsible for about 92 per cent of the variation in the energy consumed for urban transportation.

Os elevados índices de crescimento urbano alcançado pelas grandes cidades nas últimas décadas afetam diretamente o processo organizado de expansão urbana, pois os atuais níveis de desenvolvimento da infra-estrutura nas grandes cidades não acompanham o ritmo do crescimento populacional atual. Frente a isso, os resultados deste cenário podem ser vistos através do surgimento de ocupações irregulares que comprometem o desenvolvimento da cidade de maneira ordenada, além de atingirem áreas de preservação ambiental, consideradas fundamentais para se manter padrões desejáveis na qualidade de vida. Com isso, a necessidade de se obter mapeamentos de maneira rápida e confiável se torna cada vez mais evidente, pois decidir sobre as estratégias e projetos referentes ao planejamento urbano depende da existência de um conjunto atualizado de informações sobre as áreas de expansão. Sendo assim, a obtenção de mapeamentos em áreas urbanas por meio de dados adquiridos com alta resolução espacial provenientes de imageamento orbital e aerotransportado se torna cada vez mais presente e necessária. O surgimento de novos sensores aerotransportados com capacidade de adquirir dados de imageamento com alta resolução espacial, como se destaca o sensor HRSC-AX (High Resolution Stereo Camera Airbone eXtended), permite inovar e automatizar soluções referentes aos problemas de mapeamento. O sensor HRSC-AX, desenvolvido pelo Instituto Aeroespacial de Berlim na Alemanha (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt; DLR), possui como característica a capacidade de adquirir dados de imageamento com alta resolução espacial nas faixas espectrais referentes ao visível (RGB) e infravermelho próximo (NIR), além de imagens estéreo fotométricas que permitem gerar modelos digitais de superfície (DSM). Essa característica permite a utilização desses dados em processos de classificação de imagens de alta resolução. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho apresenta e valida uma proposta metodológica para caracterizar objetos do cenário urbano utilizando índices de realce extraídos de dados do sensor HRSC-AX. Com base nos resultados obtidos é possível concluir que a proposta apresentada fornece uma ferramenta alternativa para a obtenção de informações sobre os objetos presentes no cenário urbano como edificações, áreas verdes, áreas sombreadas, áreas de solo exposto e objetos asfaltados de maneira rápida e confiável, além de prover subsídios para a tomada de decisões no planejamento urbano. / The heightened rates of urban growth attained by the large cities during the last decades affect directly the urban sprawl as an organized process, whereas the current development rates of the infrastructure do not keep up with the population increase of today. As a visible result of this scenario, irregular occupations appear, compromising an organized development of the city, besides jeopardizing environmental preservation areas, essential to the maintenance of desirable standards of quality of life. Hence, the ever growing necessity of obtaining maps in a fast and reliable fashion is evident, because the decision-making on strategies and projects, regarding to urban planning, is based on the existence of an updated set of information about the expanding areas. Therefore, the attainment of urban area maps, which are based in high resolution data acquired through orbital and airborne imagery, become increasingly present and necessary. The appearing of new airborne sensors, with the capacity to acquire high resolution image data, as, for instance, the HRSC-AX (High Resolution Stereo Camera Airbone eXtended), allows the innovation and automation of solutions related to problems in mapping. The HRSC-AX sensor, developed by the Berlin based German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft und Raumfahrt; DLR), is characterized by its capacity to acquire imagery data with high resolution in the visible spectral channels (RGB) as for the near infrared (NIR), besides the possibility to extract stereo photometric imagery, allowing the generation of digital surface models (DSM). This feature allows the improvement of the classification process of high resolution imagery. Hence, the present study presents and validates a methodological proposal to characterize objects in the urban scenario, using enhancement indexes extracted from HRSC-AX data. Based on the obtained results, it is possible to conclude that the presented proposal supplies an alternative tool for the obtainment of information regarding the objects that are present in the urban scenario, such as buildings, vegetation areas, shadowed areas, bare soil and asphalt covered objects, in a fast and reliable manner, besides allowing the decision-making in urban planning.

O padrão de expansão física das ocupações urbanas nas principais regiões metropolitanas brasileiras tem deixado um legado de graves problemas urbanos e ambientais. Muitos desses problemas estão relacionados à ocupação de áreas naturais de importância ambiental tanto por moradias populares produzidas na ilegalidade, quanto por usos associados à atividade turística e de lazer, à indústria e ao comércio. Tal processo vem ocorrendo com maior intensidade desde a década de 1980. O objetivo deste estudo é evidenciar um aspecto desse processo de urbanização, que resulta em impactos ambientais. Busca-se relacionar expansão urbana, natureza das áreas impactadas e proteção legal existente, exemplificando diferentes contextos metropolitanos, usando como ferramenta de análise recursos de sensoriamento remoto e geoprocessamento. O processamento de imagens de satélite é um recurso auxiliar utilizado nos estudos urbanos e ambientais que possibilita longos períodos de análise e grandes escalas. A cartografia elaborada compreende a evolução das manchas urbanas, das áreas protegidas por lei e dos biomas e cobertura vegetal presentes nos diferentes contextos analisados e permite uma visão diversificada sobre a natureza e os serviços ambientais comprometidos pelo processo de urbanização em curso. / The pattern of the urban sprawl in the most important Brazilian metropolitan areas has left a legacy of grave urban and environmental problems. Several of these problems are related to the land use in natural areas of great environmental importance, such as illegally built low class dwellings, as well as use associated to tourism and leisure, industry and commerce. This process has been occurring more intensely since the 1980s. The aim of this study is to highlight an aspect of this urbanization process that results in environmental impact. It is intended to make connections among urban expansion, the nature of the areas under impact and existing legal protection, exemplifying different metropolitan contexts and using as analysis tool the resources of remote sensor and data geographic processing. The satellite image processing is an auxiliary resource used in urban and environmental studies enabling long periods of analysis and large scales. The cartography produced, which comprises the evolution of the urban sprawl, the areas protected by law, the ecosystems and the vegetation cover present in the different analyzed contexts, allows a diversified view of the nature and environmental services compromised by the process of urbanization in course.