The aim of this study is to integrate the basic concepts of landscape urbanism and the principles of universal design approach in order to achieve an inclusive urban surface on the seafront of the Bosphorus. This study may be described as a reinterpretation of the European shore of the Bosphorus, reintroducing the sea to the daily life of stanbul&amp / #8217 / s inhabitants. Landscape urbanism refers to the architecture of an urban surface, a continuous landscape accommodating all kinds of structures and activities to enhance human experience. Universal design is an approach that celebrates human diversity and is often defined as the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. To achieve its goal, this study focuses on the concept of urban surface and the related design strategies described by Alex Wall, which might help to create inclusive environments. In this way, it attempts to put forward a framework for the implementation of universal design principles to urban scale. It not only evaluates the strategies of landscape urbanism from the perspective offered by the universal design approach, but also attempts to make a contribution to the common brainstorming about shaping the seafront of the Bosphorus.

The world is increasingly urbanizing with approximately 54% of the world population livingin cities (Langemeyer, 2015). This number is expected to rise to 66% by 2050 (UN, 2014),which means that urbanized areas will expand in size with an additional 2.5 billion new urbaninhabitants (Langemeyer, 2015). Studies show that urban expansion has the effect ofdecreasing, fragmenting, and isolating natural patches by altering the size, shape, andinterconnectivity of the natural landscape (Ricketts, 2001; Alberti, 2005). The consequentloss and degradation of urban and peri-urban green/blue space and elements couldadversely affect ecosystem and its services as well as human health and well-being.Through literature review, the concepts of urban ecosystem services and green-blueinfrastructures are introduced, as well as the main design principles for green-blueinfrastructures. The thesis also briefly introduces urban policies and implementation throughcase study with a focus on Malmö city. Meanwhile, the thesis discusses how the planninginstruments of Green Space Factor and Green Points are used in the Bo01 project and howthey contributed to promote ecosystem services in built environment.Through literature review and case study, the aim of this thesis is to collect design solutionsthat can be used as inspiration and guidance to promote urban ecosystem services throughgreen-blue infrastructures in built environments at different scales.

The world is increasingly urbanizing with approximately 54% of the world population livingin cities (Langemeyer, 2015). This number is expected to rise to 66% by 2050 (UN, 2014),which means that urbanized areas will expand in size with an additional 2.5 billion new urbaninhabitants (Langemeyer, 2015). Studies show that urban expansion has the effect ofdecreasing, fragmenting, and isolating natural patches by altering the size, shape, andinterconnectivity of the natural landscape (Ricketts, 2001; Alberti, 2005). The consequentloss and degradation of urban and peri-urban green/blue space and elements couldadversely affect ecosystem and its services as well as human health and well-being.Through literature review, the concepts of urban ecosystem services and green-blueinfrastructures are introduced, as well as the main design principles for green-blueinfrastructures. The thesis also briefly introduces urban policies and implementation throughcase study with a focus on Malmö city. Meanwhile, the thesis discusses how the planninginstruments of Green Space Factor and Green Points are used in the Bo01 project and howthey contributed to promote ecosystem services in built environment.Through literature review and case study, the aim of this thesis is to collect design solutionsthat can be used as inspiration and guidance to promote urban ecosystem services throughgreen-blue infrastructures in built environments at different scales.

Many calamities in history like hurricanes, tornado and flooding are proof to the large scale impact they cause to the life and economy. Computer simulation and GIS helps in modeling a real world scenario, which assists in evacuation planning, damage assessment, assistance and reconstruction. For achieving computer simulation and modeling there is a need for accurate classification of ground objects. One of the most significant aspects of this research is that it achieves improved classification for regions within which light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has low spatial resolution. This thesis describes a method for accurate classification of bare ground, water body, roads, vegetation, and structures using LiDAR data and aerial Infrared imagery. The most basic step for any terrain modeling application is filtering which is classification of ground and non-ground points. We present an integrated systematic method that makes classification of terrain and non-terrain points effective. Our filtering method uses the geometric feature of the triangle meshes created from LiDAR samples and calculate the confidence for every point. Geometric homogenous blocks and confidence are derived from TIN model and gridded LiDAR samples. The results from two representations are used in a classifier to determine if the block belongs ground or otherwise. Another important step is detection of water body, which is based on the LiDAR sample density of the region. Objects like tress and bare ground are characterized by the geometric features present in the LiDAR and the color features in the infrared imagery. These features are fed into a SVM classifier which detects bare-ground in the given region. Similarly trees are extracted using another trained SVM classifier. Once we obtain bare-grounds and trees, roads are extracted by removing the bare grounds. Structures are identified by the properties of non-ground segments. Experiments were conducted using LiDAR samples and Infrared imagery from the city of New Orleans. We evaluated the influence of different parameters to the classification. Water bodies were extracted successfully using density measures. Experiments showed that fusion of geometric properties and confidence levels resulted into efficient classification of ground and non-ground regions. Classification of vegetation using SVM was promising and effective using the features like height variation, HSV, angle etc. It is demonstrated that our methods successfully classified the region by using LiDAR data in a complex urban area with high-rise buildings.

La connaissance des matériaux de surface est essentielle pour l’aménagement et la gestion des villes. Avec les avancées en télédétection, particulièrement en imagerie de haute résolution spatiale et spectrale, l’identification et la cartographie détaillée des matériaux de surface en milieu urbain sont maintenant envisageables. Les signatures spectrales décrivent les interactions entre les objets au sol et le rayonnement solaire, et elles sont supposées uniques pour chaque type de matériau de surface. Dans ce projet de recherche nous avons utilisé des images hyperspectrales aériennes du capteur CASI, avec une résolution de 1 m2 et 96 bandes contigües entre 380nm et 1040nm. Ces images couvrant l’île de Montréal (QC, Canada), acquises en 2016, ont été analysées pour identifier les matériaux de surfaces. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, notre méthode d’analyse est fondée sur la comparaison des signatures spectrales d’un pixel quelconque à celles des objets typiques contenues dans des bibliothèques spectrales (matériaux inertes et végétation). Pour mesurer la correspondance entre la signature spectrale d’un objet et la signature spectrale de référence nous avons utilisé deux métriques. La première métrique tient compte de la forme d’une signature spectrale et la seconde, de la différence des valeurs de réflectance entre la signature spectrale observée et celle de référence. Un classificateur flou utilisant ces deux métriques est alors appliqué afin de reconnaître le type de matériau de surface sur la base du pixel. Des signatures spectrales typiques ont été extraites des deux librairies spectrales (ASTER et HYPERCUBE). Des signatures spectrales des objets typiques à Montréal mesurées sur le terrain (spectroradiomètre ASD) ont été aussi utilisées comme références. Trois grandes catégories de matériaux ont été identifiées dans les images pour faciliter la comparaison entre les classifications par source de références spectrales : l’asphalte, le béton et la végétation. La classification utilisant ASTER comme bibliothèque de référence a eu le plus grand taux de réussite avec 92%, suivi par ASD à 88% et finalement HYPERCUBE avec 80%. Nous 5 n’avons pas trouvé de différences significatives entre les trois résultats, ce qui indique que la classification est indépendante de la source des signatures spectrales de référence. / Knowledge of surface cover materials is crucial for urban planning and management. With advances in remote sensing, especially in high spatial and spectral resolution imagery, the identification and detailed mapping of surface materials in urban areas based on spectral signatures are now feasible. Spectral signatures describe the interactions between ground objects and solar radiation and are assumed unique for each type of material. In this research, we use airborne CASI images with 1 m2 spatial resolution, with 96 contiguous bands in a spectral range between 367 nm and 1044 nm. These images covering the island of Montreal (Quebec, Canada), obtained in 2016, were analyzed to identify urban surface materials. The objectives of the project were first to find a correspondence between the physical and chemical characteristic of typical surface materials, present in the Montreal scenes, and the spectral signatures within the images. Second, to develop a sound methodology for identifying these surface materials in urban landscapes. To reach these objectives, our method of analysis is based on a comparison of pixel spectral signatures to those contained in a reference spectral library that describe typical surface covering materials (inert materials and vegetation). Two metrics were used in order to measure the correspondence of pixel spectral signatures and reference spectral signature. The first metric considers the shape of a spectral signature and the second the difference of reflectance values between the observed and reference spectral signature. A fuzzy classifier using these two metrics is then applied to recognize the type of material on a pixel basis. Typical spectral signatures were extracted from two spectral libraries (ASTER and HYPERCUBE). Spectral signatures of typical objects in Montreal measured on the ground (ASD spectroradiometer) were also used as reference spectra. Three general types of surface materials (asphalt, concrete, and vegetation) were used to ease the comparison between classifications using these spectral libraries. The classification using ASTER as a reference library had the highest success rate reaching 92%, followed by the field spectra at 88%, and finally with HYPERCUBE at 80%. There were no significant differences in the classification results indicating that the methodology works independently of the source of reference spectral signatures.

[ES] Tradicionalmente, los espacios abiertos al aire libre han sido utilizados por los habitantes como lugares clave para la vida social, donde la gente pasa su tiempo libre. Sin embargo, debido a problemas de confort térmico, se ha reducido su uso. Es necesario mantener estos espacios activos mejorando el nivel de confort térmico. Hasta ahora, los estudios anteriores han carecido de un enfoque morfológico integral de las áreas urbanas y su impacto en el confort térmico. Entre los diversos componentes del entorno construido, las superficies verticales ocupan una gran parte del área, y el papel de estas superficies en la radiación térmica ha sido descuidado en los estudios a escala urbana. Este estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar una respuesta efectiva para el confort térmico humano en espacios urbanos al aire libre, considerando la configuración geométrica de las superficies verticales. El estudio comienza con una revisión exhaustiva de estudios indios previos que se centran en el confort térmico en exteriores. Después de adquirir los conocimientos necesarios en el campo y comprender las lagunas existentes en los estudios de confort térmico en India, se presta atención a los sitios y las respectivas zonas climáticas. El estudio se centra en dos espacios abiertos comerciales en el clima compuesto de Delhi y cuatro barrios residenciales diferentes en Jaisalmery, analizando el efecto de las superficies verticales en el confort térmico humano al aire libre. Se llevaron a cabo simulaciones utilizando el software Envi-met para obtener varios índices climáticos, que se analizaron junto con parámetros físicos definidos por la relación altura-ancho, el factor de visión del cielo y la orientación de las superficies verticales. Se realizaron mediciones de campo para validar los resultados obtenidos de las simulaciones de Envi-met, y también se realizó una encuesta para comprender el nivel subjetivo de confort térmico. Los resultados se analizaron para la temporada de verano, ya que el invierno no es dominante y tiene una duración corta en el año. El estudio revela que las superficies verticales y su geometría tienen un efecto significativo en el confort térmico exterior. Las geometrías urbanas complejas pueden generar diferentes niveles de confort térmico en proximidad cercana, observándose variaciones en el nivel de confort térmico debido a los cambios en las geometrías de las superficies verticales alrededor de los espacios abiertos. El acceso solar, la sombra y la velocidad del viento también influyen en el confort térmico, siendo evidente el efecto de los parámetros geométricos en las sensaciones térmicas de los usuarios. Una mayor relación altura-ancho puede ayudar a mejorar el nivel de sensación térmica, aunque la influencia del factor de visión del cielo es menos prominente. Este estudio proporcionará pautas para arquitectos, arquitectos paisajistas, planificadores e ingenieros para diseñar espacios abiertos al aire libre cómodos desde el punto de vista térmico. Además, se abordará seriamente problemas a gran escala como el efecto de isla de calor urbano. Los espacios exteriores ya no se considerarán como espacios adicionales una vez que se construyan los edificios, y desde la etapa conceptual, los diseñadores considerarán el espacio exterior al diseñar los edificios y las funciones interiores. Este estudio también sentará las bases para futuras investigaciones, ya que abre varias direcciones que requieren atención. Considero que la investigación en este campo tiene un alcance amplio en el futuro, dado que la temperatura de la Tierra está aumentando debido al calentamiento global. Es responsabilidad de los arquitectos diseñar espacios de manera que la experiencia del usuario no se vea afectada mientras se mantiene el nivel de confort térmico. / [CA] Tradicionalment, els habitants han utilitzat espais a l'aire lliure com a llocs clau per a la vida social, on la gent passa el seu temps lliure. Tanmateix, a causa dels problemes de confort tèrmic, el seu ús s'ha reduït. Cal mantenir aquests espais actius, millorant el nivell de confort tèrmic. Fins ara, els estudis anteriors no han tingut un enfocament morfològic integral de les zones urbanes i el seu impacte en el confort tèrmic. Entre els diversos components de l'entorn construït, les superfícies verticals ocupen una gran part de la zona, i el paper d'aquestes superfícies en la radiació tèrmica s'ha descuidat en estudis a escala urbana. Aquest estudi pretén desenvolupar una resposta efectiva per al confort tèrmic humà en espais a l'aire lliure urbà, tenint en compte la configuració geomètrica de superfícies verticals. L'estudi comença amb una revisió exhaustiva dels estudis indis anteriors que se centren en el confort tèrmic a l'aire lliure. Després d'adquirir els coneixements necessaris en el camp i comprendre les llacunes en els estudis de confort tèrmic a l'Índia, es presta atenció als llocs i a les zones climàtiques respectives. L'estudi se centra en dos espais oberts comercials en el clima compost de Delhi i quatre barris residencials diferents a Jaisalmery, analitzant l'efecte de les superfícies verticals sobre el confort tèrmic humà a l'aire lliure. Es van realitzar simulacions mitjançant el programari Envi-met per obtenir diversos índexs climàtics, que es van analitzar juntament amb paràmetres físics definits per la relació amplada d'alçada, el factor de visió del cel i l'orientació de les superfícies verticals. Es van realitzar mesures de camp per validar els resultats obtinguts de les simulacions Envi-met, i també es va realitzar una enquesta per comprendre el nivell subjectiu de confort tèrmic. Els resultats es van analitzar per a la temporada d'estiu, ja que l'hivern no és dominant i té una durada curta a l'any. L'estudi revela que les superfícies verticals i la seva geometria tenen un efecte significatiu en el confort tèrmic exterior. Les geometries urbanes complexes poden generar diferents nivells de confort tèrmic a prop, s'observen variacions en el nivell de confort tèrmic a causa dels canvis en les geometries de les superfícies verticals al voltant dels espais oberts. L'accés solar, l'ombra i la velocitat del vent també influeixen en el confort tèrmic, l'efecte dels paràmetres geomètrics sobre les sensacions tèrmiques dels usuaris és evident. Una proporció d'amplada d'alçada més alta pot ajudar a millorar el nivell de sensació tèrmica, tot i que la influència del factor de visió del cel és menys destacada. Aquest estudi proporcionarà directrius perquè arquitectes, arquitectes paisatgístics, planificadors i enginyers dissenyin espais a l'aire lliure termalament còmodes. A més, es tractaran seriosament problemes a gran escala com l'efecte insular de calor urbana. Els espais exteriors ja no es consideraran espais addicionals un cop construïts edificis i des de l'etapa conceptual, Els dissenyadors tindran en compte l'espai exterior a l'hora de dissenyar edificis i funcions interiors. Aquest estudi també posarà les bases per a futures investigacions, ja que obre diverses direccions que requereixen atenció. Crec que la investigació en aquest camp té un abast ampli en el futur, ja que la temperatura de la Terra augmenta a causa de l'escalfament global. És responsabilitat dels arquitectes dissenyar espais perquè l'experiència de l'usuari no es vegi afectada mantenint el nivell de confort tèrmic. / [EN] Traditionally the outdoor open spaces were used by inhabitants; the social life was largely dependent on the user spending time in outdoor spaces. These spaces including streets, markets, shopping precincts, community centers, plazas, and playgrounds play a vital role in the social life of communities. Due to thermal comfort issues, the use of these spaces is declining. It is necessary to keep these spaces active by improving the thermal comfort level. The focus on a single morphological entity of an urban area and its effect on thermal comfort level is lacking in earlier studies. Out of the various components of the built environment, the vertical surface is one of the components which occupies the maximum area. The role of vertical surfaces in thermal radiation remains unresolved, unobserved, unexplored, and unapplied at the urban scale studies. This study aims to develop an effective response for human thermal comfort level in an outdoor urban space affected by the geometrical configuration of vertical surfaces. The study begins with an in-depth review of Indian studies which are focused on outdoor thermal comfort. After grasping the necessary knowledge in the field and understanding the gaps present in thermal comfort studies in India, the sites and the respective climatic zones were given attention. This study is focused on two different commercial open spaces in the composite climate of Delhi and four different residential neighborhoods in Jaisalmer and discussed the effect of vertical surfaces on human thermal comfort in an outdoor environment. Software simulations with Envi-met were performed to achieve various climatic indices. These indices were analyzed with physical parameters defined by the height-to-width ratio, sky view factor, and the orientation of vertical surfaces. Field measurements were conducted to validate the results obtained from Envi-met simulation outputs. Alongside this, a questionnaire survey was conducted to understand the subjective thermal comfort level. Results were analyzed for the summer season since winter is not dominant and lasts only for a short duration of the year. The study shows that the vertical surfaces and their geometry have high effects on outdoor thermal comfort. Complex urban geometries can result in varying thermal comfort levels. Within small proximity, the variation in thermal comfort level can be observed due to the change in the vertical surface geometries around the open spaces. The effect of solar access, shade, and wind velocity is seen in the thermal comfort level. The effect of geometrical parameters is evident in the thermal sensation votes of the user. A higher height-to-width ratio can help improve the thermal sensation level, whereas the effect of the sky view factor is less prominent. This study will give guidelines for architects, landscape architects, planners, and engineers to design thermally comfortable outdoor open spaces. It will also create a serious approach while considering the broad-scale issues such as the urban heat island effect. The outdoor spaces will not be considered as the leftover spaces once the building is constructed, whereas right from the conceptualization the designers will think about the outdoor space while designing the buildings and indoor functions. The study will also act as a base for future research since this research opens up several directions which need attention. I feel research in this field is of great scope in the future as the earth's temperature is increasing due to global warming. It is an architect's responsibility to design spaces in such a way that user experience is not affected while maintaining the thermal comfort level. / Khaire, JD. (2023). Effect of Vertical Urban Surfaces on Human Thermal Comfort in an Outdoor Environment [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/202304

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Vinicius dos Santos Andrade.pdf: 589135 bytes, checksum: 2a90e100de6b42f0a9d4782227249afa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-11 / The reason for this work arose at institute now renewed in the Brazilian civil order: surface right. The objective was studying it in all the implication. Researching its structure and understanding its meaning. This study had and has justification in social and economical values demanding adequate juridical laws. Considering that everything which goes over the land as plantations and buildings characterize tenancy and building lease its importance has to be recognized to implement social policy, in the city or in the country. Firstly, the methodology used was based on the genesis institute from its history until now turning into a Brazilian law. Secondly, researching the changes of the meanings of property considered since the unitary individualism up to the transformation of autonomous dominium of the earth and tenancy and building lease. To achieve the points the tenancy and building lease was studied as a thing (chapter 1 phenomenology); historic unpredictable changes up to now in Brazil, since Brazil´s colonization (chapters 2 and 3 about the evolution of the judicial thoughts in Portugal and Brazil until 1916) following came the studies of many and different laws (chapter 4 comparing laws and chapter 5 surface laws in Brazil) the research was on top of the Branzilian law putting the tenancy and the building lease among the right in rem analyzing the elements, objects, structure, documents, the content of permission, alienate and extinction ending with law protection (chapter 6 and 13). Finally the way of using the institute in urban and agricultural laws (chapter 14- urban tenancy, 15- rural tenancy and 16 property social function) / A motivação, deste trabalho, se inspirou em instituto, agora, renovado no ordenamento civil brasileiro: o direito de superfície. O objetivo era o de estudá-lo em todas suas implicações, pesquisando sua estrutura, buscando apreender seu significado. Essa reflexão tinha e tem justificativa no valor social e econômico que projeta, a exigir tratamento jurídico adequado. Considerando-se que compreende o que se eleva do solo, como edificações e plantações, de convir sua importância para consecução de políticas sociais, na cidade e no campo. Para tanto, priorizou-se metodologia, por primeiro, baseada na gênese do instituto, informada por sua história, até que cristalizado na legislação brasileira. Em segundo, a investigação dirigiu-se às alternâncias conceituais da propriedade, considerada desde o individualismo unitário até o desdobramento em domínios autônomos: do solo e da superfície. Para a consecução desses objetivos, de início pesquisou-se a superfície como coisa (capítulo 1 Fenomenologia) e, depois, suas vicissitudes históricas até a atualidade e com repercussão no Brasil, da Colônia até os últimos diplomas legislativos (capítulos 2 e 3, respectivamente Histórico e evolução do pensamento jurídico e a superfície em Portugal e no Brasil: na Colônia, no Império e nos primeiros anos da República, até 1916). Em seguida, passou-se ao estudo de vários textos legislativos (capítulo 4: Elementos legislativos de comparação e capítulo 5: Legislação sobre direito de superfície no Brasil). Na seqüência, a perquirição centralizou-se no direito positivo brasileiro, situando a superfície entre os direitos reais, com a análise de seus elementos, objeto, estrutura, modos de constituição, conteúdo da concessão, alienação e extinção, terminando pela tutela judicial (capítulos 6 a 13). Por derradeiro, foi examinada a aplicabilidade técnica do instituto nas legislações sobre direito urbanístico e sobre direito agrário (capítulos 14, 15 e 16, respectivamente, superfície urbana, superfície rural e função social da propriedade e do direito real da superfície)