The concept of integration of industries in urban setup is the current trend among researchers and engineers in the field of industrial ecology and environmental engineering. Trend of urbanization forces an increasing human demand for energy, materials, water and other resources. Urban symbiosis nowadays is closely related to the controlling of urban metabolism. Closing material loops works as an effective way for a circular economy where theoretically no waste is generated. In this thesis work, an investigation has been made for studying current symbiotic activities in the city of Linköping and look for any potential energy or by-product synergies from industrial activities and the urban waste streams. Some of the companies have been found to be already engaged in such type of activities, directly or indirectly. Hence, uncovering symbiotic activity is also an important task to consider while assessing the feasibility of a network of industries and urban settlement. Finally, it is concluded that the symbiotic activity in the city of Linköping is developing with discovering of new opportunities from waste and by-products from industries and the city area.  The municipal utility company Tekniska Verken and its subsidiary Svensk Biogas could play the role as anchor tenants and the aeronautics company SAAB, for its huge production line, has good potential to participate in exchange of physical materials.

<p>Sweden is a long-term world reference country in terms of sustainable development. On the other hand, Barcelona has recently made great efforts in order to improve and to make society aware of the importance of environmental issues. Hence, it would be interesting to investigate if these efforts had succeeded in the waste’s management in Barcelona compared to other leading European cities, and particularly to the case of Gävle.</p><p>In this work, the operation of the management of the urban solid wastes of the two cities is explained.</p><p>First, the objectives marked by Agenda 21 of each locality are exposed. Next, a theoretical perspective about management, generation of wastes and types of waste treatment is provided. In the following chapter, the results of the generation of wastes, selective collection and the treatments of the wastes are shown for both the cases of Barcelona and Gävle until the 2006.</p><p>Finally, the two cities are compared and the results obtained in the management of the wastes are discussed.</p><p>The conclusion in this study is that Barcelona has improved noticeable in terms of environmentally safe management of the wastes. This has happened thanks to the efforts of the city council and of the citizens.</p><p>But It is still necessary to make a major effort by the inhabitants of Barcelona.</p>

Sweden is a long-term world reference country in terms of sustainable development. On the other hand, Barcelona has recently made great efforts in order to improve and to make society aware of the importance of environmental issues. Hence, it would be interesting to investigate if these efforts had succeeded in the waste’s management in Barcelona compared to other leading European cities, and particularly to the case of Gävle. In this work, the operation of the management of the urban solid wastes of the two cities is explained. First, the objectives marked by Agenda 21 of each locality are exposed. Next, a theoretical perspective about management, generation of wastes and types of waste treatment is provided. In the following chapter, the results of the generation of wastes, selective collection and the treatments of the wastes are shown for both the cases of Barcelona and Gävle until the 2006. Finally, the two cities are compared and the results obtained in the management of the wastes are discussed. The conclusion in this study is that Barcelona has improved noticeable in terms of environmentally safe management of the wastes. This has happened thanks to the efforts of the city council and of the citizens. But It is still necessary to make a major effort by the inhabitants of Barcelona.

Magister Artium - MA / Solid waste management in South Africa is in a phase of transitioning. This transition entails the valorisation and diversion of recyclable waste away from landfills for the creation of a new secondary recycling economy. However, reclaimers within the Global South have been engaged in valorising waste through market-driven pricing. Localised and ‘informal’ as they are, they remain a significant source of labour for global capital. Their presence runs parallel to the emergence of green models such as the circular economy, coupled with contentious initiatives that aim at formalising and integrating reclaimers. Given the revitalised emphasis on the urban waste economy, inadequate attention has been given to understanding the linkages between the formal processing companies and informal waste reclaimers operating at the level of the street and landfill.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-02-08T15:25:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávio Aguiar Folletto_.pdf: 5286315 bytes, checksum: 1cb7c8087eaaee4886a1b9c3a871326b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T15:25:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flávio Aguiar Folletto_.pdf: 5286315 bytes, checksum: 1cb7c8087eaaee4886a1b9c3a871326b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / Frente aos padrões modernos de desenvolvimento e consumo, equacionar a gestão e o gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) tornou-se um grande desafio não só para administração pública, mas também para a sociedade. A disposição final de resíduos sólidos urbanos demanda constante expansão dos sistemas operacionais, frente ao crescente aumento populacional e consequente incremento aos volumes diários de resíduos gerados. A legislação nacional preconiza o desenvolvimento econômico e social, aliados a qualidade ambiental. A partir dessa premissa, avaliar alternativas locacionais de atividades e empreendimentos tornaram-se importantes ferramentas para analisar possíveis riscos a integridade ambiental. Um exemplo é a demanda por áreas para implantação de aterros sanitários, a qual implica em atender múltiplos critérios de ordem econômica, social e ambiental. Neste cenário, o presente estudo pretendeu, através das geotecnologias, identificar áreas aptas a disposição final de RSU na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos. Além disso, buscou-se avaliar a possibilidade de gerenciamento cooperado (consórcios públicos) entre os municípios da mesma Bacia Hidrográfica. Durante o desenvolvimento desse estudo, dados digitais inerentes a critérios ambientais, sociais e econômicos, em conjunto com aqueles relacionados ao Licenciamento Ambiental no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, formaram um grupo de fatores limitantes à implantação de aterros sanitários, roteirizados e trabalhados em um Sistema de Informação Geográfico (SIG). Além dos dados digitais disponíveis em entidades governamentais e privadas, foram criadas bases cartográficas na ausência de informações. A partir da organização dessas bases, foram gerados mapas temáticos considerando os critérios restritivos, abordados para este estudo. Em uma segunda etapa a avaliação preconizou a possibilidade de gerenciamento compartilhado das áreas resultantes, visualizando vários arranjos entre as municipalidades. Finalmente, a metodologia proposta englobou uma análise da verdade terrestre através de imagens de alta resolução, considerando os elementos da paisagem e a eficácia da sistemática desenvolvida, além de confirmar a efetividade desta proposta, discutindo sua aplicabilidade a outras unidades de gestão. Os resultados apontam para 26 áreas, desigualmente distribuídas pela Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio dos Sinos, em função de características físicas e ambientais. Deste total, 7 áreas apresentaram efetiva oportunidade de gerenciamento consorciado entre os municípios componentes da unidade de gestão, atendendo integralmente aos parâmetros propostos para o estudo. Além disso, as glebas selecionadas, quando submetidas a avaliação dos componentes da paisagem em maiores escalas, demonstram a efetividade e aplicabilidade da proposta. A replicação do método mostrou-se, tangível a outras regiões, refletindo a importância de avaliações pretéritas às obras de engenharia, para aterros sanitários, oportunizando redução de custos e reduzindo os impactos ambientais. / Faced with modern patterns of development and consumption, equating the management of solid urban waste (MSW) has become a major challenge not only for public administration, but also for society. The final disposal of solid urban waste demands constant expansion of the operating systems, in response to the growing population increase and consequent increase in the daily quantity of waste generated. National laws recommend economic and social development, allied to environmental quality. Based on this premise, evaluating locational alternatives for activities and enterprises have become important tools to analyze possible environmental integrity risks. One example is the demand for landfill sites, which implies meeting multiple economic, social and environmental criteria. In this situation, the present study intends, through the geotechnologies, to identify suitable areas for final disposal of MSW in the Rio dos Sinos River Basin. In addition, it is intended to evaluate the possibility of cooperative management (public consortiums) between the municipalities of the same Hydrographic Basin. During the development of this study, digital data inherent to environmental, social and economic bases, together with those related to Environmental Licensing in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, formed a group of factors limiting the implantation of sanitary landfills, scripted and worked in a Geographic Information System (GIS). In addition to the digital data available in governmental and private entities, cartographic bases were created in the absence of information. From the organization of these databases, thematic maps were generated considering the restrictive criteria, approached for this study. In a second stage, the evaluation recommended the possibility of shared management of the resulting areas, visualizing arrangements between the municipalities. Finally, the proposed methodology set out an analysis of ground truthing through high resolution images, considering the elements of the landscape and the effectiveness of the systematics developed, besides confirming the effectiveness of this proposal, discussing its applicability to other management units. The results drives to 26 areas, unequally distributed by the Rio dos Sinos River Basin, due to physical and environmental characteristics. From this total, 7 areas presented an effective opportunity of management consortium between the municipalities components of the management unit, fully meeting the proposed parameters for the study. In addition, the selected areas, when submitted to the evaluation of the components of the landscape in larger scales, demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the proposal. The replication of the method proved to be tangible to other regions, reflecting the importance of past evaluations of engineering works for sanitary landfills, reducing costs and reducing environmental impacts.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-08-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:30:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_fg_me_jabo.pdf: 207990 bytes, checksum: 5e3ea22a783169f86c5601397fb83169 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A riqueza de nutrientes presentes nos resíduos orgânicos é fonte alternativa para uso de adubo na agricultura e para a recomposição de matas nativas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de mudas de Pterogyne nitens (amendoim bravo), espécie florestal nativa da mata atlântica, em substratos contendo composto orgânico de lixo e poda de árvore, conduziu-se experimento em ambiente protegido, no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. As plantas foram dispostas em tubetes distribuídos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4x2 (4 substratos e 2 níveis de irrigação) com 3 repetições. Os substratos utilizados foram: 80% composto de poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo; 100% substrato comercial; 100% composto de poda; 80% poda e 20% substrato comercial. A irrigação foi realizada manualmente calculada em níveis de 50% e 100% da evapotranspiração. Foi avaliado o desenvolvimento da planta por meio da altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folíolos e massa seca. Os parâmetros de desenvolvimento das plantas de amendoim bravo foram significativos, no substrato 80% poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo. Não houve diferença em relação aos níveis de irrigação. Os resíduos orgânicos da poda de árvore e do lixo domiciliar na proporção 80% poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo apresentaram melhor desempenho que os demais substratos, incluindo o substrato comercial / The richness of nutrients in organic waste is an alternative source of fertilizer for use in agriculture and for restoration of native forests. The use of alternative substrates for the production of seedlings of native species should be studied to achieve higher efficiency and availability of substrate for the farmer, encouraging recovery and environmental sustainability of their property. Aiming to evaluate the performance of seedlings Pterogyne nitens (amendoim bravo), a forest species native to the rainforest, on substrates containing organic compost and pruning the tree, we conducted the experiment in a greenhouse at the Department of Rural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP. The plants were placed in tubes randomly allocated to four treatments, two irrigation levels in a 4x2 factorial arrangement and three replications. The substrates used were composed of 80% and tree pruning waste compost 20%, 100% commercial substrate, 100% composed of pruning, pruning 80% and 20% commercial substrate. Irrigation was performed manually at 50% and 100% evapotranspiration. Was evaluated through the development of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and dry weight. The development of peanut plants was significantly brave, substrate 80% and 20% of pruning waste compost. No difference in relation to levels of irrigation. We conclude that the conditions under which the experiment was conducted organic waste from tree trimming and garbage at home 4:1 ratio performed better than the other substrates, including the commercial substrate

Falsamente percebido como não agressivo ao meio ambiente pela sua origem verde, o óleo de fritura usado não tem uma cadeia de reciclagem formal. A população, as empresas e os diferentes níveis de governo têm atuação variada e não coordenada para fazer com que este resíduo tenha um destino ambientalmente correto. Este trabalho mostra como funcionam as cadeias que reciclam o óleo de fritura, estabelecendo elementos de avaliação de sua capacidade de se firmarem no tempo, de se consolidarem para assegurar sua sustentabilidade. A partir de uma revisão conceitual de indicadores de sustentabilidade é definida um método de avaliação e feita sua aplicação às cadeias que tratam o resíduo oriundo de Taubaté e S. José dos Campos. Seguiu-se esta cadeia da fonte aos usuários finais situados mesmo fora destas cidades. Na forma de pesquisa qualitativa exploratória, são entrevistados todos os tipos de agentes que atuam nestas cadeias, mostrando sua perspectiva da situação atual e da futura. O estudo mostra que as cadeias de reciclagem do óleo de fritura são poucas, fracas, vivem na informalidade e por vezes dependem de ações de voluntariado. Elas carecem de uma presença de governo e não poderão ser sustentáveis sem que respeitem as relações da sociedade e se organizem para serem eficientes de modo a gerar maior valor econômico. É fornecida uma visão abrangente e atualizada da questão, identificando os poucos elementos de sustentabilidade existentes bem como as oportunidades para que cada agente revise sua forma de contribuição para o fortalecimento destas cadeias e consequente redução do impacto ambiental deste resíduo. / Wrongly perceived as having no impact on the environment due to its origin, the waste frying oil doesnt seem to have a structured recycling chain. People, industry, and different governmental levels operate on different ways that are not coordinated, therefore, providing a disposal path that could ship this waste to an environmentally correct destination. This study shows the way the recycling chains of cooking vegetable oil are functioning, thus identifying the components for assessing their capacity to stand the test of time and consolidate their sustainability. Departing from a review on sustainability indicators, this study proposes an assessment methodology that was applied to the existing residue recycling chains in the municipalities of Taubaté and São José dos Campos. The chain was described from its sources to the end users even if they were located far from the referred cities. Structured as a qualitative exploratory survey, all types of agents that operate these chains were interviewed and provided their perspectives on the current status and future prospective of this activity. The study shows that the existing waste frying oil recycling chains are few, weak, informal, and rely, frequently, on volunteerism. There is a need for a greater government presence on stimulating and regulating these chains or they will not become sustainable nor respect society rules and relationships, therefore, function as a more organized entity to improve its efficiency and add more value to the chain. An industry perspective was also provided, identifying few existing sustainable characteristics and opportunities for agents to contribute in making these chains stronger, what, in the end, will reduce the environmental impact of this residue.

Orientador: João Antonio Galbiatti / Banca: Carlos Eduardo Angeli Furlani / Banca: Fábio Olivieri de Nobile / Resumo: A riqueza de nutrientes presentes nos resíduos orgânicos é fonte alternativa para uso de adubo na agricultura e para a recomposição de matas nativas. Com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de mudas de Pterogyne nitens (amendoim bravo), espécie florestal nativa da mata atlântica, em substratos contendo composto orgânico de lixo e poda de árvore, conduziu-se experimento em ambiente protegido, no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Unesp, Campus de Jaboticabal-SP. As plantas foram dispostas em tubetes distribuídos ao acaso com 8 tratamentos em esquema fatorial 4x2 (4 substratos e 2 níveis de irrigação) com 3 repetições. Os substratos utilizados foram: 80% composto de poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo; 100% substrato comercial; 100% composto de poda; 80% poda e 20% substrato comercial. A irrigação foi realizada manualmente calculada em níveis de 50% e 100% da evapotranspiração. Foi avaliado o desenvolvimento da planta por meio da altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folíolos e massa seca. Os parâmetros de desenvolvimento das plantas de amendoim bravo foram significativos, no substrato 80% poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo. Não houve diferença em relação aos níveis de irrigação. Os resíduos orgânicos da poda de árvore e do lixo domiciliar na proporção 80% poda de árvore e 20% composto de lixo apresentaram melhor desempenho que os demais substratos, incluindo o substrato comercial / Abstract: The richness of nutrients in organic waste is an alternative source of fertilizer for use in agriculture and for restoration of native forests. The use of alternative substrates for the production of seedlings of native species should be studied to achieve higher efficiency and availability of substrate for the farmer, encouraging recovery and environmental sustainability of their property. Aiming to evaluate the performance of seedlings Pterogyne nitens (amendoim bravo), a forest species native to the rainforest, on substrates containing organic compost and pruning the tree, we conducted the experiment in a greenhouse at the Department of Rural Engineering Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP. The plants were placed in tubes randomly allocated to four treatments, two irrigation levels in a 4x2 factorial arrangement and three replications. The substrates used were composed of 80% and tree pruning waste compost 20%, 100% commercial substrate, 100% composed of pruning, pruning 80% and 20% commercial substrate. Irrigation was performed manually at 50% and 100% evapotranspiration. Was evaluated through the development of plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and dry weight. The development of peanut plants was significantly brave, substrate 80% and 20% of pruning waste compost. No difference in relation to levels of irrigation. We conclude that the conditions under which the experiment was conducted organic waste from tree trimming and garbage at home 4:1 ratio performed better than the other substrates, including the commercial substrate / Mestre

O Resíduo de Construção e Demolição (RCD), devido ao seu volume, gera um alto impacto ambiental, social e econômico, trazendo assim a preocupação crescente sobre sua gestão. Essa gestão sempre foi responsabilidade do poder público. Porém, com a Resolução 307 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA), de 05 de julho de 2002, ela foi transferida para os geradores de resíduos, que devem segregar o resíduo em quatro classes diferentes e encaminhá-las para reciclagem ou deposição final. Assim, este trabalho propõe uma metodologia, baseada no enfoque sistêmico e em técnicas de pesquisa operacional, para tratar o problema de gestão de resíduos da Construção Civil, em conformidade com a Resolução CONAMA 307. A metodologia proposta compreende a elaboração de um Plano de Gestão de Resíduos que contemple a fase de projeto, minimizando a geração de resíduos; a segregação e o transporte do resíduo gerado dentro da obra; e a sua destinação final, incluíndo o controle da segregação e deposição do resíduo gerado. No trabalho são comparadas duas obras, uma onde não houve nenhuma forma de gestão sobre o resíduo e outra onde o Plano de Gestão proposto foi aplicado. Além disso, foi feito um modelo de simulação utilizando o programa de computador Arena 7.0, utilizado para avaliação do impacto do Plano em diversos cenários de geração, segrega ção e transporte dos resíduos. Como resultado do trabalho apresenta-se um Plano de Gestão de Resíduos que possui viabilidade econômica, social e ambiental, além de ser legalmente adequado, para ser usado por profissionais do setor público e privado no tratamento e gestão do resíduo gerado em suas obras. / The Construction and Demolition Waste (C&DW), because of its high volume, brings high environmental social and economical impacts, therefore the worries about its management has grown. This management has always been responsibility of the governments. But with the Resolution 307 of CONAMA (Brazilian Environmental National Council) of July 22nd, 2002, it was transferred to the waste producer, which has to segregate it in four different categories and ship it to be recycled or disposed properly. The proposal is to create a method, based on system approach and operations research, to deal with C&DW management, respecting Resolution 307 guidelines. The proposed method encompasses the creation of a Waste Management Plan, whichconsiders the aspects of the project, to minimize waste generation; the segregation and transport within the construction site; and the final destination of the waste, including a method to control its segregation and shipping. Two construction sites were considered, one that did not have any kind of waste management and one on which the Management Plan was implemented. In addition, it was developed a simulation model using the computer software Arena 7.0, to analyze the Plan under different scenarios of generation, segregation and shipping of construction waste. As a result, a Plan of C&DW Management was proposed and validated, which is economic, social and environmental feasible and legally adequate, to be used by public and private professionals when dealing with the C&DW of their constructions.

Notre société évolue constamment et se positionne vis-à-vis du monde qui l’entoure. Cette évolution la pousse à se réorganiser atour d’énergie provenant de source locale et renouvelable. Pour ces raisons, il semble pertinent de concevoir une évolution possible de la méthanisation par des unités localisées. On parle alors de micro-méthanisation à l’échelle urbaine. La rédaction de cette thèse a ainsi eu pour objectif d’apporter des éléments de réponse quant à la question de la faisabilité d’intégrée cette micro-méthanisation dans des quartiers. Pour cela, il a été réalisé : i) Une analyse des retours d’expérience issus de villes porteuses de projet de méthanisation urbaine. ii) Une approche expérimentale, dans le but d’obtenir un processus de méthanisation des déchets urbains à l’échelle laboratoire. iii) Ces données d’entrée ont ensuite permis l’établissement d’un modèle de valorisation des déchets dans un quartier. Ces résultats mettent en avant la nécessité d’une approche systémique afin de pouvoir intégrer la méthanisation dans un quartier. Ils permettent de plus, de recommander l’utilisation de certains procédés et l’emploie de déchets, afin d’améliorer la mise en œuvre du processus dans l’espace urbain. Dans des conditions définies la méthanisation urbains est possible et stable dans le temps. De plus, le bilan énergétique s’avère bénéfique pour le quartier. On note que l’énergie ainsi produite, l’est majoritairement sous forme de chaleur ce qui met en avant l’intérêt d’un processus intégré, proche des habitations. / Our society is constantly evolving and positioning itself in relation to the world around it. This evolution pushes it to reorganize itself around energy from local and more renewable sources. For these reasons, it seems appropriate to design a possible evolution of anaerobic digestion (AD) by localized units. This is referred to a micro-AD at urban scale. The purpose of this thesis was to provide some answers to the question of the feasibility of integrating this micro-AD into a neighbourhood.To this end, it was carried out: i) An analysis of feedback from cities with urban AD projects. ii) An experimental approach, with the aim of obtaining a stable AD process of urban waste atlaboratory scale. iii) These input data then made it possible to establish a waste recovery model in a district. These results highlight the need for a systemic approach in order to be able to integrate AD in a neighbourhood. They also make it possible to recommend processes and wastes, in order to improve the implementation of the process in urban areas. Under defined conditions, urban AD is possible and stable over time. In addition, the energy balance is beneficial for the district. It should be noted that the energy thus produced is mainly in the form of heat, which highlights the importance of an integrated process, close to homes.