Les villes ne cessent de se densifier au détriment des espaces de nature qui corrélativement se réduisent, tout comme les services écosystémiques qui leur sont associés. Face à ce constat, la végétalisation du bâti apparaît comme une alternative indispensable. Dans ce cadre, les toitures végétalisées font partie des outils d'aménagement des villes qui sont en pleine expansion. Ces toitures revêtent différentes formes, s'adaptant aux contraintes et enjeux urbains. Depuis quelques années, une nouvelle forme de toiture végétalisée a émergé : les toitures végétalisées productives (e.g. de biomasse alimentaire). Encore peu développée et mal connue, l'intérêt concernant cette forme de toiture ne cesse de croître. Leur conception, leur aménagement et surtout les services écosystémiques quelles peuvent rendre sont aujourd’hui encore mal connus et nécessitent d’être mieux appréhendés. Clé de voûte des toitures végétalisées, le sol en place influence directement et indirectement les services écosystémiques rendus par celles-ci. En dépit du rôle majeur de ces sols, peu d'études leur sont consacrés. Par ailleurs, des produits non renouvelables tels que la pouzzolane, l’argile expansée ou la tourbe sont aujourd’hui très majoritairement utilisés dans leur composition. Nous avons étudié des Technosols, c’est à dire des sols reconstitués, de toitures productives composés uniquement de produits issus de résidus du milieu urbain. Ce travail a eu une double ambition : (i) évaluer quantitativement les services écosystémiques rendus et (ii) comprendre les premières phases d’évolution des Technosols. Pour cela, trois dispositifs expérimentaux, installés sur la toiture « Bertrand Ney » de l’école AgroParisTech ont été utilisés. Il s’agit de bacs de cultures dans lesquels des sols sont construits, avec des agencements divers de cinq résidus urbains: un compost de déchet vert, du bois broyé, de la brique et de la tuile concassée, un résidu de champignonnière et un compost de biodéchet. Nous avons étudié l’effet des différents types de Technosols construits sur (i) les services écosystémiques rendus, (ii) la production alimentaire (quantitative et qualitative), (iii) la fertilité physico-chimique et (iv) leur évolution temporelle. Les Technosols construits sont fertiles et permettent une production alimentaire conséquente sur une à cinq années, caractérisée par de faibles teneurs en éléments traces métalliques équivalentes à celles de la moyenne des productions maraichères. L’évaluation quantitative de services écosystémiques (production alimentaire, recyclage de résidus urbain, rétention des eaux de pluies et qualité des eaux de percolations (C et N), a souligné le caractère multifonctionnel des systèmes étudiés et met en évidence un disservice, qui est une altération de la qualité des eaux de percolation par lixiviation du carbone, pouvant être liée à celle d’autres éléments. Une première phase de pédogénèse rapide et intense est observée, marquée par une forte biodégradation des matériaux et une forte lixiviation. Nos travaux ont mis en évidence l’existence d’un double compromis dans la conception d’un Technosol productif, entre (1) la biodégradation des matériaux (assurant la fourniture des nutriments minéraux aux plantes) et le maintien de la structure et porosité du matériau, donc de sa fertilité physique d’une part et entre (2) la fourniture d’élément nutritifs par biodégradation et la lixiviation, se traduisant par une perte de ces éléments et une altération de la qualité des eaux de percolation d’autre part. La connaissance des propriétés des matériaux utilisés et de ses liens avec les services écosystémiques attendus permet déjà de concevoir des toitures productives multifonctionnelles à partir de résidus urbains et de les gérer de manière durable. / Cities are becoming denser at the expense of nature spaces that are correspondingly decreasing, as are the ecosystem services associated with them. Faced with this observation, the greening of buildings appears as a valuable alternative. Nowadays, green roofs have become a planning tool in urban planning. These roofs take different forms, adapting to urban constraints and challenges. In recent years, a new form of green roof has emerged: productive green roofs (i.e. of edible biomass). Despite a growing interest, rooftop farming is still poorly developed and known. Their design, their development and especially, the ecosystem services they could deliver are still poorly understood and need to be known. Keystone to green roofs, the soil in place directly and indirectly influences the provided ecosystem services. Despite, it’s key role, soil is still poorly studied. Furthermore, non-renewable products such as pozzolan or expanded clay or peat are today mostly used in their composition. In this work we have studied constructed soils, named Technosols, for productive roofs made only of urban wastes. The objectives of this thesis were: (i) to achieve a quantitative assessment of delivered ecosystem services (ii) analyze the first stages of Technosol pedogenesis. In order to do so, three experimental devices were implemented on the “Bertrand Ney” rooftop of the technical University AgroParisTech in Paris. The experimental devices consist of multiple plots filled with different disposal of five urban wastes: green waste compost, shredded woods, crushed tiles and bricks, spent coffee grounds used to grow mushroom and a biowaste compost. The impact of the different Technosols on (i) ecosystem services, (ii) food production (quality and quantity), (iii) fertility) and (iv) temporal evolution, were assessed. Constructed Technosol are fertile and allow a consistent food production over one to five years. The level of food production was equivalent to that of a professional producer and food quality regarding trace metal element was below existing norms. The quantitative assessment of ecosystem services (food production, urban waste recycling, rainwater retention and overflow quality (C and N)), highlighted the multifunctional nature of productive green roofs. However, we identified an ecosystem disservice which is an alteration in the quality of the leachates due to carbon leaching and presumably other elements. A first phase of rapid and strong pedogenesis was observed marked by an intense biodegradation and lixiviation of the Technosols. Our works identified two trade-offs in the design of a productive Technosol: between (i) the biodegradation or organic materials (ensuring the supply of mineral nutrient to plants) and the maintenance of the structure and porosity of the Technosol (i.e. its physical fertility) and (ii) the supply of nutrients by biodegradation and leaching, resulting in a loss of these elements and an alteration of the quality of percolation waters on the other hand. Knowledge of the properties of the materials used to build Technosols and on their link with the expected ecosystem services already makes it possible to design multifunctional productive rooftop based on urban waste and manage them sustainably.

Conduziu-se durante dois anos, em um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, em Piracicaba-SP (22o41’00" S; 47o39’00" O; 554 m de altitude), um experimento com a cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizados 9 tratamentos com 4 repetições, implantados num delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram: tr1 - adubação mineral + calagem; tr2, tr3; tr4 e tr5 - doses de lodo de esgoto (respectivamente, 0; 33; 66 e 99 Mg ha-1, no primeiro ano, e 0; 37; 74 e 112 Mg ha-1, no segundo ano); tr6, tr7; tr8 e tr9 - doses de composto de lixo (respectivamente, 0; 20; 40 e 60 Mg ha-1, no primeiro ano, e 0; 24; 48 e 72 Mg ha-1, no segundo ano). Os resíduos foram aplicados manualmente na superfície do solo e incorporados com enxada rotativa, no primeiro ano em área total e no segundo apenas na entrelinha. Foram determinados, em cada parcela, os seguintes parâmetros do solo: composição granulométrica (amostras coletadas antes da implantação do experimento); o conteúdo de carbono orgânico (amostras coletadas em 15 datas durante os dois anos); conteúdo de argila dispersa em água, densidade e porosidade total (amostras coletadas ao final do primeiro e do segundo ano do ciclo da cultura); curva de retenção de água, condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e condutividade hidráulica relativa (amostras coletadas ao final do primeiro ano do ciclo da cultura); e condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e não saturado (determinada no campo ao final de dois anos do ciclo da cultura, utilizando o infiltrômetro de tensão). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que houve redução da densidade do solo e aumento da porosidade total com o aumento das doses dos resíduos, para a camada de 0 a 0,15 m de profundidade, no segundo ano de aplicação. Nas parcelas que receberam aplicações de ambos os resíduos, houve aumento da condutividade hidráulica do solo próximo à saturação e redução à medida que o solo se afasta da saturação, para a faixa de potencial mátrico estudada (0 a 1 kPa). O decaimento da condutividade hidráulica relativa, a partir da saturação, foi inicialmente mais acentuado nas parcelas que receberam aplicações de ambos os resíduos, quando comparadas às que não receberam resíduos. Verificou-se também, através de análises de regressão múltipla, que diferenças na retenção de água e no conteúdo de argila dispersa em água, que pela análise de variância convencional seriam atribuídas exclusivamente aos tratamentos, de fato eram parcial ou totalmente devidas a variações não casuais na composição granulométrica do solo. Pelos resultados pôde-se concluir que a aplicação de resíduos urbanos ao solo leva a modificações de propriedades como a densidade e porosidade total do solo, a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e a condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado. Pôde-se concluir também que a casualização dos tratamentos na área experimental não garante a ausência de covariação entre os tratamentos e outras variáveis independentes, as quais podem interferir nas propriedades de interesse (variáveis dependentes) e, conseqüentemente, na eficiência da análise de variância feita de maneira convencional, sendo recomendado a realização de um "ensaio em branco" para verificar a eficiência desta casualização. / An experiment was carried out during two years on a Red Yellow Latosol cropped with sugar-cane, located in the country of Piracicaba-SP (22o41’00" S; 47o39’00" W; 554 m high). Nine treatments with 4 replications were used in a random-block experimental design. The treatments were: tr1 - mineral fertilization + CaCO3; tr2, tr3; tr4 and tr5 - levels of sewage sludge (respectively, 0; 33; 66 and 99 Mg ha-1, in the first year, and 0; 37; 74 and 112 Mg ha-1, in the second year); tr6, tr7; tr8 and tr9 - levels of composed of garbage (respectively, 0; 20; 40 and 60 Mg ha-1, in the first year, and 0; 24; 48 and 72 Mg ha-1, in the second year). The residues were manually applied on the soil surface and incorporated with a rotative plough. In the first year, the incorporation was done on the total area; in the second year only in inter-rows. The following soil parameters were determinated in each plot: particle size distribution (samples collected before the installation of the experiment); organic carbon content (15 samplings along the two years); natural clay content, soil bulk density and total soil porosity (sampling at the end of the first and second years of the growing cycle); water retention curves, saturated hydraulic conductivity and relative unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (samples collected at the end of the first year of the growing cycle); and saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (determined in situ at the end of the first and second years of the growing cycle, using tension infiltrometer). Results show a decrease the soil bulk density and increase of total porosity as the levels of residue application increased, for the 0 to 0.15 m soil layer, in the second year of application. On the plots that received applications of both residues, there was increase of the hydraulic conductivity near the soil saturation and decrease for the 0 to 1 kPa matric potential range. The decline of the relative hydraulic conductivity starting from the saturation, was initially more accentuated in the plots that received applications of both residues as compared with the ones that did not. It was also verified, through analyses of multiple regression, that differences in the water retention and in the natural clay content, that they would be attributed exclusively to the treatments by the conventional variance analysis, they were partially or totally owed to non casual variations in the particle size distribution of the soil. It could be concluded that the soil application of urban residues causes modifications of soil physical properties as saturated and unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity. It could also be concluded that the randomization of the treatments in the experimental area does not guarantee the covariance absence between the treatments and other independent variables, which can interfere in the properties of interest (dependent variables) and, consequently, in the efficiency of the variance analysis done in a conventional way.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-04-09T12:49:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO FOELKEL PATR?O.pdf: 2622317 bytes, checksum: de2ea76630e0237198e69a0f53eb7b6d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-09T12:49:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARCELO FOELKEL PATR?O.pdf: 2622317 bytes, checksum: de2ea76630e0237198e69a0f53eb7b6d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-27 / With the increase in the population of Brazilian cities and the irregular disposal of solid urban waste, it was necessary to create guidelines for the implementation of a solid waste management in the municipalities. Thus, Federal Law 12,305 / 2010, which established guidelines and showed ways for a responsible management of urban solid waste, was introduced. Linked to this, there is also a quest to make renewable energies and alternative sources of fuel viable, such as biogas generated through municipal solid waste. There is a promising market for new waste treatment technologies, as well as an increase in the search for greater knowledge of this new market that starts in the country, by public and private managers, in order to consolidate and nationalize techniques developed in other continents. In this work, the possibility of electric power generation using the biogas generated by solid urban waste in the city of Jundia?-SP and an economic analysis of the whole system will be discussed. The methodology to be used is the agreement between the City of Jundia? and the German government, with the author's adaptations, taking into account the standard DIN 38414-8 (1985-06). The results show a good potential for the generation of biogas, showing a revenue of one hundred sixty-eight million, two hundred and ninety-five thousand, two hundred and ninety-five reais and seventy-six cents (R $ 168,295,295.76) per year for the city of Jundia?. / Com o aumento da popula??o das cidades brasileiras e o despejo irregular dos res?duos s?lidos urbanos, houve a necessidade da cria??o de diretrizes para a implanta??o de uma gest?o de res?duos s?lidos nos munic?pios. Assim, surgiu a Lei Federal 12.305/2010, que estabeleceu diretriz e mostrou caminhos para uma gest?o respons?vel dos res?duos s?lidos urbanos. Atrelado a isso, h? tamb?m uma busca por tornar vi?veis energias renov?veis e fontes alternativas de combust?veis, como, por exemplo, o biog?s gerado atrav?s dos res?duos s?lidos urbanos. Vislumbra-se um mercado promissor para novas tecnologias de tratamento de res?duos, bem como um aumento na busca por maior conhecimento desse novo mercado que se inicia no pa?s, por parte dos gestores p?blicos e privados, a fim de consolidar e nacionalizar t?cnicas desenvolvidas em outros continentes. Neste trabalho, ser? abordada a possibilidade de gera??o de energia el?trica utilizando o biog?s gerado pelos res?duos s?lidos urbanos da cidade de Jundia?-SP e uma an?lise econ?mica de todo o sistema. A metodologia a ser empregada consta do conv?nio firmado entre a Prefeitura de Jundia? e o governo Alem?o, com adapta??es do autor, levando em conta a norma DIN 38414-8 (1985-06). Os resultados obtidos permitem vislumbrar um bom potencial para a gera??o de biog?s, mostrando uma renda de R$168.295.295,76 (cento e sessenta e oito milh?es, duzentos e noventa e cinco mil, duzentos e noventa e cinco reais e setenta e seis centavos) por ano para a cidade de Jundia?.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-30T21:28:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SIMONE NÓBREGA RIBEIRO ALMEIDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 4691319 bytes, checksum: 936fbab62885503318d5fdee07417693 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-30T21:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SIMONE NÓBREGA RIBEIRO ALMEIDA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGSA PROFISSIONAL 2016..pdf: 4691319 bytes, checksum: 936fbab62885503318d5fdee07417693 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-02 / A disposição inadequada de resíduos sólidos é um dos sérios problemas enfrentados pela sociedade moderna. Uma alternativa para esta disposição de forma ambientalmente adequada são os aterros sanitários. Desta forma, o município de Pombal - PB juntamente com outros municípios circunvizinhos buscam a implantação de um aterro sanitário consorciado tendo em vista o atendimento a legislação em vigor. Objetivou-se, portanto, realizar um estudo para identificar, por meio de geoprocessamento, áreas aptas para a implantação de um aterro sanitário no município de Pombal - PB, observando critérios ambientais,sociais e econômicos. Foi estimado o tamanho da área necessária a implantação do aterro. Posteriormente foram avaliadas três áreas, seguindo critérios preestabelecidos e atribuição de nota. Quanto ao tratamento de dados espaciais utilizou-se o Qgis 2.18. Com isso, selecionou-se preliminarmente a Área 1 como possível área para implantação do aterro sanitário, haja vista ter sido a que melhor atendeu aos critérios estabelecidos. / The inadequate disposal of solid waste is one of the serious problems faced by modern society. An alternative to this provision in an environmentally appropriate manner is landfills. In this way, the municipality of Pombal - PB together with other surrounding municipalities, seek the implementation of a consortium sanitary landfill in order to comply with current legislation. The objective of this study was to identify, through geoprocessing, suitable areas for the implantation of a sanitary landfill in the city of Pombal - PB, observing environmental, social and economic criteria. The size of the land required for the landfill was estimated. Subsequently, three areas were evaluated, following pre-established criteria and note assignment. As for spatial data processing, Qgis 2.18 was used. With this, it was preliminarily selected Area 1 as a possible area for landfill implantation, since it was the one that best met the established criteria.

Conduziu-se durante dois anos, em um Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo, em Piracicaba-SP (22o41’00" S; 47o39’00" O; 554 m de altitude), um experimento com a cultura da cana-de-açúcar. Foram utilizados 9 tratamentos com 4 repetições, implantados num delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Os tratamentos foram: tr1 - adubação mineral + calagem; tr2, tr3; tr4 e tr5 - doses de lodo de esgoto (respectivamente, 0; 33; 66 e 99 Mg ha-1, no primeiro ano, e 0; 37; 74 e 112 Mg ha-1, no segundo ano); tr6, tr7; tr8 e tr9 - doses de composto de lixo (respectivamente, 0; 20; 40 e 60 Mg ha-1, no primeiro ano, e 0; 24; 48 e 72 Mg ha-1, no segundo ano). Os resíduos foram aplicados manualmente na superfície do solo e incorporados com enxada rotativa, no primeiro ano em área total e no segundo apenas na entrelinha. Foram determinados, em cada parcela, os seguintes parâmetros do solo: composição granulométrica (amostras coletadas antes da implantação do experimento); o conteúdo de carbono orgânico (amostras coletadas em 15 datas durante os dois anos); conteúdo de argila dispersa em água, densidade e porosidade total (amostras coletadas ao final do primeiro e do segundo ano do ciclo da cultura); curva de retenção de água, condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e condutividade hidráulica relativa (amostras coletadas ao final do primeiro ano do ciclo da cultura); e condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e não saturado (determinada no campo ao final de dois anos do ciclo da cultura, utilizando o infiltrômetro de tensão). Os resultados obtidos mostraram que houve redução da densidade do solo e aumento da porosidade total com o aumento das doses dos resíduos, para a camada de 0 a 0,15 m de profundidade, no segundo ano de aplicação. Nas parcelas que receberam aplicações de ambos os resíduos, houve aumento da condutividade hidráulica do solo próximo à saturação e redução à medida que o solo se afasta da saturação, para a faixa de potencial mátrico estudada (0 a 1 kPa). O decaimento da condutividade hidráulica relativa, a partir da saturação, foi inicialmente mais acentuado nas parcelas que receberam aplicações de ambos os resíduos, quando comparadas às que não receberam resíduos. Verificou-se também, através de análises de regressão múltipla, que diferenças na retenção de água e no conteúdo de argila dispersa em água, que pela análise de variância convencional seriam atribuídas exclusivamente aos tratamentos, de fato eram parcial ou totalmente devidas a variações não casuais na composição granulométrica do solo. Pelos resultados pôde-se concluir que a aplicação de resíduos urbanos ao solo leva a modificações de propriedades como a densidade e porosidade total do solo, a condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado e a condutividade hidráulica do solo não saturado. Pôde-se concluir também que a casualização dos tratamentos na área experimental não garante a ausência de covariação entre os tratamentos e outras variáveis independentes, as quais podem interferir nas propriedades de interesse (variáveis dependentes) e, conseqüentemente, na eficiência da análise de variância feita de maneira convencional, sendo recomendado a realização de um "ensaio em branco" para verificar a eficiência desta casualização. / An experiment was carried out during two years on a Red Yellow Latosol cropped with sugar-cane, located in the country of Piracicaba-SP (22o41’00" S; 47o39’00" W; 554 m high). Nine treatments with 4 replications were used in a random-block experimental design. The treatments were: tr1 – mineral fertilization + CaCO3; tr2, tr3; tr4 and tr5 - levels of sewage sludge (respectively, 0; 33; 66 and 99 Mg ha-1, in the first year, and 0; 37; 74 and 112 Mg ha-1, in the second year); tr6, tr7; tr8 and tr9 - levels of composed of garbage (respectively, 0; 20; 40 and 60 Mg ha-1, in the first year, and 0; 24; 48 and 72 Mg ha-1, in the second year). The residues were manually applied on the soil surface and incorporated with a rotative plough. In the first year, the incorporation was done on the total area; in the second year only in inter-rows. The following soil parameters were determinated in each plot: particle size distribution (samples collected before the installation of the experiment); organic carbon content (15 samplings along the two years); natural clay content, soil bulk density and total soil porosity (sampling at the end of the first and second years of the growing cycle); water retention curves, saturated hydraulic conductivity and relative unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (samples collected at the end of the first year of the growing cycle); and saturated and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity (determined in situ at the end of the first and second years of the growing cycle, using tension infiltrometer). Results show a decrease the soil bulk density and increase of total porosity as the levels of residue application increased, for the 0 to 0.15 m soil layer, in the second year of application. On the plots that received applications of both residues, there was increase of the hydraulic conductivity near the soil saturation and decrease for the 0 to 1 kPa matric potential range. The decline of the relative hydraulic conductivity starting from the saturation, was initially more accentuated in the plots that received applications of both residues as compared with the ones that did not. It was also verified, through analyses of multiple regression, that differences in the water retention and in the natural clay content, that they would be attributed exclusively to the treatments by the conventional variance analysis, they were partially or totally owed to non casual variations in the particle size distribution of the soil. It could be concluded that the soil application of urban residues causes modifications of soil physical properties as saturated and unsaturated soil hydraulic conductivity. It could also be concluded that the randomization of the treatments in the experimental area does not guarantee the covariance absence between the treatments and other independent variables, which can interfere in the properties of interest (dependent variables) and, consequently, in the efficiency of the variance analysis done in a conventional way.

Soils in the urban environment are distinctive in that they are modified through waste amendments. Consideration has been given to how urban soil properties reflect current human influence; however, recent studies highlight their potential as historical archives. The impact of waste disposal on the nature, properties and formation of urban soils is significant, especially in historic small towns where the extent and complexity of refuse management practices is only just emerging. This study uses a multi-method approach to characterise and understand modes of urban anthrosol formation in three Scottish burghs; Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown. The objectives of this study are threefold; to establish the nature and diversity of urban anthrosols in and near to historic small towns, to characterise and account for the multiplicity of urban anthrosols in and near to historic small towns, and to elucidate the processes associated with waste management and disposal in historic small towns. Physical, chemical and micromorphological analysis of topsoil deposits indicate sustained addition of past waste materials to soils within and near to historic small towns. Soil characteristics were heterogeneous across burghs; however, distinct patterns according to past functional zones were identified. The burgh core and burgh acres are important areas of interest at all three burghs. Soil modification was most pronounced within burgh cores resulting in the formation of hortic horizons. Soils within burgh cores are characterised by neutral pH, increased organic matter content, enhanced magnetic susceptibility and elevated elemental concentrations such as calcium, phosphorus and potassium. In comparison the nature and extent of soil modification within burgh acres is more varied. At Lauder hortic soils were identified in the burgh acres suggesting pronounced soil modification through cultivation. Deepened topsoil in the burgh acres at Pittenweem provided evidence for application of mineral rich waste materials in the past. Moreover, magnetic and elemental enhancement (barium, phosphorus, lead, zinc) within the burgh acres south of Wigtown revealed historic soils based anthropogenic signal. It is argued that changes in soil characteristics at Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown can be explained through processes of waste management and disposal in the past. Evidence from micromorphological analyses suggests that waste in burgh cores typically comprised domestic waste, animal waste, building materials and fuel residues. These materials were also identified within burgh acres, although it is noted that their abundances were significantly lower. Variation in urban anthrosol characteristics between burghs is attributed to differing industries and patterns of resource exploitation, for example marine waste associated with fishing was only identified in coastal burghs. The sustained addition of waste materials to soils within and near to historic small towns was an effective waste management strategy. Waste disposal in burgh cores was likely to be a combination of direct application and midden spreading in back gardens. This led to enhanced soil fertility which was important in the development of urban horticulture; particularly for poorer inhabitants who did not have access to arable farm land adjacent to the burgh. Dunghills acted as temporary stores of waste in the main thoroughfares of Lauder, Pittenweem and Wigtown. These dunghills were systematically transported to the burgh acres for further use as a fertiliser; hence, an early form of urban composting. Processes of waste disposal could not be deduced from soil characteristics alone; however, likely methods include direct waste deposition, storage and redistribution of midden waste, and storage and redistribution of dunghills. The limitations of soil classification systems and mapping are highlighted, for example urban soils are either omitted from soil maps or are misclassified. It is recommended that urban soils in historic towns should be incorporated into future regional soil maps. Urban soils represent a complex archive of past human behaviour not necessarily reflected in archaeological excavation or documentary analysis. It is argued that soil and artefacts are equally important, hence soil should be a consideration in urban heritage and conservation strategies.

Ce travail de recherche a été réalisé à partir de l’étude de plus de 64 000 restes osseux provenant de 39 ensembles chrono-stratigraphiques issus de 7 sites répartis entre la ville et ses faubourgs. A l’aide de ce mobilier inédit, cette étude s’est attachée à appréhender, au travers des restes osseux, la ville dans ses dimensions économiques, culturelles et sociales entre les 14e et 17e siècles. Ainsi, au travers des études des proportions d’espèces, des âges et des sexes des animaux consommés, il a été possible de dresser les grandes tendances de l’approvisionnement de la ville durant ces quatre siècles tout en s’attachant à montrer la multiplicité des modes d’acquisition des animaux domestiques comme sauvages. Pour s’approvisionner en bétail, Tours met à contribution non seulement les élevages locaux consacrés à la production de viande mais aussi ceux qui produisent lait et laine. Ce travail a aussi mis en lumière aux portes de la ville le traitement industriel des carcasses de bœufs (traitement boucher et collecte de graisse). Cette étude a permis de caractériser le régime en viande des citadins et de différents contextes sociaux de la ville et notamment de mettre en évidence la grande différence dans le régime en viande qui existe à Tours entre les élites religieuses, qui se nourrissent de pièces de viande de qualité, et le reste de la population, plus particulièrement les commerçants et artisans urbains, dont l’alimentation est marquée par une forte consommation d’abats. / This research was conducted on the basis of over 64,000 bone remains from 39 chronostratigraphic units gathered from 7 sites located throughout the city of Tours and its immediate surroundings. The objective of this study was to use this unprecedented collection to size the economic, cultural and social dimensions of the city from the 14th to the 17th century through faunal remains. Thanks to the analysis of the proportions of species of animals eaten by age and gender, it is possible to define the main trends of meat supply in Tours over the period of time considered as well as to describe the many different ways of acquiring domestic and wild animals. In order to cater to its cattle need, Tours used local livestock bred for meat as well as milk and wool production. This research also sheds light on the industrial processing of beef carcasses (meat processing and fat collection). It is also possible to define the meat diet of city dwellers and of various social contexts of the city, highlighting for instance the difference in the meat diet of the religious elite, who ate prime cuts, and the rest of the population, more specifically city shopkeepers and craftsmen, whose diet mainly comprised of offal.

No description available.

This study is a part of the HITS-project at the Integrated Transport Research Lab at KTH. The demand for urban freight transportation has continued to grow during the last decades due to increased urbanization. Road-based freight transport contributes to air pollution, traffic congestion and noise pollution. The dependency of these services and because of their emissions of greenhouse gases there is a need for new sustainable initiatives.  To investigate the possibility of consolidating the delivery of parcels and collection of recycling materials, a pilot initiative called Älskade Stad has been implemented in Stockholm. Traditionally, similar initiatives have encountered problems when municipalities have stopped the funding and it has also been difficult to convince companies to cooperate. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate what values that are being created from an urban consolidation center (UCC), as these could be seen as incentives for joining. Furthermore, it will identify what value propositions that are being offered for the city and the involved companies and how these companies capture these values.  The thesis is conducted as a qualitative case study and uses the business model approach as a conceptual framework. The result from the study shows that four key resources and activities were related to value creation: a smaller truck which increased the filling rates, exemptions received from the municipality, new garage space utilization, and goods and waste flow consolidation. Furthermore, sustainable value propositions are offered to the companies and the city, such as, more attractive streets, higher profitability on trucks, increased publicity, improved work environment and finally green transportation solutions. This has entailed changes to the value capturing for the involved companies. Changes that are related to savings, revenue, and cost streams. The analysis from the study showed that the implementation of an UCC can help the city when facing urbanization challenges, and lead to a cleaner, safer, and more attractive city. / Denna studie är en del av HITS-projektet vid Integrated Transport Research Lab vid KTH. Efterfrågan på urbana varutransporter har fortsatt att öka under de senaste årtiondena på grund av en ökad urbanisering. Vägbaserad varutransport bidrar till luftföroreningar, köbildning och ljudföroreningar. Vikten av dess tjänster i kombination med dess stora utsläpp av växthusgaser skapar ett behov av nya hållbara initiativ.  För att utforska en lösning som konsoliderar varuleveranser och upphämtning av returmaterial, har en pilotstudie med namnet Älskade Stad genomförts i Stockholm. Historiskt sett har liknande initiativ mött problem när finansiering från offentlig sektor tagit slut och dessutom har det varit svårt att övertyga företag att delta i samarbeten. Därför ämnar denna studie att kartlägga vilka värden som faktiskt skapas med hjälp av en urban samlastningscentral, vilket skulle kunna ses som möjliga incitament. Vidare syftar denna studie till att kartlägga vilka värden som erbjuds för staden samt involverade företag och hur dessa värden fångas av företagen.  Denna uppsats är genomförd i form av en kvalitativ fallstudie och använder ett affärsmodellsperspektiv som teoretiskt ramverk. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med experter som är involverade i initiativet samt forskare insamlades data. Resultaten från studien påvisar fyra huvudsakliga aktiviteter och resurser kopplat till värdeskapande: en mindre lastbil som ökade fyllnadsgraden, dispenser utdelat från stadsförvaltningen, ny garageanvändning samt godskonsolidering. Utöver detta så uppstår ett hållbart värdeerbjudande till företagen och staden i form av en mer attraktiv gatumiljö, högre lönsamhet på sopbilar, ökad publicitet, förbättrad arbetsmiljö och en grön transportlösning. Detta har medfört förändringar när det gäller företagens värdefångst, förändringar kopplade till besparingar, intäkts- och kostnadsflöden. Analysen från studien visat att en implementering av en urban samlastningscentral kan hjälpa staden att bemöta urbaniseringsutmaningar och bidra till en renare, säkrare och attraktivare stadsmiljö.