Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第19160号 / 地環博第135号 / 新制||地環||27 / 32111 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 ｼｮｳ ﾗｼﾞﾌﾞ, 教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第19160号 / 地環博第135号 / 新制||地環||27(附属図書館) / 32111 / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎環境マネジメント専攻 / (主査)教授 ｼｮｳ ﾗｼﾞﾌﾞ, 教授 岡﨑 健二, 准教授 西前 出 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Over three decades of rapid economic growth in China, beginning in 1978, has been accompanied by ever-enlarging urban-rural inequalities in terms of the various aspects of income, welfare, infrastructure, medical treatment, and education (amongst others). These two parts – the urban and the rural - have long been treated separately, without much consideration being given to their mutual linkages (relations). Urban and rural development can, essentially, be interpreted as the deployment of key factors (terms of trade for agricultural products, land requisition, and labor transfer), and the supply of public goods and services (infrastructure, education, insurance, and medical care). Thus, the urban-rural inequalities experienced by China at present can be understood as the consequence of the factor flows (labor, capital, goods, information, and technology, etc.) and agglomeration between these two parts. This thesis aims to investigate urban-rural relations in China in the post-reform era, and their influences on the economic, social, and environmental development in both the urban and the rural areas. The thesis consists of five papers and the cover essay. The first two papers provide a detailed picture of urban-rural relations in China, while the other papers examine the impact of urban-rural relations in terms of population mobility, arable and built land use change, and regional economic inequality in the study area. The findings of the thesis reveal that urban-rural relations in China became gradually intensified in the post-reform era, especially when the central government initiated a shift from a situation of urban bias to comprehensive support for the rural areas. However, the mutual resource flows in the study area still tend to agglomerate in the urban districts, while only reaching the rural peripheries to a limited extent. This is demonstrated in the way in which the urban districts experienced fast and large scale demographic growth and land use change, while slow and small-scale demographic and land use change took place in the peripheries. The urban-rural interface, which is situated between the urban and rural areas, evidences medium-level resource agglomeration. This thesis, through the discussion which it sets out, emphasizes the necessity of exercising both political and market forces in order to achieve balanced urban-rural resource flows in China. Another implication for policy making is to develop more sub-centers at the peri-urban or periphery, making these areas the interface for urban-rural resource linkages. / QC 20110909

The transformation of rural people and land to urban land and culture is a natural discourse and inevitable process. In the process, more than half of the current world population are living in urban centres. The number of urban centres and their population is rapidly increasing while the situation of integrated development of urban centres and rural areas such URELs for sustainable development have given less attention in agricultural based countries (ABCs). Multi-disciplinary (agriculture and agro-industries) integration, multi-spatial (urban centre and its hinterlands) linkages, multiscalar (micromeso and macro) levels, multi-actors and stakeholders involvement are the noteworthy innovations in the field of development studies. This study mainly focused on URELs for agribusiness and value chains under the development themes of governance and development as well as contemporary debates. Policies, institutional settings and practical implementation strategies of integrated and balanced development discourse of basic sectoral and urban-rural economic linkages (URELs) missed in ABCs such as Ethiopia‟s comprehensive development policy ADLI neglecting the rapidly growing urban centres. Owing to this, this study is designed to examine the challenges and problems, status and agribusiness and efficiencies of URELs for exploring theoretical empirical model for virtuous circle URELs. Methodologically, the study used sequential explanatory mixed methods research and cross-sectional survey design. The sequential approach was quantitative method, qualitative method and integrating the two findings on interpretation and discussion. The findings present truncated BPLs and FPLs of agriculture and agroindustries. It was was mainly due to poor and greater ranges of efficiency from TE, AE and EE for both agriculture and agro-industries, form of government as ethnic-federalism and regionalism, violation of the existing institutional frameworks, dejure-defacto discrminatin, government businesses, policy and institutional settings, lack of R&D, many paradoxical acts and poor resources mobilization and utilization. These problems and challenges are taken as potential opportunities for improvement and new lens of developing empirical model. The overall recommendation lies on creating enabling environment for virtuous circle URELs and integrated regional development using regional development approach, avoiding illegal interventions, import-export balance, proper resource mobilization and utilization. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

La diffusione della città nella campagna è evidente in Italia e in Europa (EEA, 2006). L’estensione della scala delle relazioni antropiche, altrettanto. (Hall, Pain, 2006). I dati, pur incerti, testimoniano, anche nel nostro Paese, ritmi di “urbanizzazione” incessanti (ONCS, 2009). La necessità di regolare i rapporti tra le aree rurali e le aree urbane non è certo una esigenza recente, né solo italiana; tuttavia, il suo soddisfacimento assume oggi una nuova importanza e, in certi casi, un’evidente urgenza. I primi modelli di pianificazione territoriale adottati in Italia, influenzati da approcci teorici non esenti da una connotazione ideologica, hanno spesso sottostimato l’effettiva praticabilità di un disegno ideale in un contesto reale (Benevolo, 2010) al punto che né la promozione della trasformazione urbana delle campagne, né il contenimento dell’urbanizzazione hanno prodotto, almeno in Italia, il risultato auspicato e programmato (ibid.). Nel tempo, si registra una modificazione dell’approccio disciplinare in materia di governo del territorio, e con essa si è osservata (e ancora si osserva) una costante innovazione degli strumenti e delle norme (Oliva, 2008). Tuttavia, si rileva un’evidente debolezza metodologica in ordine alla lettura delle relazioni tra città e campagna. Due categorie, ereditate dal passato, che tendono a confermarsi solo agli estremi del continuum territoriale che oggi rappresenta la porzione prevalente dello spazio contemporaneo e che per questo vedono attenuare fortemente la propria capacità interpretativa. Da ciò l’evidenza, e in alcuni casi l’urgenza, di una nuova lettura delle relazioni tra urbano e non urbano che registri i nuovi paesaggi e le nuove funzioni svolte dalle campagne urbane (Donadieu, 2006a), tratti l’a-spazialità di molte attività economiche e la conseguente indifferenza localizzativa, prenda atto dell’accresciuta vulnerabilità ecologica dei territori contemporanei, dove i livelli di pressione sulle risorse naturali, a partire dal suolo, sono ormai insostenibili. Una lettura dicotomica, univoca e restrittiva, delle connotazioni territoriali appare forzata: ruralità ed urbanità non sono (più) dimensioni autonome, anzi si confrontano, si sovrappongono, producendo esiti assai differenti. Mappare ed interpretare questi cambiamenti, risulta assai complesso. Del resto, la ruralità non può essere intesa in modo residuale e passivo. Oggi è una controparte attiva e dinamica, nonostante le debolezze endogene del settore primario. Parimenti, l’urbanità, e in particolare, la sua tradizionale capacità di attrazione appare in crisi. Esiste invece un variegato “spazio di mezzo” da interpretare ricercando nuove modalità di rappresentazione. Ne consegue la parziale inutilità o la difficile applicabilità di rigide forme di ordinamento territoriale basate sulla gerarchia di funzioni (produttive o economiche in senso lato), così come la separazione razionalistica degli spazi assegnati a tali funzioni. Per una nuova lettura delle relazioni urbano/rurali è poi necessario analizzare i metodi di classificazione impiegati e sperimentati a livello nazionale ed internazionale, per prenderne atto delle criticità e della parziale incapacità di rilevare adeguatamente la nuova dimensione della periurbanità. La presente tesi si propone, come obiettivo, quello di dare alcune risposte a queste criticità. Dapprima, offre una analisi della evoluzione dei sistemi territoriali, urbani e rurali, anche in chiave storica, e cerca di comprenderne i loro cambiamenti secondo le interpretazioni date da varie scienze sociali. In seguito, cerca di studiare gli effetti delle politiche territoriali fino ad ora implementate, anche in una prospettiva comparata. Infine, offre una rassegna tassonomica delle principali metodologie di classificazione e comprende la sperimentazione di un metodo originale di zonizzazione validato per il contesto lombardo. / The spread of cities into the countryside is evident in Italy and in Europe (EEA, 2006). The extension of the scale of human relationships, as well. (Hall and Pain, 2006). The data, although uncertain, testify, even in our country, the “rhythm of urbanization" incessant” (ONCS, 2009). The need to regulate relations between rural and urban areas is not recent, but its satisfaction assumes a new importance and, in some cases, an obvious urgency. Early models of land use planning adopted in Italy, influenced by theoretical approaches not free of an ideological, have often underestimated the actual feasibility of an ideal design in a real context (Benevolent, 2010). The promotion of urban transformation of rural areas or the containment of urbanization have obtained, at least in Italy, the planned result (ibid.). In time, there is a modification of the approach in disciplinary matters of territorial government, and with it, there was (and still is observed) the constant innovation of tools and standards (Oliva, 2008). However, it notes an obvious methodological weaknesses in order to read the relationship between cities and countryside. Two categories, inherited from the past, which tend to confirm at the extremes of the spatial continuum that today represents the portion of the prevailing contemporary context. This continuum is difficult to interpret. It is necessary to read the new functions of urban campains (Donadieu, 2006), to point out the localization indifference of many economic activities, to take note of the increased ecological vulnerability of contemporary territories, where the levels of pressure on natural resources, starting from the land, are now unsustainable. A dichotomous reading, unique and restrictive, of these new territories appears forced: rurality and urbanity are not (more) dimensions autonomous, indeed, they overlap and produce very different outcomes. Mapping and interpreting these changes is very complex. Moreover, the rurality can not be considered so as residual and passive. Today it is a dynamic and active counterpart, despite the weaknesses of the endogenous primary sector. Likewise, the urbanity, and in particular, its traditional ability to attract several resources appears in crisis. Instead there is a varied "middle space" that is seeking new ways to representation. They follow the partial worthlessness or the difficult applicability of rigid forms of territorial organization based on a hierarchy of functions (productive or economic in the large sense), as well as the rational separation of spaces allocated to these functions. For a new interpretation of urban/rural relations is necessary to start to analyze the methods of classification used and tested at national and international level, to take note of the problems and the partial inability to properly detect the new size of the peripheral urbanity (periurban areas). This thesis aims to give some answers to these critical issues. First, it offers an analysis of the evolution of regional, urban and rural, territorial system and tries to understand their changes according to the interpretations given by various social sciences. Then, it tries to study the effects of regional policies implemented, even in a comparative perspective. Finally, it offers an overview of the main methods of classification and includes an original zoning validated for the context of Lombardy.