L'objet de ce travail est d'examiner l'appropriation locale d'un changement global d'imaginaire, qui transforme les montagnes, leur environnement et leurs sociétés en objets de désirs et de consommations touristiques. Cette étude s'inscrit dans le temps long (entre la fin du XVIIIe siècle et la fin du XXe) et s'appuie sur un espace pionnier du tourisme européen. La mise en tourisme d'éléments de l'environnement (paysages, eaux, biosphère, climat, neige) et de certains modes de vie, place quelques territoires de montagne au cœur d'un mouvement économique, social et culturel éminemment contemporain. Le tourisme, dont l'apparition est concomitante de l'industrialisation, s'impose comme une forme de compensation face aux « débordements » industriels et urbains, comme un complément indispensable de la modernisation. Il connaît des taux de croissance forts qui en font un secteur à part entière de l'économie contemporaine. À chaque moment de cette histoire, certaines régions des Pyrénées s'illustrent au meilleur niveau d'équipement et de réputation et permettent d'interroger sur le temps long les problématiques posées par l'aménagement en montagne. Dans ces Pyrénées, le secteur touristique se construit d'abord localement, au contact des désirs des visiteurs. L'intervention publique est déterminante : des communes aménagent et expérimentent des modes de gestion de biens productifs (thermes, casinos, stations de ski). Elles sont appuyées par les préfectures et les administrations déconcentrées. L'État en tant que tel n'intervient, lui, que tardivement. Cette étude comparative et transfrontalière permet sinon de mettre en lumière des facteurs qui influent sur la trajectoire des aires et stations touristiques, qu'il s'agisse de thermalisme, d'excursions en montagne ou de sports d'hiver. Un exemple, celui de la station en site vierge de Superbagnères, invite en particulier à reconsidérer l'histoire traditionnellement faite des aménagements touristiques hivernaux. Cette recherche tente par ailleurs d'appliquer le concept d'hétérotopie, cette utopie effectivement réalisée, au tourisme ; elle interroge pour ce faire le versant social de l'aménagement, qui doit assurer le bon ordre et la sécurité dans les stations. Les effets du tourisme sur l'environnement sont également abordés : très tôt, les urbanisations accroissent l'exposition aux risques naturels, artificialisent les sols, posent des problèmes d'assainissement, tandis que les excursions et les consommations diverses augmentent la pression sur la biosphère. Cette étude s'intéresse aussi au partage de l'espace et aux conflits d'usage avec l'industrie et l'agriculture ; elle met en avant leurs liens avec la protection de la nature. Elle restitue, enfin, l'importance de la frontière et de l'imaginaire géographique dans les trajectoires économiques et touristiques. / The aim of this work is to consider the local appropriation of a global change of imaginary, which transforms the mountains, their environment and their societies into objects of touristic desires and consumables since the eighteenth century. This study examines a long period of time (between the end of the 18th century and the end of the 20th century) and draws on a pioneering area regarding European tourism (French and Spanish Pyrenees). The touristic transformation of environmental elements (landscapes, waters, biosphere, climate, snow) and specific lifestyles puts some mountain spaces at the core of a highly contemporary economic, social and cultural movement. Tourism, which emergence coincides with industrialization, appears as a form of compensation for industrial and urban "overflows" and as an essential complement to modernization. Its strong growth rates make it a full-fledged sector of the contemporary economy. All along this history, some regions of the Pyrenees reach the best level of equipment and reputation.

Across the academic sphere, much research has been conducted into the development of water-sensitive elements to address issues around urban water management. However, these elements are commonly investigated in isolation, with little consideration for initiatives from other disciplines that may support their success. This research aims to demonstrate the value that an architect may bring in incorporating ideas drawn from various disciplines to create a water- sensitive design solution with multiple ecosystem benefits, taking into account the human experience of space and place-making. In doing so, the design demonstrates that a water-sensitive building is aesthetically pleasing, viable and achievable. The feasibility of water-sensitive designs has been noted as a focus area by the South African Water Research Commission; one which is particularly pertinent in our present water-scarce environment in South Africa. This applied study is based on a previous Master of Architecture (Professional) dissertation building design, which is used as the unit of analysis. The building focuses on restoring the quality of water in the Liesbeek River in Cape Town using passive filtration methods. The objective of this study is to gain new insights into the design process and planning of water-sensitive architectural buildings, which assists in understanding when collaborating across disciplines. The research is guided by Deep Ecology, phenomenology and Ecological Urbanism. Research by Design is used as the method of the study, in which different design iterations based on the raw data of the original building are investigated and analysed, as well as evaluated by specialists from various disciplines in order to create a best-fit design solution. The revised building takes into account the practical, site-specific and architectural qualities of a water-sensitive design to create a people-centred building that incorporates ecological and engineering demands in greater detail. Key outcomes of the study include a typical design process for a WSAD and architectural guidelines for water-sensitive buildings, grounded in the diverse values of water and its relationship to people and nature. The dissertation aims to contribute to the academic discourse around water-sensitive design. Further, the guidelines developed may be used to inform the design of conventional buildings.

The topic of this work is urban study of development area in the city Vyskov. The area is situated by the border of the city. This place is between two different forms - high apartment building (seven floors) and family house - border of the city and village. My purpose is make concept, which make quality background for life, place, where people want spend their time together outside. Make interestting place with activitties for every age group. As new buildings are designed residental houses, family houses and facilities. Its operational and layout solutions adapted to the position and orientation of the compass.

RECREATION POTENTIAL OF PUBLIC SPACES OF PANEL DISTRICT IN SLOVAKIA This task discuss about relation between natural place potential and how place influence regeneration of public spaces to create live and usefull spaces for dwellers. In literary overview this task disscus about different kinds of recreation, which every dveller can do in public spaces of our panel districts, than about regeneration of publick spaces and types of living spaces, which exist in panel districts. The important element of this task was evaluate contemporary conditions of publick spaces in Slovak nanel districkts, if it possible to use them and what is their activity range, because natural givennes of panel districts markedly enfluent oportunities and ways how to regenerate spaces for recreation. I made two evaluations, which are aimed at of panel districts recreation atraction for dwellers. The second evaluation searched public spaces of panel districts in detail, their conditions and use range of dwellers. On base of these evaluations I created four recreation potential categhories of panels districts and we tried to find the infuence of this recreation potential to creating of public spaces. On the base of our results from choosed panel districts we found out, that panel districts, which care about their natural givennes are more often used by dwellers, than panel districts which created new artificial public spaces. Based on this results I confirmed my hypothesis. Use of this task is in many ways, in theoretical way as base for next searching of panel districts regeneration. In practical way it can be used as regeneration tool

L’Union européenne et les États membres doivent progresser de manière continue vers une société durable, intelligente, inclusive et à faible intensité de carbone. Vue sous le prisme de l’Union de l’énergie, l’efficacité énergétique serait à la base de la refonte socio-économique de l’Europe et poserait les jalons des nouveaux paradigmes socio-économiques, nécessairement transversaux. Encore faut-il que le domaine plurisectoriel de l’efficacité énergétique soit mis en œuvre dans un cadre réglementaire et normatif harmonisé, transparent et évolutif. Nous avons donc effectué une analyse sur la mise en œuvre de l’efficacité énergétique au niveau du droit européen et niveau du droit national français. Dans une première partie, nous avons constaté la singularité juridique de la notion d’efficacité énergétique qui réside dans sa genèse et ses rapports multiformes. Dans une seconde partie, nous avons démontré le caractère pluridisciplinaire de l’efficacité énergétique. En effet, nous avons pu constater que l’efficacité énergétique est intégrée en droit public et en droit privée. En somme, le concept d’efficacité énergétique matérialise l’apparition d’une nouvelle grille de lecture en droit, résidant dans une approche transversale afin de mieux tenir compte des interactions et des synergies entre les différents phénomènes socio-économiques contemporains allant de pair avec les progrès technologiques et l’innovation. / The European Union and its Member States shall continue to evolve towards a sustainable, intelligent, inclusive and low-carbon society. Energy efficiency would be the basis for the socio-economic redesign of Europe and would lay the groundwork for new, necessarily transverse socio-economic paradigms. The multi-sector domain of energy efficiency need to be fully implemented in a harmonized, transparent and evolving regulatory and normative framework. We therefore carried out an analysis of the implementation of energy efficiency at two levels: regional level (European law) and nation level (French law). Firstly, we have noted the legal singularity of energy efficiency, which lies in its genesis and its multiform relationships. Secondly, we have demonstrated the multidisciplinary nature of energy efficiency. Indeed, we have seen that energy efficiency is recognized in both public and private law. In sum, the concept of energy efficiency materializes the emergence of a new legal reading grid. The approach is transverse to account more accurately for the interactions and synergies between the various contemporary socio-economic phenomena, which go hand in hand with technological progress and innovation.

This diploma thesis deals with architecture and town planning of a two settlements Zahradní Město (Garden City) and Záběhlice. The text is divided to the two main parts according to the topic. The first of them deals with a development of Záběhlice from its beginnings in 11th century to present. The second part is about the construction of Zahradní Město which had several phases: terraced houses from 1920s, apartment blocks in 1950s and high-rised blocks form 1960s and 1970s. At the beginning of 21st century there were realized another new projects near Botič. This thesis is focused on changes of local architecture. A part of the thesis is also a brief description of development of architecture between two world wars and there is also a short description of panel technology which was used there. Keywords Záběhlice, Zahradní Město, architecture, housing estate, urbanism

Denna uppsats handlar om besluten som ligger till grund för expansionen av tunnelbanan i nordvästra Stockholm och dess påverkan på skapandet av en ny stadsdel utanför Stockholms innerstad. Frågeställningarna är grundade på frågor kring varför tunnelbanan förlängs mellan Akalla och Barkarby? Hur blir resan mellan Barkarby Station och Akalla blir mer tidseffektiv sett till dagens kollektiva transportmedel? Hur påverkar tunnelbanans expansion konstruerandet av en stadsdel i New urbanism? För att besvara frågeställningarna och syftet har en kvalitativ textanalys genomförts med en induktiv metod. Materialet består av plandokument och utredningar angående utbyggnaden av tunnelbanan, från Stockholms läns landsting och Järfälla kommun samt teorier från Christaller, Hägerstrand och New urbanism förespråkare. Med hjälp av den induktiva metoden har insamlandet av empirin utgått från besvarandet av syfte och frågeställningar. Slutsatsen visar att tunnelbanan spelar en stor roll för bostadsbyggandet i nya områden. Den ger resenärer ett effektivt transportmedel för att färdas mellan områden och den nya tunnelbanesträckningen binder samman regioner på ett effektivare sätt än tidigare.

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Många konstmuseum vänder världen ryggen, och deltar inte i stadslivet. Så är inte fallet med nya Uppsala Konstmuseum, som både tar plats i staden, och låter staden ta plats i museet. Uppsala är rikt på symboler - sen gammalt finns det domkyrkan, slottet och universitetet, men är det verkligen vad dagens Uppsalabor identifierar sig med? Svaret ligger i Fyrisån, som dominerar stadsrummet, och Uppsalas sinne. Omhuldad men samtidigt värdebefriad förenar den det kyrkliga, det borgerliga och det studentikosa Uppsala. Årummet delar staden, men ger en unik stadskaraktär i utbyte. Museet spelar på denna karaktär, men lämnar också plats för de andra monumenten, och ger utrymme för egen tolkning av vad Uppsalas själ består av, och hur ett museum kan bidra till denna. På platsen fanns tidigare endast parkering. Genom att flytta den ett stenkast österut skapas en förlängning av strandpromenaden, och Stadsträdgården tar numera plats på båda sidor av ån, med museets skulpturpark. Museet har ett yttre skal av betongelement, medan de inre utställningsrummen omgärdas av translucenta glasväggar. Rörelsen mellan utställningsplanen och husets andra funktioner sker mot ån till, då besökarna vandrar mellan utblickar mot staden och ån och museets moderna konstinriktning. / All over the world, art museums have a tendency to turn their backs towards the surrounding society. Sure, they may claim their place, but are they really letting the city come inside? Uppsala has a rich symbolic and cultural heritage. There’s the cathedral, the castle and the university, but do they represent the identy of today’s Uppsala? To me, the answer is found in the Fyrisån, the small body of water dominating the cityscape. Cherished but at the same time void of values, it unites the secular, religious, academic and the blue-collar Uppsala. It divides the city physically, but in exchange for an unique urban character. Uppsala Art Museum is a part of this Fyris-centered character. While acknowledging the monuments of old, it leaves room for the beholder to interpret the city, and how the museum interacts with it. The parking lot that was the site is moved east to make room for an extension of the existing boardwalk, enabling the beloved City Garden to take place on both sides of the river. The museum is made from prefabricated concrete elements, while the inner exhibitionspaces are enclosed in semi-translucent glass walls. The vertical movement is conducted facing the water, as the visitors alternate their focus from the art towards the symbols of the city.

The area that once were “The Great Tenochtitlán”, the aztec city surrounded by five lakes, greenery and impressive sustainable systems for housing and agriculture has turned out to be a megacity growing uncontrollably, leaving a negative environmental and social impact within. Over the last 60 years the population has increased from 5.2 to 8.8 million (INEGI 2010) in the Distrito Federal and from 5.7 to 20.8 million in the ZMVM (Metropolitan Area of the Mexican Valley) known as Mexico City, area which is projected to be the third biggest city in the world by 2015 (United Nations 2005). Research Questions: What would it take for a megacity such as Mexico City to take a shift into sustainable urban design and re-development? How can infrastructures such as transit, waste management systems and public spaces interact in a hybrid urban fabric of blue and green structures, in which the natural landscape and the built environment complement each other? Aim: The aim of this study is to address a research in one of the 16 boroughs of Distrito Federal: Tláhuac, which will be the place for the first metro line reaching the urbanized south-east, therefore the activation of the area is imminent. Tláhuac is a borough with an agricultural-urban character. The area is inhabited by middle-low income families. Its connection to the city, commercial areas and public space is deplorable. The site has large areas of non-utilized agricultural land, these areas are constantly squatted, one large plot of land with these characteristics is right next to the site where the new metro line will be built. Methodology and Design Tools: The study and design is supported by the emergent discipline: Landscape Urbanism, its theory of infrastructural landscapes is used as a way to conceal the urban and the regional, and so as the belief that “Landscape has replaced architectural form as the primary medium of city making” (Waldheim 2006). The methodologies used are literature review and spatial analysis. The final outcome is a new way to do urbanism in the post-agricultural areas of Mexico City, by including the preexistent landscapes as the urban fabrics when developing towards a more urban character. The basic design tools are; infrastructural landscapes throughout the use of the canals and chinampas, urban agriculture, eco-housing, recycling stations and inclusion of new services and community areas.