城市化是影響全球碳循環的最重要的由人類活動主導的影響因素之一。本質上，城市碳儲存和碳釋放，無論以人工的（如能源消耗、建築物、廢物等）或自然組成部份（如城市綠色植被，城市土壤等），都與城市緊密相關。在城市碳循環中，無論人工或自然組成部份都是同等重要，因為在研究中必須同時考慮兩者的貢獻。然而，已有的研究過於片面，且大多數集中于城市能源利用和碳排放方面。該研究試圖將城市系統作為一個整體，定量地探討城市人工及自然組成部份對二氧化碳排放量的貢獻。 / 首先，我們提出一個基於過程的“城市土地的定義，以表述城市土地動態變化的本質，并運用閾值方法成功提取所定義的“城市土地。我們運用多源的遙感數據，包括夜晚燈光影像，LandSat影像及Modis影像，分析城市化過程及相應的土地利用/覆蓋變化。總體而言，在過去25年間，中國城市用地擴張了3.8倍，農田和林地是城市土地擴張的主要來源。 / 其次，以經過校準的夜晚燈光數據作為指示變量，我們開發了一個自上而下的分解模型來估算城市尺度下化石燃料消耗導致的二氧化碳排放。在中國快速城市化的背景下，城市二氧化碳排放量占全國總排放量的比例大幅增加。與農村地區相比，由於較高的收入水平，生活方式的改變及更便利地獲得電力能源，中國城市的人均排放量遠高於全國平均量。這與發達國家的情景截然相反。另外，由於當地經濟規模和結構的影響，東部地區的人均碳排放量低於西部地區。結果還表明，快速增長的經濟和城市化是二氧化碳排放量增加的主要驅動力，且能源效率在2000年之後反而呈現增長趋势，也是促進二氧化碳排放量增加的主要原因。如果國家宣佈并嚴格執行更嚴格的可持續發展目標，則經濟結構及能源結構調整將在減碳方面發揮作用。 / 第三，本研究還根據儲存-變化方法，估算了城市系統的自然組成部份，也就是城市植被和土壤的碳儲存和釋放。結果表明，儲存於城市植被和土壤中碳量與城市化石燃料排放的碳量相當，且城市土壤是主要的碳庫，儲存了約93%的碳。隨著城市不斷擴張，由於大量自然植被被破壞，城市植被變成碳源并向大氣釋放碳；而城市土壤則變成碳庫，吸收了大氣中部份的二氧化碳。鑒於中國未來持續的城市化過程，該研究結果為城市管理者提供了科學依據，以通過提高城市植被和土壤的碳儲量，吸收部份化石燃料燃燒排放的二氧化碳。 / 最後，我們還運用格蘭傑檢驗分析小尺度氣候變量對二氧化碳增加的響應。結果表明，在中國城市化較低地區，氣溫與二氧化碳變化存在雙向格蘭傑因果關係；而在快速城市化地區，如東部沿海城市，僅存在氣溫變化導致二氧化碳排放量增加的單向格蘭傑因果關係。該研究首次在城市尺度解釋了氣候對二氧化碳增量的響應關係。總體而言，本論文綜合地探索了中國快速城市化背景下，城市人工及自然組成部份對二氧化碳排放量的共同貢獻。這些研究結果為當地政府建設低碳城市提供了科學依據和決策支持。 / Urbanization is undoubtedly one of the most significant anthropogenic forces affecting global carbon cycle. Carbon storage and release through anthropogenic (e.g. energy consumption, building, waste) and natural components (e.g. urban vegetation and soil) are intrinsically coupled in urban areas. Both anthropogenic and natural components are equally important for understanding the carbon cycle in urban areas and have to be considered simultaneously. Present studies however mostly one-sided and primarily focus on anthropogenic emissions. Given the substantial scientific gaps, this study aims to build better knowledge on the contributions of urban areas to the increasing atmosphere CO₂ emissions at an urban scale, considering both anthropogenic and natural components simultaneously. / First, a process-based definition of urban areas is proposed to capture the inherent dynamics of urban areas, and a threshold technique is developed to map the defined urban areas in this study. Multi-sensor remotely sensed data are used to analyze the dynamic urbanization and related land use/cover conversions. Overall, urban areas have increased by 3.8 times over the studied period of 1985-2010. Croplands and forests are the major sources of the growing urban areas. / Second, taking calibrated nighttime light imagery as a proxy variable, we develop a top-down model to estimate fossil fuel CO₂ emissions on the urban scale. Driven by the rapid urbanization in China, the contributions of urban areas to the CO₂ emissions have increased substantially. In contrast to the developed counties, per capita CO₂ emissions in urban China are higher than the national average, due to higher income, change in lifestyle and easy access to electricity, whereas per capita CO₂ emissions in eastern China is lower than that in western China, due to the diverse scale and structure of local economy. Our analysis also reveals that the booming economy and urbanization are major drivers of the increasing fossil fuel CO₂ emissions, while the decoupling effect of energy efficiency reverses in the post-2000 period caused by the booming economy. It is foreseeable that economic reconstruction and energy structure would play a significant impact on carbon reduction if stricter environmental targets are released. / Third, carbon storage and change in natural components of urban areas, in particular, urban vegetation and soils, are also estimated in this study. A stock-change method is applied in this study. This study identifies that the amount of carbon storage in urban areas is comparable to that emitted from fossil fuel burning, and urban soils are the major carbon pools in urban areas. Along with urban expansions, urban vegetation becomes sources of carbon due to loss of biomass, whereas urban soils act as sinks of carbon because increasing urban areas enhance the carbon storage in them. Given the foreseeable urbanization in China, our study has implications for urban managers to enhance carbon storage through urban vegetation and soils, hence offsetting CO₂ emissions from fossil fuel burning. / Finally, a local temperature response to the increasing CO₂ in urban areas is analyzed by local Granger causality test. Bidirectional Granger causality presents between surface air temperature and carbon variables in less urbanized regions of China. In the rapid urbanization areas such as eastern coastal regions, only presents the Granger causality from surface air temperature to the fossil fuel CO₂ emissions. This is the first attempt to offer insights of local temperature variables response to the increasing CO₂ across urban China. Our integrated results are novel in exploring the contributions of expanding urban areas to CO₂ emissions across China, including anthropogenic and natural components of urban areas simultaneously. We believe that our findings have clear significance for local governments who strive for constructing low-carbon cities. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Meng Lina. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 203-218). / Abstracts also in Chinese.

Yu, Han. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 148-155). / Abstract also in Chinese; appendix C in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Content --- p.vii / Figure Content --- p.ix / Table Content --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Rapid Transformation of urban fabric in China --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Dilemma in conservation studies and practices --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Definition --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Research Questions --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Research Methods --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Study area --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Objectives and significances --- p.12 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review and Methodology --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1 --- Space syntax theory --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Foundations of syntactical model --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Network and movements --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Part-whole relationships --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Syntactical studies of urban evolution process --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Space Syntax Implementations --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Basic parameters --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Secondary parameters --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Implementation in Depthmap --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research methodology --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Analysis and Results --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1 --- Background --- p.42 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Overview of urban development of Foshan --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Limitations of previous studies --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Analysis framework --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Data preparation --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Historical maps --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Three periods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Historic attributes --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Syntactical models --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Generating axial lines --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Boundary considerations --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Space syntax parameters --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4 --- Syntactical transformation of the whole street network --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Global integration --- p.70 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Global choice --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Relations to functional distribution --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Findings --- p.84 / Chapter 3.5 --- Transformation of district-city relationships --- p.85 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Overview of ´بdistrict´ة in different years --- p.86 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- ´بDistrict´ة and ´بradius´ة --- p.91 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Syntactical characteristics of districts --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Findings --- p.106 / Chapter 3.6 --- Transformation of place-city relationships --- p.107 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Overview of ´بhistorical places´ة in different years --- p.108 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Syntactical characteristics of places in 1923 --- p.114 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- Syntactical transformation of heritages --- p.117 / Chapter 3.6.4 --- Findings --- p.122 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary --- p.123 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.125 / Chapter 4.1 --- Conservation discussions --- p.125 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Suggestions to urban planning of historic core --- p.125 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Suggestions to urban design of historic districts --- p.129 / Chapter 4.2 --- Conclusions --- p.131 / Chapter 4.3 --- Research limitations --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4 --- Future works --- p.133 / Appendix --- p.135 / Chapter A: --- Events of Foshan in the history --- p.135 / Chapter B: --- Glossary of space syntax --- p.137 / Chapter C: --- Glossary of Foshan --- p.139 / Chapter D: --- Syntactical results of respective districts --- p.142 / Chapter E: --- Syntactical results of individual heritages --- p.144 / Bibliography --- p.148

Ming, Sze Chai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-140). / Abstracts in English and Chinese, some text in appendix also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT / TABLE OF CONTENTS / LIST OF FIGURES / LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions and Objectives --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Research Significance --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Research Area --- p.4 / Chapter 1.5 --- Thesis Outline --- p.6 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- URBAN TRANSFORMATION OF CHINA AFTER 1979 / Chapter 2.1 --- Urban Development before 1978 --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Two Fundamental Issues of Urban Transformation in China --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- Major Transformation in the Post-Reform China --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- The Emergence of the Market --- p.11 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Decentralization --- p.12 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Globalization --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- A New Form of Government Behaviour: Growth Coalitions --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Interaction between Central and Local Government --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Interaction among Local Governments --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Changes in the Social-Cultural Environment --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4 --- Previous Studies on Kunshan --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.29 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH DESIGN / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Objectives --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Conceptual Framework: System Approach --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Components and Operation of a System --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Inputs --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Processes --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Outputs --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Feedback --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Research Framework and Design --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Case Study --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Documentary and Data Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Interviews --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Fieldwork --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Limitations --- p.44 / Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.44 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- OVERVIEW OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN KUNSHAN / Chapter 4.1 --- Local Development Conditions --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2 --- Economy --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3 --- Population --- p.52 / Chapter 4.4 --- "Housing Conditions, Living Conditions and Education" --- p.54 / Chapter 4.5 --- Infrastructure --- p.55 / Chapter 4.6 --- Land --- p.56 / Chapter 4.7 --- Landscape --- p.57 / Chapter 4.8 --- Spatial Dimensions of Urban Development --- p.61 / Chapter 4.9 --- Summary --- p.66 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- ROLE AND INTERACTION OF PLAYERS IN THE PROCESS OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT / Chapter 5.1 --- "Role of Government, Business Sector and Civil Society in Urban Development" --- p.67 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Government --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.1.1 --- Recognizing and Realizing the Locational Advantage --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1.1.2 --- Improving the Quality of Life --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1.1.3 --- Maintaining Social Harmony --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Business Sector --- p.71 / Chapter 5.1.2.1 --- Propelling Economic Growth --- p.72 / Chapter 5.1.2.2 --- Facilitating Economic Restructuring --- p.73 / Chapter 5.1.2.3 --- Enriching Social Life --- p.74 / Chapter 5.1.2.4 --- Helping Kunshan Catch up and Align Itself with Modem Cities --- p.75 / Chapter 5.1.2.5 --- Maintaining Social Harmony --- p.77 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Civil Society --- p.78 / Chapter 5.2 --- Economic Interaction --- p.80 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Pro-growth Coalitions between Government and the Business Sector --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- The 1980s: The Period of Sowing --- p.81 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- The Early to Mid 1990s: The Period of Active Promotion --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- The Late 1990s to 2007: The Emergence of a Coalition --- p.84 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Interaction within the Business Sector --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.2.1 --- Interaction between the Manufacturing and Service Sectors --- p.88 / Chapter 5.2.2.2 --- Interaction within the Service Sector --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3 --- Social Interaction --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Within Companies --- p.91 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Among Companies --- p.93 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.96 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- THE IMPACT OF TAIWANESE ON URBAN CULTURE: THE CASE OF FOOD CULTURE / Chapter 6.1 --- Representation and Implication of the Nickname “Little Taipei´ح --- p.99 / Chapter 6.2 --- Four Case Studies of Food Shops in Kunshan --- p.100 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Restaurant A - Traditional Taiwanese Food Shop --- p.101 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Restaurant B - A Taiwanese International Catering Group --- p.105 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Restaurant C ´ؤ A General Local Food Shop --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Restaurant D ´ؤ Ethnic Food Shop --- p.111 / Chapter 6.3 --- Analysis of the Food Culture in Kunshan --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Taiwanese Food is Everywhere --- p.115 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Mainlanders and Taiwanese Interaction --- p.116 / Chapter 6.4 --- “Little Taipei´ح - How Far does It Go? --- p.117 / Chapter 6.5 --- Spatial Pattern of the Food Shops --- p.120 / Chapter 6.6 --- Summary --- p.123 / Chapter CHAPTER SEVEN --- CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION / Chapter 7.1 --- Major Findings and Discussion --- p.124 / Chapter 7.2 --- Future Studies --- p.130 / BIBLIOGRAPHY / APPENDIX / Appendix One Questions to Mainlanders (in English) / Appendix Two Questions to Mainlanders (in Chinese) / Appendix Three Questions to Taiwanese (in English) / Appendix Four Questions to Taiwanese (in Chinese) / Appendix Five List of Interviewees / Appendix Six Standard of Well-off Society in Jiangsu Province

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Economics

published_or_final_version / Geography and Geology / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of English

by Chan, Cheung-Wai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-189). / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.ii / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.iv / Chapter Chapter One --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 1.2 --- Background / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of this study / Chapter 1.4 --- The Structure of the thesis / Chapter Chapter Two --- Literature Review --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.2 --- Rural-urban fringe / Chapter 2.3 --- Characteristics of land use changes in the fringes / Chapter 2.4 --- Factors affecting the mechanism of land use changes in the urban fringe / Chapter 2.5 --- Parties involved in land use change decision / Chapter 2.6 --- Land use in the urban fringe of Zhujiang Delta / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Cities' in China / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Urban fringes in China ---the case of Zhujiang Delta / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Land use pattern in the Zhujiang Delta / Chapter Chapter Three --- Methodology --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- Change detection techniques of land use changes / Chapter 3.1.1 --- A concept of change detection / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Change detection techniques / Chapter 3.2 --- Method employed to detect land use change in Zhujiang Delta / Chapter 3.3 --- Procedures / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Data description / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Preprocessing / Chapter a. --- Atmospheric correction / Chapter b. --- Image Registration / Chapter i. --- Spatial interpolation / Chapter ii. --- Intensity interpolation / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Image differencing / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Post-classification comparison / Chapter a. --- Land Use / Land Cover classification scheme / Chapter b. --- Definitions and image characteristics of land / Land cover classes / Chapter c. --- Supervised classification / Chapter d. --- Training sites / Chapter e. --- Maximum likelihood classifier / Chapter f. --- Accuracy assessment / Chapter g. --- post-classification comparison / Chapter Chapter Four --- Study Area --- p.64 / Chapter 4.1 --- Physical and agricultural landscape of Zhujiang Delta ---a general description / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Physical landscape / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Urban develoment / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Agricultural landscape / Chapter 4.2 --- Shunde / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Agricultural land use / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The image of Shunde / Chapter 4.3 --- Dongguan / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Agricultural land use / Chapter 4.3.2 --- The image of Dongguan / Chapter 4.4 --- Guangzhou / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Agricultural land use / Chapter 4.4.2 --- The image of Guangzhou / Chapter 4.5 --- Land use changes expected within the study area / Chapter Chapter Five --- Results and discussions --- p.83 / Chapter 5.1 --- Image differencing / Chapter 5.2 --- Results of classifications / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Shunde / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Dongguan / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Guangzhou / Chapter 5.3 --- Post-classification comparison change detection / Chapter Chapter Six --- Land use chancre analysis of the urban fringesin Zhujiang Delta --- p.107 / Chapter 6.1 --- Framework for discussion / Chapter 6 .2 --- Land use / land cover changes in Shunde / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Rural-to-urban changes / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Rural-to-rural changes / Chapter 6. 3 --- Land use / land cover changes in Dongguan / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Rural-to-urban changes / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Rural-to-rural changes / Chapter 6.4 --- Land use / land cover change in Guangzhou / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Rural-to-urban changes / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Rural-to-rural changes / Chapter 6 .5 --- Comparson of land use changes of the study area / Chapter 6.5.1 --- Land-use change comaprison / Chapter 6.5.2 --- Rural-to-urban changes / Chapter 6.5.3 --- Rural-to-rural changes / Chapter a. --- Origins of wet cropland and market gardening / Chapter b. --- Origins of woodland / Chapter c. --- Origins of fish ponds / Chapter 6.5.4 --- Conclusions / Chapter Chapter Seven --- Conclusion --- p.175 / Chapter 7.1 --- Land use change in the urban fringes in the Zhujiang Delta ---a comparison / Chapter 7.2 --- the applicability of western theories on land use change to the Zhujiang Delta / Chapter 7.3 --- Remote sensing method as an application for land use change monitoring in China

Lai Ho Mun Hemans. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2000-2001, design report." / Includes bibliographical references (leaf 51). / acknowledgments --- p.P.2 / introduction --- p.p.3 / researches --- p.p.4 - 19 / Chapter I. --- hongkong and density / Chapter II. --- extends of nature / Chapter III. --- essence of control / Chapter IV. --- building envelope / design concept --- p.p.20 - 27 / site analysis --- p.p.28- 32 / project program --- p.p.33- 34 / design developments --- p.p.35 - 43 / phase I / phase II / phase III / final design --- p.p.44 -50 / bibliography --- p.p.51 / appendix

城市發展被認為是導致本土物種滅絶的最主要原因，對鳥類群落結構有著極其重要的影響。雖然香港的城市化程度非常高，但對於鳥類尤其候鳥來說，其仍具有很高的保育價值。截至目前，有關城市化及多尺度生境因素對香港城市鳥類群落的影響的研究還非常少。 / 在城市景觀中，公園是鳥類多樣性的熱點地區。本研究選取了30個公園 (15個位於發達地區，15個位於新近發展地區) 作為研究樣地，分別於2010-2011年的繁殖季和越冬季，採用樣點法調查了所有樣地的鳥類群落。結果顯示，新近發展地區的鳥類群落較發達地區的更為均勻，嵌套程度更高。但不論何種發展類型，留鳥均為城市公園中的優勢群體。發達地區有較多的食穀鳥和偏好開闊生境的鳥類，而新近發展地區則吸引了較多的食蟲鳥、食蟲食果鳥和森林專一性鳥類。發達和新近發展地區的鳥類群落結構的差異，與生境均勻性 (400米尺度)、最大林地斑塊指數 (400米尺度) 及景觀聚集度指數 (400和1000米尺度) 密切相關。 / 香港公園的鳥類群落具有明顯的季節差異。繁殖季與越冬季的鳥種組成、鳥類豐富度和多樣性均有顯著差異。與繁殖季相比，越冬季的食蟲鳥、食蟲食果鳥及在灌木層和喬木層覓食的鳥類較繁殖季明顯增多，而食穀鳥及在地面覓食的鳥類則較繁殖季減少。 / 本研究進一步探討了公園屬性、人類干擾和植被結構對不同季節的鳥類群落結構的影響。結果顯示，公園面積和訪客率對於不同季節的鳥類群落有顯著影響。不論是繁殖季還是越冬季，鳥類豐富度和多樣性均隨公園面積的增加而增加；越冬季鳥類豐富度隨訪客率增加而減少。另外，繁殖季的鳥類總密度隨訪客率增加而增加。不同種團在不同季節對生境變量的反應也有所不同。例如，候鳥、食蟲鳥和食蟲食果鳥在越冬季隨公園面積的增加而增加，但隨訪客率的增加而減少；而雜食性鳥類在繁殖期均隨公園面積和訪客率的增加而增加。 / 對于不同景觀尺度的生境變量對冬季城市鳥類群落的影響的分析結果顯示，200米尺度上的林地和草地的覆蓋度對鳥類豐富度有顯著影響。單個物種的反應上，200和400米尺度上的斑塊密度對叉尾太陽鳥 (Aethopyga christinae) 的出現與消失有最好的解釋度。與叉尾太陽鳥不同，單一尺度生境變量對暗綠繡眼鳥 (Phylloscopus proregulus)、烏鶇 (Turdus merula)、灰背鶇 (T. hortulorum)、噪鵑 (Eudynamys scolopaceus) 和喜鵲 (Pica pica) 的分佈模式具有最好的解釋度，即200或400米尺度上的植被（包括林地、灌木和草地）覆蓋度對其在特定樣地的出現與消失有顯著影響。總之，小尺度生境變量 (400米以內) 對香港城市鳥類群落的影響值得更多關注。 / 最後，本文還探究了景觀 (400米) 和斑塊尺度上的生境變量對冬季鳥類群落的共同影響。非度量多維標度 (Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling) 分析結果顯示，景觀尺度上的林地比例和斑塊密度及斑塊尺度上的樹木密度對鳥類分佈有強烈影響。多尺度交叉模型對候鳥、食穀鳥、食蟲鳥和食蟲食果鳥的分佈均有很好的解釋度。另外，相對于單一的景觀或斑塊尺度模型，多尺度交叉模型也能更好地解釋單個物種的分佈模式。可以說，景觀變量的加入能大大提高單一的斑塊尺度模型的預測能力。綜上，同時考慮景觀和斑塊尺度上生境變量對鳥類群落的共同影響是非常必要的。 / 本研究首次系統地研究了香港城市公園的鳥類群落結構及多尺度生境變數對鳥類分佈的影響；研究結果能為土地擁有者和公園管理者更好的保育城市生態系統提供理論依據。 / Urban development affects avian community structure dramatically, and it is considered a major cause of native species extinction. Hong Kong is a highly urbanized city, but has great conservation values for birds particularly migrants. There is a paucity of information on the effects of urbanization and multi-scale habitat characteristics on urban birds in Hong Kong. / Parks are hotspots of avian diversity in urban landscapes. Thirty parks, scattered throughout the territory, were selected as sampling sites from developed and new growth areas. Bird community structure was studied in the breeding and wintering seasons in 2010-2011. Regarding the effects of urbanization, bird communities in the new growth areas were more homogeneous and nested than those in the developed areas. Residents dominated urban parks in both development types. More granivores and open-habitat species, but fewer insectivores, insectivore-frugivores, and forest-specialist birds appeared in the developed areas than in the new growth areas. These differences were strongly associated with habitat evenness and largest patch index for woodland at 400-m scale and contagion index at 400- and 1000-m scales. / There were obvious seasonal differences in urban bird communities. Species composition, richness, and diversity were significantly different between the breeding and wintering seasons. Compared to breeding bird communities, more insectivores, insectivore-frugivores, and species feeding on plants, but less granivores and species feeding on the ground appeared in the wintering season. / The effects of park attributes, human disturbance, and vegetation structure on the seasonal differences were determined. Species richness and diversity were positively affected by park size in both seasons. Species richness was negatively affected by visitor rate in the wintering season. Total bird density increased with visitor rate, but only in the breeding season. In other words, park size and visitor rate were the major factors affecting bird communities in both seasons. Moreover, different species groups had different responses to habitat characteristics in different seasons. For examples, migrants, insectivores, and insectivore-frugivores were positively affected by park size, but negatively by visitor rate in the wintering season. However, omnivores in the breeding season increased with both park size and visitor rate. / The effects of habitat characteristics at five landscape scales on wintering bird communities were addressed. Total species richness was significantly affected by the availability of woodland and grassland at 200-m scale. For the six selected species, the incidence of Fork-tailed Sunbird (Aethopyga christinae) was affected by patch density, positively at 200-m scale but negatively at 400-m scale, and the incidences of the other five species (including Pallas's Leaf Warbler Phylloscopus proregulus, Common Blackbird Turdus merula, Grey-backed Thrush T. hortulorum, Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus, and Eurasian Magpie Pica pica) were best predicted by the availability of greenspaces within 400 m. Consequently, factors at fine scales (within 400 m) should be more concerned while conserving birds in Hong Kong. / Finally, the cross-scale effects of habitat measurements at 400-m landscape and local scale on wintering bird communities were examined. The percentage of woodland and patch density at landscape scale, and tree density at local scale were mostly strongly correlated with species distribution. Most species groups and the incidences of individual species were better predicted by cross-scale approaches, and landscape characteristics increased the efficiency of local-only models. It is necessary to simultaneously consider the joint effects of landscape- and local-scale characteristics on birds in urban environments. / This research is the first to systematically study bird communities in urban parks of Hong Kong, and determine the factors influencing bird distribution patterns at multiple scales. The knowledge acquired would help land owners and park managers to conserve a more diverse ecosystem in Hong Kong. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Zhou, Daqing. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-165). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.I / Acknowledgements --- p.VI / Table of Contents --- p.VIII / List of Tables --- p.XIII / List of Figures --- p.XVI / List of Appendices --- p.XVIII / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Bird community ecology and its developments --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Effects of urbanization on urban bird communities --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Urbanization --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Major impacts of urbanization --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Effects of multi-scale habitat characteristics on bird communities --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Importance of spatial scale --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Effects of local-scale habitat characteristics on urban bird community --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Park attributes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Human disturbance --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2.3 --- Vegetation configuration --- p.12 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Effects of landscape-scale habitat characteristics on urban bird community --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Various landscape-scale habitat characteristics --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Scalar effects of landscape-scale habitat characteristics --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3.3 --- Combined effects of local- and landscape-scale habitat characteristics --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4 --- Overview of Hong Kong --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- General situation --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Knowledge gaps --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Research significances --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- Avian community structure of urban parks in developed and new growth areas: A landscape-scale study in Southeast Asia --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Study area --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Bird census --- p.27 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Landscape-level habitat factors at 400- and 1000-m scales --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Data analyses --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Community attributes --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Species groups --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Species composition --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.4.4 --- Nestedness --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.4.5 --- Community responses to landscape-scale habitat factors --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.42 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Comparisons of community attributes between developed and new growth areas --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Responses of species groups to the development type --- p.45 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Differences in species composition --- p.46 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Nestedness of developed and new growth areas --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Responses of bird community to landscape-scale habitat factors --- p.49 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Bird community structure for the two development types --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Responses to landscape-scale habitat factors at two spatial scales --- p.56 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- Seasonal dynamics of bird community structure in urban parks of Hong Kong --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2 --- Methods --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Study area --- p.59 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Bird census --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Data analyses --- p.62 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Differences in community attributes --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Differences in the composition of species groups --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Differences in individual species composition --- p.68 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Nestedness pattern of breeding and wintering bird communities --- p.69 / Chapter 3.4 --- Discussion --- p.69 / Chapter 3.5 --- Conclusions --- p.73 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- How would size, age, human disturbance, and vegetation structure affect bird communities of urban parks in different seasons? --- p.74 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.74 / Chapter 4.2 --- Methods --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Study area --- p.76 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Bird census --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Measurements of human disturbance --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Vegetation structure --- p.79 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- Data analyses --- p.80 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Species number --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Species diversity --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Total bird density --- p.86 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Responses of seasonal status classes and feeding guilds --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.89 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions --- p.93 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- How did spatial scale affect the responses of wintering bird communities in urban parks? The importance of small landscape-scale approaches --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methods --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Study area --- p.97 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Bird census --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Habitat characteristics at five landscape scales --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Data analyses --- p.102 / Chapter 5.3 --- Results --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Species selected in this study --- p.103 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Responses of total species richness to five landscape-scale habitat characteristics --- p.105 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Responses of six specific species to five landscape-scale habitat characteristics --- p.106 / Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Most influential spatial scales --- p.109 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Effects of habitat availability and patch distribution at varying scales --- p.111 / Chapter 5.5 --- Conclusions --- p.113 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- Cross-Scale effects of landscape- and local-scale habitat characteristics on wintering bird communities in highly urbanized Hong Kong --- p.115 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.115 / Chapter 6.2 --- Methods --- p.117 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Study area --- p.117 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Bird census --- p.119 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Landscape-scale habitat characteristics --- p.119 / Chapter 6.2.4 --- Local-scale habitat characteristics --- p.121 / Chapter 6.2.5 --- Data analyses --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2.5.1 --- Correlation analyses --- p.122 / Chapter 6.2.5.2 --- Cross-scale effects of landscape- and local-scale characteristics on bird communities --- p.123 / Chapter 6.2.5.3 --- Cross-scale effects of landscape- and local-scale characteristics on species groups --- p.125 / Chapter 6.2.5.4 --- Comparison between single-scale and cross-scale approaches for some specific species --- p.125 / Chapter 6.3 --- Results --- p.126 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Community responses to landscape- and local-scale habitat characteristics --- p.126 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Responses of species groups --- p.128 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- Responses of six individual species --- p.130 / Chapter 6.4 --- Discussion --- p.131 / Chapter 6.4.1 --- Responses of community and species groups to landscape- and local-scale habitat characteristics --- p.131 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Landscape- versus local-scale habitat characteristics --- p.135 / Chapter 6.5 --- Conclusions --- p.136 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- General conclusions --- p.138 / Chapter 7.1 --- Major results and recommendations --- p.138 / Chapter 7.2 --- Further investigations --- p.142 / References --- p.144 / Appendices --- p.166 / Publications --- p.188