Spelling suggestions: "subject:"area as feed."" "subject:"área as feed.""
1 |
Effect of added fat on extrusion processed corn-urea mixtures (Starea)Murthy, Alampalli Venkataramana Sanjeev January 2011 (has links)
Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries
|
2 |
Effect of urea on production and composition of milkHalbach, Kenneth Joseph, 1945- January 1969 (has links)
No description available.
|
3 |
Effects of urea-limestone treatment on metabolism of corn silage in sheep, lactic acid metabolism by rumen microorganisms, and nitrogen distribution in the silage /Schaadt, Herbert January 1967 (has links)
No description available.
|
4 |
The use of urea in limiting supplemental feed intake and efficiency of urea utilization by cattle on high roughage rationsWestmeyer, Herman William. January 1965 (has links)
Call number: LD2668 .T4 1965 W531 / Master of Science
|
5 |
Daily and alternate day supplementation of urea of biuret to ruminants consuming low-quality forageCurrier, Thomas A. 22 July 2002 (has links)
Data is limited evaluating infrequent supplementation of urea or biuret to
ruminants consuming low-quality forage (<6% crude protein). Therefore, a series
of experiments were designed to compare the effects of daily (D) and alternate day
(2D) supplementation of two non-protein nitrogen (NPN) sources (urea or biuret) to
ruminants consuming low-quality forage. Experiment 1 was a N balance study
using five wethers in an incomplete 5 x 4 Latin square design (five treatments; four
24-d periods) with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (two sources of NPN
and two supplementation frequencies) and an unsupplemented control.
Supplements, consisting of urea or biuret mixed with ground soy hulls and dried
molasses, were isonitrogenous (approximately 26% crude protein; dry matter basis)
and offered D or 2D. The 2D supplemented lambs received double the quantity of
supplemental N on their supplementation day compared with D lambs; therefore,
all D and 2D treatments received the same amount of supplemental N over a 2-d
period. Experiment 2 was a 70-d cow performance study using 80 spring-calving
cows during the last third of gestation. Cows were stratified by age, body condition
score, and expected calving date, and assigned randomly within stratification to one
of the five treatments described in Experiment 1 above. They were then sorted by
treatment and randomly assigned to 1 of 20 pens (4 cows/pen, 4 pens/treatment).
Experiment 3 was a site of digestion study using five ruminally and duodenally
fistulated steers to compare D and 2D supplementation of urea or biuret on forage
intake, ruminal fermentation, site and extent of nutrient digestion, and rumen
microbial efficiency. Five ruminally and duodenally fistulated steers were used in
an incomplete 5 x 4 Latin square design with the same treatments described in
Experiment 1. The results for Experiment 1 reported that DM, OM, and N intake,
DM, OM, and N digestibility, N balance, and digested N retained were greater (P<0.03) for supplemented wethers compared with CON with no difference (P>0.05)
because of NPN source or SF. Supplemented lambs had increased plasma urea N
(PUN) compared with CON (P<0.01) and urea treatments had greater PUN
compared with biuret (P<0.01). Also, PUN was increased (P=0.02) for D
compared with 2D treatments. In addition, data suggest that PUN exhibited less
fluctuation on the day of a supplementation event for biuret compared with urea.
Experiment 2 demonstrated that pre- and post- calving (within 14 d and 24 h of
calving, respectively) cow weight and body condition score changes were more
positive (P<0.05) for supplemented groups compared with the CON. In
Experiment 3, forage OM intake and OM digestibility were not affected (P>0.05)
by NPN supplementation, NPN source, or SF. However, total OM and N intake were increased (P<0.01) with supplementation. Duodenal flow of OM tended (P=0.08) to increase with NPN supplementation while N flow was greater (P=0.04) with NPN supplementation compared with the control. In addition, duodenal
bacterial N flow was increased with NPN supplementation (P=0.04) and for biuret
compared with urea (P<0.01). Bacterial efficiency (g bacterial N/kg OM truly
digested in the rumen) was greater for the control compared with NPN treatments
(P<0.01) while biuret had greater true N disappearance compared with urea (P=0.01). Intestinal disappearance (% of duodenal flow) of OM and N was not affected by NPN supplementation, NPN source, or SF. However, apparent total tract N digestibility was increased with NPN supplementation (P<0.01) and not
affected by NPN source or SF. In addition, ruminal NH���-N increased (P<0.04) on
the day all supplements were provided and the day only daily supplement were
provided with supplemental NPN. However, an NPN source x SF interaction (P=0.03) on the day all supplements were provided indicated NH���-N increased at a greater rate for urea as SF decreased compared with biuret. Ruminal NH���-N on the day only daily supplements were provided was greater for D compared with 2D (P=0.02). This data suggests that ruminal degradation of biuret to NH���-N was more
moderate and prolonged compared with urea, possibly improving use by ruminal
microflora. On the day all supplements were provided, D treatments had increased
(P=0.05) ruminal indigestible acid detergent fiber passage rate and ruminal liquid
volume compared with 2D treatments. Overall, NPN supplementation when
feeding low-quality forage (<6% CP) was more beneficial than compared to a
negative control, for increasing efficiency of forage digestion, N use, and animal
performance. While at the same time indicating that the infrequent
supplementation of urea or biuret was not detrimental to forage nutrient utilization,
N efficiency or cow performance. This research will provide researchers and
ruminant livestock producers with original information that can be used in
designing winter supplementation strategies that decrease supplementation costs.
Keywords: Urea, Biuret, Forage, Non-Protein Nitrogen, Supplementation, Frequency / Graduation date: 2003
|
6 |
The effect of supplementation of alfalfa hay or urea on intake digestibility and rumen fermentation of sheep fed timothy hay /Delaquis, Annick Marie. January 1987 (has links)
No description available.
|
7 |
The effect of supplementation of alfalfa hay or urea on intake digestibility and rumen fermentation of sheep fed timothy hay /Delaquis, Annick Marie January 1987 (has links)
No description available.
|
8 |
Development and evaluation of polymer coated urea as a potential slow-release urea supplement for ruminantsUpton, Erlanda January 1999 (has links)
Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1999. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The rate of hydrolysis of urea in the rumen of animals is a major limitation when
considering the substitution of natural protein with urea in the formulation of rations.
The aim of this study was to evaluate polymer coated urea prills with variable coating
thickness and evaluate its potential as a slow-release NPN compound. A new slowrelease
urea compound, made by coating prilled feedgrade urea with a co-polymer
of urea-formaldehyde resin and a castor-coconut alkyd was initially evaluated for
urea-nitrogen concentration in distilled water in order to evaluate its potential as a
slow-release urea product for ruminants. Amino/alkyd or polyester blends are
among the cheapest of the modern synthetic systems and are considered because it
is non-toxic, low-cost, biodegradable and easy to manufacture. A 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
factorial design was used and 16 individual products were made and evaluated. The
Wurster method was used to encapsulate urea prills. The slopes of the urea release
curves represented the release rate of the encapsulated products and were
compared to identify the process variables, which had an effect on release rate. Two
of the coating variables, coating weight and alkyd: resin ratio, had a major effect (P =
0.0001) on the release rate of urea. The crushing strength of encapsulated products
was significantly (P = 0.0001) higher than that of untreated urea. Results motivated
the evaluation of the products in the rumen of sheep in terms of rumen ammonia and
blood urea N concentrations. Four slow-release products were made after
interpreting results from the first study, and differed on account of the coating weight and the composition of the co-polymer. Fifteen fistulated wethers were randomly
allotted into 5 groups and intraruminally received an equivalent of 15g urea. Rumen
ammonia and blood ammonia were taken at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 48
h after administration of the various treatments. Slow release urea (SRU) resulted in
significantly lower rumen ammonia peaks (P = 0.0001) than untreated urea, while the
peaks were also significantly delayed. Untreated urea resulted in the maximum
concentration at two hours after administration of the urea (P = 0.0685) while the
SRU's reached a maximum at six hours after administration in the rumen. No
significant differences between the four different SRU types were found. Responses
in blood urea-N was similar to that observed for rumen ammonia nitrogen. The
encapsulation was effective in decreasing the rate of ammonia release from the urea
for up to six hours after administration. In a third trial four Dehne Merino wethers
were used in a 2 x 2 Latin square design. They received a SRU product equivalent to
0.4 g urea per kg body weight orally. Rumen liquor and blood samples were taken at
0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 and 48 h after intake. Difficulty was initially
experienced with ingestion and palatability of the SRU products due to the strong
formaldehyde and butanone odour present in the coating. The maximum rumen
ammonia (NH3) concentration for the SRU were lower than that of untreated urea
(17.5 mg N/dl vs. 66.9 mg N/dl). The time to reach blood urea levels also differed
considerably (6 h vs. 24 h for blood urea nitrogen) between treatments.
The encapsulation of urea prills shows potential solutions to reduce the solubility of
urea and also reduce the hygroscopic nature of urea and improve the palatability and
storage characteristics thereof.
Keywords: Slow-release urea, encapsulate, copolymer, urea formaldehyde rumen
ammonia, blood urea nitrogen, solubility, palatability, storage characteristics. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die vinnige tempo waarteen ureum in die rumen na ammoniak omgesit word, is die
grootste beperking in die optimale benutting van ureum, as vervanging van
natuurlike protein in herkouerrantsoene. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n
stadig vrystellende ureumproduk te ontwikkel wat die rumenammoniakvlak
gedurende 'n aansienlike periode van die dag bokant 'n sekere vlak kan hou. 'n
Nuwe stadig vrystellende ureumproduk, vervaardig deur ureumkorrels met 'n
kopolimeer van ureum-formaldehiedhars en 'n kastor-en klapperalkied te bedek, is
geevalueer om die potentiaal as stadig vrystellende nie-protein stikstof (NPN)-produk
vir herkouers te ondersoek. Die veiligheid, biodegradeerbaarheid, lae koste en
maklike vervaardiging van amino/alkied-kopolimere maak dit een van die
goedkoopste sintetiese sisteme om vir stadig vrystellende sisteme te oorweeg. 'n 2
x 2 x 2 x 2 Faktoriale antwerp is gebruik om 16 individuele produkte te vervaardig.
Die Wurster-metode is gebruik om individuele korrels te enkapsuleer met die
polimeer en die potentiaal van die produkte is aanvanklik geevalueer deur die
ureumstikstofvrystelling in gedistilleerde water te meet. Die hellings van die
vrystellingsgrafieke is vergelyk om die veranderlikes te bepaal wat die grootste
invloed op die vrystellingstempo van ureum uit die ge·inkapsuleerde produkte het.
Resultate dui dat twee verandelikes 'n betekenisvolle effek het op die vrystellingstempo, nl. dikte van die omhulsel, en die samestelling van die kopolimeer
(P = 0.0001 en P = 0.0135, onderskeidelik) het. Die samedrukbaarheid van die ge
·lnkapsuleerde produkte was ook betekenisvol hoer (P = 0.0001) as die van
onbehandelde ureumkorrels, wat lei tot verbeterde bergings- en
hanteringseienskappe. lnterpetering van resultate lei tot die vorming van vier stadig
vrystellende produkte. Vyf groepe van 3 volwasse rumengefistuleerde
Dohnemerinohamels is in 'n proef gebruik om die potentiaal van die produkte verder
te ondersoek. 'n Ekwivalent van 15 g ureum is direk in die rumen van elke dier
geplaas en ammoniak-en bloed monsters is 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 36 & 48
ure na dosering geneem. Die stadig vrystellende ureumprodukte het 'n betekenisvol
laer maksimum waardes vir beide ammoniak-en bloedstikstofureum getoon (P =
0.0001 ). Onbehandelde ureum het 'n maksimum rumenammoniakstikstof
konsentrasie reeds twee ure na toediening bereik in vergelyking met ses ure vir die
stadig vrysellende produkte. Geen betekenisvolle verskille in hierdie parameters is
tussen die ge·lnkapsuleerde produkte gevind nie, terwyl geen interaksie is tussen
hoofeffekte voorgekom het nie. In 'n derde proef is vier Dohnemerinohamels gebruik
om die vrystellingstempos, in terme van rumenammoniak-en bloedureumstikstof te
bepaal waar die stadig vrystellende produk en onbehandelde ureum direk aan die
diere gevoer is . 'n Ekwivalent van 0.4 g ureum/kg liggaamsmassa is gevoer.
Aanvanklik is inname- en smaakliksheidprobleme ondervind, moontlik as gevolg van
die sterk butanoon-en formaldehiedreuk van die omhulsel. Die
rumenammoniakstikstof het 'n laer maksimum (17.5 vs. 66.9 mg N/1 00 ml) as die
van onbehandelde ureum gehad terwyl die tyd wanneer maksimum konsentrasie
bereik word ook aansienlik later was. Die polimeer inkapsulering van ureumkorrels
toon potensiaal as 'n stadig vrystellende ureumproduk deurdat dit die oplosbaarheid
van ureum in die rumen verlaag. Bykomende voordele is dat die omhulsel die
higroskopisiteit verlaag en die samedrukbaarheid verhoog, beide eienskappe wat die
hantering-en bergingseienskappe bevorder.
Sleutelwoorde: Stadig vrystellende ureum, enkapsulering, kopolimeer, ureumformaldehied,
rumenammoniak, bloed ureum stikstof, oplosbaarheid, smaaklikheid,
bergingseienskappe.
|
9 |
Urea-molasses based supplements for multipurpose buffaloes /Thu, Nguyen Van. January 2000 (has links)
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2000. / Errata tipped in. Includes bibliographical references.
|
10 |
A comparison of dried poultry waste, cottonseed meal and urea as nitrogen supplements for sheep fed low quality roughageAraiza Soto, Agustin, 1951- January 1977 (has links)
No description available.
|
Page generated in 0.0607 seconds