In this thesis I explore how older people make use of, and interact with, their physical environment in home and near-by settings to manage cognitive situations, specifically prospective memory situations. Older adults have in past research been shown to perform better on prospective memory in real-life settings than what findings in laboratory-like settings predict. An explanation for this paradox is that older adults has a more developed skill of using the environment for prospective memory than younger adults. However, research investigating this explanation has primarily been based on self-reports. I contribute to the understanding of this skill by doing two related things. First I introduce distributed cognition, a theoretical perspective that primarily has been used within professional and socio-technical environments, to the research field of prospective memory in everyday life. Second I present a cognitive ethnography conducted during two years across eight home, and near-by, environments and old-age retired persons, for which I have used theoretical concepts from distributed cognition to analyze observations. The analysis shows rich variations in how participants use common cultural cognitive tools, invent their own cognitive tools, deliberately and incidentally shape more or less functional spaces, make use of other physical features, orient themselves toward and make sense of cognitive resources. I complement both prospective memory and distributed cognition research by describing both the intelligent shaping and use of space. Furthermore, by taking a distributed cognitive perspective I show that prospective memory processes in home environments involve properties, and the management, of a multipurpose environment. Altogether this supports the understanding of distributed cognition as a perspective on all cognition. Distributed cognition is not a reflection of particular work practices, instead it is a formulation of the general features of human cognition. Prospective memory in everyday life can be understood as an ability persons have. However, in this thesis I show that prospective memory can also be understood as a process that takes place between persons, arrangements of space, and tools.

In this study, 12 dholes (Cuon alpinus) at Kolmården Wildlife Park were observed to investigate how they use their enclosure and if they tend to share space with each other. Using scan sampling for every five minutes, the location of the dholes was marked on a hand drawn map with 14 zones. The study lasted for a total of 72 observation hours during three weeks.  The results showed that the dholes had marked preferences for certain zones. Within the zones, attractive areas, so-called hotspots, were found. A hotspot includes the majority of the markings in the zones. The number of observations ranged from 1341 in the most popular zone to 71 in the least popular. Comparisons between data for mornings vs. afternoon and feeding days vs. non-feeding days showed no obvious differences in utilization of the zones. Two frequently used pathways through the enclosure were found. Finally, the results showed that the dholes have a tendency to share space with each other.

We have too much parking. The automobile-oriented utopia promised by optimistic modern architects like Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright did not come to pass. Personal motor vehicles have indeed become ubiquitous, but the effect in urban environments, at least has been more tyranny than democracy. Cars have taken over the city. Huge areas of urban land are dedicated almost exclusively to cars, and narrow-minded engineer-driven planning continues to widen streets, raise speed limits, and increase parking space, to the detriment of alternate (and by most metrics superior) methods of transportation, or any other potential use of urban space. Additionally, with technological advances allowing car-sharing and the projected explosion of self-driving cars, parking garages are likely soon to become obsolete. We don't have enough housing. As more people move to cities, vulnerable established communities are displaced, property taxes soar, and city footprints balloon. Increased residential density, through both n construction and infill, can assuage these problems while decreasing the necessity of automobile travel. I will begin my research by analyzing the typology of the American parking garage and its relationship to the urban fabric. This analysis will yield a taxonomy of the formal and material components of parking structures. Many components will be challenges to human habitation; a few will be benefits; all will present opportunities for a symbolically and actively revolutionary form of urban housing. From this taxonomy, I will develop a catalog of strategies for responding to these challenges at least to address them and ideally to reframe them as assets. I will test these strategies by applying them to a local parking garage, adapting it as a multifamily housing complex and alternate transportation hub. These strategies could later be enacted city- and nation-wide to transform a mainstay of stubborn car culture into an urban asset. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

The public baths, functioning as a hygienic and social center, were among the most important public spaces in the Roman world. While ancient texts give scholars some indication of the social backdrop of the public baths, these records, written by upper class males, are largely silent on the activities of women, children, and the lower classes (cf. Allison 2007a:343, 346). As a result, scholars have only a partial understanding of the bath's social role in the lives of the ancient Romans. Archaeological assemblages of objects which the Romans lost or left behind in the baths are an under-utilized resource for information on this social environment. To examine the social environment of the Roman baths, my dissertation collects published and unpublished artifact data from 27 public and military baths in Italy and the western Roman Provinces, including Britannia, Lusitania, Raetia, and Germania Superior. 13 baths, whose assemblages are definitively linked with use of the baths ("primary assemblages"), will serve as the basis for this study, while artifacts from the other 14 baths, whose contexts are less clear ("secondary assemblages"), will serve as a comparative sample. These small finds provide data on the social environment of the Roman baths, specifically the genders, ages, classes, and activities of bathers. To interpret these finds, I turned to Roman small finds scholarship (e.g. Eckardt and Crummy 2008; Allason-Jones 2011), which together with site publications and finds catalogues, provides a starting place for determining the primary function of various objects. Studies which link artifacts with genders, ages, and classes (Nevett 1999; Allison 2004a, 2006a; Allison et al. 2005) serve as a model for my methodology for associating objects with social groups, which incorporates data from ancient texts, burials, and art. Using three different data sets to attribute a gender, age, and class to these objects helps to ameliorate the shortcomings of each, and I interpret associations between social groups and artifacts across multiple datasets as an accurate reflection of the connections that the Romans themselves saw between different objects and people. Having associated artifacts with activities, genders, ages, and classes, I examined the primary assemblages from the main 13 baths to determine which activities took place and where, as well as the genders, ages and classes of the individuals using each bath. These artifacts, supported by the secondary assemblages, confirmed many current scholarly views on Roman baths, such as the prominence of social display and eating and drinking, and provided new information about activities, including cloth-working and medical procedures, and how these spaces were used, including room multifunctionality and the presence of women and children in military baths. Since my sample includes a number of urban public and military baths from a variety of provinces and time periods, I also analyzed their artifact assemblages for information on temporal and geographic variations in Roman urban public and military baths. Across bath types, dates, and locations, a number of activities appear as regular parts of the bathing environment, and even less commonly represented activities are not isolated to a region, time period, or bath type. The lack of strong regional, temporal, or typological variation in artifact assemblages may indicate that the social environments of urban public and military baths differed little throughout the Roman period and across the empire.

Cerro de Oro, located in the lower Cañete valley, was a large adobe city, built, inhabited and abandoned between ca. 500-850 AD. The size of the site, the monumental and standarized dimensions of its architecture, the excavated contexts as well as its urban trace distinguish Cerro de Oro as a sui generis settlement for its time and location. The integration of analysis performed at the site show that its architecture, spatial organization and cultural contexts were highly structured, which is reflected in restrictions in access, visibility and use of space within the site. The following article presents a contextual interpretation that integrates the analysis of space, ceramics, textiles, botanics and shell remains, performed by the Proyecto Arqueológico Cerro de Oro between 2012-2015, and proposes a series of possible escenarios as to how this city was lived. / Cerro de Oro, ubicado en el valle bajo de Cañete, fue una gran ciudad de adobe, construida, habitada y abandonada entre c. 500-850 d.C. La extensión del sitio, las dimensiones monumentales y estandarizadas de su arquitectura, los contextos excavados, así como su particular traza urbana designan a Cerro de Oro como un asentamiento sui generis para su época y ubicación. La integración de los análisis realizados en el sitio revela que tanto su arquitectura y organización espacial como sus contextos culturales fueron altamente estructurados, lo cual refleja restricciones en el tránsito, la visibilidad y el uso de espacios dentro del sitio. El siguiente artículo presentará una interpretación contextual que integra los distintos análisis arquitectónicos, cerámicos, textiles, botánicos y malacológicos realizados por el Proyecto Arqueológico Cerro de Oro entre el 2012-2015, y propone una serie de interpretaciones sobre la manera en que la gente vivió en esta gran ciudad de barro.

Orientadores: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis, Marco Aurelio Ribeiro de Mello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogeri_PatriciaKerches_M.pdf: 2667318 bytes, checksum: dc499b718c54abfc2ceccc3f989caae8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Estudos recentes têm sugerido especialização individual no uso de diferentes recursos por populações de animais. Em paisagens heterogêneas, é provável que ocorra também especialização individual no uso do espaço. Para testar essa hipótese, estudei uma população do morcego frugívoro Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) em uma área de cerrado no sudeste do Brasil. Testei também a previsão de que o uso das áreas pelos morcegos deve estar relacionado com a diferenças na distribuição espacial das principais plantas-alimento na área. Monitorei por radiotelemetria 13 indivíduos de S. lilium de junho a agosto de 2009 e de junho a agosto de 2010. Para medir a variação interindividual no uso do espaço, usei uma metodologia baseada em redes complexas. Com uma imagem de satélite de alta resolução da área de estudo, determinei 13 subáreas de acordo com o tipo predominante de habitat. Nessas subáreas, estimei a densidade das principais plantas-alimento de S. lilium e contei o número de pontos de atividade estimados para cada indivíduo. As áreas de uso totais estimadas variaram de 4 a 457 ha (110 ± 126,8). Observei grande variação interindividual no uso de áreas nucleares de forrageio (E = 0,80; P < 0,001), porém sem agrupamento ou superdispersão (Cws = -0,115; P = 1). A variação encontrada não foi explicada por sexo ou peso. Dois indivíduos concentraram sua atividade em subáreas com maior densidade de Solanaceae, quatro em subáreas com maior densidade de Piperaceae, e um em subáreas com maior densidade de Cecropiaceae. Estes resultados corroboram a hipótese de especialização individual no uso do espaço pela população de S. lilium estudada, estando a especialização aparentemente ligada à distribuição espacial das plantas-alimento. Essa variação interindividual pode ter consequências sobre a forma como morcegos S.lilium prestam serviços ambientais de dispersão de sementes e conectam elementos de paisagens fragmentadas / Abstract: Recent studies have pointed out individual specialization in resource use in animal populations. In heterogeneous landscapes, there is probably also individual specialization in the use of space. To test this hypothesis, I studied a population of the frugivorous bat Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in a cerrado area in southeastern Brazil. I also tested the prediction that the use of areas by bats should be related to differences in spatial distribution among the main food-plants. Thirteen S. lilium bats were radiotracked in June-August 2009 and June-August 2010. To measure individual specialization in space use I used an approach based on network theory. With a high-resolution satellite image of the study area, I determined 13 subareas according to predominant habitat type. In these subareas, I estimated the density of the main food-plants of S. lilium and counted the number of activity points estimated for each individual bat. The estimated total areas of use varied from 4 to 457 ha (110 ± 126,8). I observed large interindividual variation in the use of core foraging areas (E = 0,80; P < 0,001) but no clustering or overdispersion (Cws = -0,115; P = 1). The variation found was not explained by sex or weight. Two individuals concentrated their activity in subareas with higher density of Solanaceae, four in subareas with higher density of Piperaceae, and one in subareas with higher density of Cecropiaceae. These results corroborate the hypothesis of individual specialization in the use of space by the S. lilium population studied, which seems to be linked to uneven distribution of food-plants. This interindividual variation may affect the way S. lilium provides environmental services of seed dispersal and connect elements of fragmented landscapes / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

This thesis investigates how the interior of the Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center of Dallas accommodates the three groups which use the space: the patron, the musicians, and the administration. Following the Draft Brief of 1981 prepared by the Dallas Symphony Association's Concert Hall Building Committee, each area is discussed as to what was actually built and what concerns were met. The primary data were the symphony center and interviews with I.M. Pei, architect; Russell Johnson, acoustician of the concert hall; Charles Young, associate of Pei, Cobb, Freed & Associates, interior architect of the concert hall; Carolyn Miller, Trisha Wilson & Associates, designer of the Green Room, Richard Trimble, designer of the musicians' areas, and Joe Pereira, designer of the Administrative area.

The building industry accounts for around one third of the total energy use and GHG emissions in Sweden. Despite the implementation of energy efficiency measures focusing on new buildings, embodied impacts from material extraction, manufacturing, construction and maintenance have grown in significant proportions. While cities like Stockholm are currently experiencing a strong demographic growth and a high pressure on the supply of new spaces and facilities for new residents, national environmental goals aim to reduce energy use and GHG emissions in the coming decades. For instance, the new Climate Act in Sweden expects the country to become carbon neutral by 2045 and the European Commission urges the decarbonisation of national building stocks by 2050. The dual pressure of growth and environmental targets urges the exploration of alternatives for the supply and use of space. In fact, some sources indicate that many spaces remain unused during several hours a day/week and estimations show that most of the buildings that will be in use in 2050 have already been built today. This study explores the potential for a resource-efficient use of space in the existing building stock in Stockholm, leading to a positive impact on the reduction of energy consumption and GHG emissions. The inquiry is conducted with a mixed methods approach in three sequential steps: the identification of relevant stakeholders, instruments and initiatives; the analysis of use of space in a sample of commercial spaces at the street level; and the formulation of strategies allowing an increase in their temporal and spatial capacity. The study suggests that one way to optimise the use of space in existing buildings is to create new property rights. Specifically, it illustrates how merging commercial spaces on the street level through the constitution of 3D properties can increase the capacity to accommodate activities in space and time. Together with digitalisation and the development of new services based on sharing solutions, this opens up new possibilities for decreasing new construction and to absorb new demands for heated floor area.

Territórios resultam de competição por interferência que leva ao uso exclusivo do espaço. A territorialidade então depende da variação espaço-temporal na disponibilidade de recursos e está, geralmente, associada ao sistema de acasalamento. A defesa de território deve ocorrer quando os benefícios superam os custos, e essa relação custo-benefício deve ser afetada por fatores ecológicos (disponibilidade de recursos e densidade populacional), assim como variações individuais (sexo e maturidade) e sazonais (época reprodutiva) que determinam quais e quando os recursos são importantes. Embora as estratégias territoriais dos indivíduos devam variar com as condições ambientais, potencialmente levando a diferentes sistemas territoriais&frasl; de acasalamento em diferentes populações, estudos prévios sobre territorialidade geralmente avaliam somente uma população e&frasl;ou consideram condições ambientais relativamente homogêneas. Utilizando um banco de dados extenso de captura-marcação-recaptura em 9 populações de um roedor generalista (Akodon montensis), e usando a sobreposição da área de vida como proxy de não-territorialidade, pretendemos entender os determinantes ecológicos, individuais e sazonais das estratégias territoriais dos indivíduos, e avaliar se a variação nas estratégias individuais pode levar a uma transição entre sistemas territoriais&frasl; de acasalamento. Como previsto, identificamos que a sobreposição das áreas de vida foi maior entre machos do que entre fêmeas e aumentou com a densidade populacional. Também aumentou de machos imaturos para machos maduros, mas diminuiu de fêmeas imaturas para fêmeas maduras, sugerindo que a diferença na territorialidade entre os sexos é definida após a maturidade sexual. O efeito negativo da disponibilidade de fêmeas na sobreposição da área de vida entre machos foi mais forte na época reprodutiva, como esperado. Mais importante, no entanto, o efeito da disponibilidade de fêmeas na sobreposição da área de vida foi fortemente dependente do sexo. À medida que a disponibilidade de fêmeas aumenta, a sobreposição da área de vida aumentou entre fêmeas, mas diminuiu entre machos, indicando que quando as fêmeas deixam de defender território (e ficam mais agregadas) devido ao aumento da competição entre elas, os machos passam a defender território. Nosso estudo ressalta que as estratégias territoriais são muito variáveis entre indivíduos, o que é consistente com a plasticidade ecológica e fisiológica em Akodon montensis reportada em outros trabalhos, e sugere que diferenças suficientes nas condições ambientais podem levar à transição entre sistemas territoriais&frasl; de acasalamento / Territories result from interference competition that leads to exclusive use of space. Territoriality thus depends on the spatial and temporal variation in resource availability, and is usually associated with mating systems. Territorial defense should occur when benefits outweigh costs, and this balance should be determined by ecological factors (resource availability and population density), as well as individual (gender and sexual maturity) or seasonal (breeding season) variations that determine which and when resources are important. Although individual territorial strategies should vary with changing environmental conditions, possibly leading to multiple territorial&frasl;mating systems among populations, previous studies on territoriality focused mostly on single populations and/or on relatively homogeneous environmental conditions. Relying on an extensive capture-recapture dataset from 9 populations of a generalist rodent (Akodon montensis), and using home range overlap as a proxy of non-territoriality, we aim to understand the ecological, individual and seasonal determinants of individual territorial strategies, and investigate whether variation in individual strategies can lead to transitions between territorial&frasl;mating systems. We identified that home range overlap was larger between males than females and increased with population density, as expected. It also increased from immature to mature individuals among males, but the opposite was true among females, suggesting that differences in territoriality between genders is established after sexual maturity. The negative effect of female availability on home range overlap between males was stronger in the breeding season, as expected. More importantly, though, the effect of female availability on home range overlap was strongly gender dependent. As female availability increased, home range overlap increased between females but decreased between males, suggesting that when females become non-territorial (and thus more aggregated) because of increased competition with other females, males become territorial. Our study highlights territorial strategies are extremely variable among individuals, which is consistent with previously reported ecological and physiological plasticity in Akodon montensis, and suggests that sufficient changes in environmental conditions could lead to transitions between territorial&frasl;mating systems