Due to the inconveniences associated with under ice population studies, most aquatic population studies are made during the spring, summer, and fall seasons. Like most lakes little is known about the fall and winter popu-lations of the Utah Lake invertebrates. The purpose of this study is to classify, determine quantitative fall and winter population fluctuations, and obtain life history and ecological information of the macro-invertebrates at . Lincoln Beach, Utah Lake. This lake is the largest, natural occurring body of fresh water in the state and has a high potential for the production of gamefish and water-fowl. As Smart (1960) points out, an estimate of the amount of bottom fauna is the most important single stand-ard for evaluating the potential of a lake to produce fish. It is also an important consideration in the evaluation of waterfowl habitats (Barnett, 1964).

The writer, being interested in the agricultural project of cotton growing in early Dixie, and finding scarcely anything written on the subject, has gone into the original sources, histories, journals, diaries, etc., and found a reservoir of enlightenment regarding cotton culture in Utah's Dixie. He has tried to assemble from the most important sources, an informative yet interesting study of cotton culture in Utah. The writer in no wise pretends to have exhausted the subject, nor to have reached all the sources. Many of those early cotton growers who did most to produce this staple, kept no record of their achievements. Few are now living who participated in the cotton culture of Dixie during its most productive years, therefore, in many cases, the narratives of men who planted, picked and ginned cotton have passed into oblivion. Yet the records extant, convince the writer that the pioneer exertions in Utah's Dixie to raise cotton equals in many ways the cotton culture of the southern states.

Clay composition and content profoundly impacts the strength and sealing capacity of a fault zone, reducing frictional resistance to sliding and permeability by as much as 7 orders of magnitude. Previous approaches, including the Shale Gouge Ratio (SGR) and Shale Smear Potential (SSP), have been used to understand and predict the clay content of fault zones. These models are largely limited to mechanical incorporation of detrital clays. This hypothesis stems from field observations of clay gouge and the smearing and associated attenuation of clay-rich shale beds offset by the fault. Recently, diagenesis has been recognized as an additional critical mechanism of clay enrichment In fault zones. My study investigates the relative contributions of both mechanisms of clay enrichment focusing on the implications for fault permeability and strength through structural and elemental mapping of the Moab Fault in Utah. Detailed mapping at Six sites along the Moab Fault in southeast Utah, revealed distinct structural deformation zones as defined by structures and distribution of normally faulted sandstone and shale including: (1) layers of clay-rich gouge separated by slip surfaces that include isolated sandstone breccia; (2) an inner smeared shale adjacent to the gouge showing increasing bed parallel shearing and resulting boudinage closer to the fault, and an outer smear with little shearing but rotation of beds; (3) faulted sandstone hosting deformation bands, slip surfaces, and intersections, joints and veins in locations near relays. Fluid assisted alteration was revealed by a combination of high spatial resolution scan-lines on outcrops element composition and measured sections of measured with a portable X-Ray Fluorescence device. Results to date include: (1) elemental concentrations relative to immobile species (such as Ti) and by structural zone show that Ca, Sr, Rb are preferentially enriched and/or depleted in the fault core, (2) the fault core hosts the greatest alteration; (3) a progressively more extensive and greater density of bed parallel slip surfaces from protolith to gouge where slip surfaces are associated with mixing and disaggregation; (4) stable concentration of elements associated with illite such as K, occurs preferentially in the gouge; (5) localized enrichment and/or depletion reveals solution mass transfer contributed to formation of the fault core and to a lesser extent the damage zones. Elemental mapping clearly demonstrates a compositional evolution of the fault core, and in particular the clay gouge, that cannot be accounted for by mixing of protolithic formations. Thus, observations from elemental mapping show that solution mass transfer influences the formation of clay gouge in the fault zone, in addition to mechanical incorporation of detrital clays from the surrounding protoliths. / Earth and Environmental Science

Fungi imperfecti were cultured from water and bottom sediment samples collected at four locations of Utah Lake. These study sites included: (a) The mouth of Provo River, the largest fresh-water tributary entering Utah Lake, (b) Mud Lake, a large shallow area known for its high nitrogen content, (c) the entrance of the Spanish Fork River into the lake, a large fresh-water tributary containing wastes from industry and agricultural enterprises, (d) Jordan River, the only natural outlet of Utah Lake. One hundred and thirty-eight species of fungi imperfecti were identified. A total of 89 species were isolated from the Spanish Fork River, 107 species from Mud Lake, 82 species from the Provo River, and 60 species from the Jordan River Outlet. Species that were restricted to a particular area included, 16 from the Spanish Fork River, 17 species from Mud Lake, 7 species from the Provo River and 6 from the Jordan River Outlet. The total number of fungi cultured from each station was in a direct relationship to the percent organic matter present. Seven species of Aspergillus which are potential human and animal pathogens were identified. Potential plant pathogenic fungi identified included 22 species.

Information on the nesting of the White-faced Ibis (Plegadis chihi) in Utah County is presented for the first time. Nests built in hardstem bulrush (Sciprus acutus) settled from an average height of 120.8cm on June 9 to 93.6cm on June 27, 1971. Nest spacing ranged from 2m to 9m, averaging 4.6m. Invertebrates of the class Arachnida and the insect orders Coleoptera, Homoptera, Lepidoptera, and Thysanoptera were collected in a Berlese funnel. Average clutch size was 3.17. Egg length and width averaged 51.40mm X 36.75mm. Average volume was 36.93cc. In 21 study nests, 45.8 percent of the eggs hatched, beginning on June 8 and ending on June 27. The young weighed approximately 26gm at hatching, with tarsometatarsus and bill each 15mm long. These increased to 400gm, 70mm, and 45mm, respectively, in 15 days. Feather shaft had grown to over 100mm. Major food items of the nestlings were larvae of the insect families Dytiscidae, Hydrophylidae (O. Coleoptera) and Stratiomyidae (O. Diptera). Ectoparasites collected were a louse, plegadiphilus plegadis, and three unidentified flies.

This study of the distribution of the fresh-water sponge, Meyenia fluviatilis, at the Lincoln Beach area of Utah Lake involved the following: First, sampling of the area for the presence or absence of the species. Second, sampling at two separate areas at different depth intervals to determine if the number of sponge colonies and colony size were in any way related to depth. Finally, monthly sampling at one area to determine when gemmules of M. fluviatilis were present in the sponge colonies. Meyenia fluviatilis was found to be commonly distributed in 1-2 m of water on the lower surface of the larger rocks at 30 transects approximately 100 m apart. At the 1-2 m depth interval, the largest number of colonies (36 colonies per 50 rocks at area A and 69 colonies at area 8) were recorded. The average colony size was also greatest at this same depth (21.5 cm for area A and 26 cm for area 8). The lowest monthly percent of gemmules observed at area 8 occurred in June (22 %), while August was the highest observation with 70 %. Gemmules were observed every month and no sponge colony disintegration was observed during any month.

Information about the benthic macroinvertebrate populations along the eastern shore of Goshen Bay, Utah Lake, Utah, can be used, in part, to determine future management of the lake. In the project herein reported, cement artificial substrate samplers were used to sample two types of substrate: rubble and compacted calcareous tufa. Monthly samples were obtained from each type of substrate from March 1972 to May 1973. An amphipod, Hyalela azteca and a chironomid, Dicrotendipes fumidus were the dominant organisms in numbers and tiomass. Amphipod numbers were dependent upon the amount of algal standing crop. Elimination of this area could affect the trophic structure of the lake by effectively reducing the macroinvertebrate population of the lake.

Utah Lake, located in Utah County, north-central Utah, is one of the most important natural fishing lakes in the state. The spawning ecology of the white bass (Roccus chrysops) was studied in Utah Lake between 1964 and 1966. Gill nets and seining were the primary means of sampling. The spawning location was sampled every other day throughout the spring and early summer of 1966. Three major winter schooling areas were found: Provo Bay - Creer Access south to the mouth of Spanish Fork River, Lincoln Beach, and off Ludlow Barn. There appears to be extensive winter feeding and movement among the white bass populations. Immature white bass of both sexes were found in large numbers throughout the entire lake during the summer. In the early spring months, bisexual schools of mature bass concentrated in the southern portions of the lake before forming into unisexual schools in mid-April. Spawning activities were restricted to an area adjacent to Lincoln Beach, 0.25 mile and to a depth of 60 inches. Rubble, interspersed with ledge rock and boulders, were the only bottom types selected for spawning. An area surrounding Bird Island also simulated the bottom types off Lincoln Beach, but was not utilized for spawning. Gravid females were taken in the vicinity of Lincoln Beach on May 6, 1966 when water temperatures had reached 63° F. Spawning activity lasted from 10 to 15 days in mid-June in water temperatures of 69° F. Unisexual schools of gravid females were found off Creer Access a distance of three miles from the spawning grounds. Small numbers of female bass would migrate to the spawning site, spawn, and return to the vicinity of Creer Access, never remaining over the spawning site longer than to spawn. Tributaries were not utilized for spawning, although bass were sampled feeding in the Provo River in mid-August. Turbidity of Utah Lake during the spring and summer prevented any observations of spawning activity or behavior. Summer sampling throughout Utah Lake in 1965 resulted in a 2:1 (174 males - 93 females) sex ratio. However, these figures are in conclusive as they did not include gravid females.

Mud Lake marsh lies east of Utah Lake between the cities of Provo and Springville in Utah County. Since 1936 it has become a polluted, odiferous, silted area. A study was conducted on the aquatic invertebrates during the summer of 1962 (June 19 to September 20). An .01 meter2 bottom sampler was used at 30 random stations. Each station was sampled once a week. Water depth, mud, water and air temperatures were taken at each station. Dissolved oxygen (Winkler method) and ion resistance (Wheatstone bridge) were taken each day. The aquatic invertebrate community consisted of benthic (Diptera, Oligochaeta, Nematoda), interphashic benthic (Cou{ri}xidae) and planktonic (microcrustacae, rotifera, algae). The benthic portion of the community was adequately sampled, the other two portions were not. Dipteran populations were: Chironomidae larvae - numerous throughout season; Tabanidae larvae - found occasionally; Tipulidae - increased in late summer; Ephydridae - increased in late summer. The Chironomidae population increased slowly until the first week in August, then increased rapidly with peaks in late August and early September. The population numbers dropped when water levels were below .5{6}mm and temperatures dropped below freezing. It is supposed that the dissolved oxygen became the limiting factor in low water levels because of heat increases in bottom temperatures as the water level dropped. An experiment with an aerated control gave experimental evidence for this hypothesis. The Oligochaet population showed no close relation to these physical factors.

The distribution and abundance of six bumblebee species (Bombus) and their associated flowers were studies for 12 weeks in 26 discrete subalpine meadows over the summer of 1981. Principal component analysis of flower densities identified phenological patterns of blooming and differential affinities of plants for moisture as the major contributors to flower variation among the meadows. A positive relationship between bumblebee species diversity and meadow area in the early summer and mark-recapture experiments suggested that queens are attracted to large meadows for nest establishment. After colony initiation meadow floristics govern Bombus species diversity and abundance. Results showed that: (1) mid- to late-summer bumblebee diversity, the temporal occurrence of new queens, and the densities of two species were correlated with the density of nectar producing flowers; (2) flower composition in meadows where local extinctions of at least one Bombus species occurred differed from those where all species persisted; and (3) the number of species reaching reproductive fruition was independent of bumblebee species composition. These results underscore the importance of nectar resources in Bombus colony and guild development. Multiple regression analyses were used to relate the effects of meadow size, elevation, and floristics to observed densities of Bombus flavifrons and B. rufocinctus. In mid- to late summer a significant portion of the variation in densities not explained by these variables was accounted for by densities of congenerics. In meadows where all Bombus were removed except B. flavifrons or B. rufocinctus significant positive density compensation was observed for the latter, but not the former. These results are suggestive of relationships among bumblebee densities, intensity of competition, colony ontogeny, colony reproduction, and local floristics that question both the (1) simplistic views of Bombus guild organization based on the paradigm of tongue length, corolla depth, and character displacement; and (2) the stochastic view that flowering phenologies and developmental time lags thwart resource-based guild organization.