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SammanfattningDet befintliga va-nätet växer hela tiden och blir större och större. Ledningarna i nätet har en viss antagen livslängd som talar om ungefär hur länge de antas hålla. Man antar att de äldre ledningarna löper större risk att gå sönder och att därmed behöver renoveras mer än de yngre, eftersom de når förväntad livslängd först.Innan 1980-talet renoverade man inte va-ledningar, istället grävde man upp de gamla ledningarna och anlade nya. I och med att nätet är så stort idag är det inte ekonomiskt hållbart att lägga om gamla ledningar hela tiden. Därför började man i början av 1980-talet prova olika renoveringsmetoder. I denna rapport har renoverade ledningar i Malmö undersökts med avseende på ålder, material och dimension med syftet att ta reda på vilka ledningar som renoveras samt deras renoveringskvot, det vill säga andelen ledningar av en viss typ som renoverats hittills. Detta för att öka kunskapen om vilka ledningar som förmodligen kommer att ställa till mycket problem i framtiden. Vårt datamaterial kommer från VA-verket i Malmö´s databas VABAS. Det spillvattenförande ledningsnätet är ca 866,5 km långt varav 33,6 km har renoverats mellan 1980-2005. Vattenledningsnätet är ca 861 km långt varav man har renoverat ca 24 km från 1980 fram till och med 2005. Resultatet av denna undersökning visar att det inte är de äldsta ledningarna som nödvändigtvis är sämst. Snarare är det ledningar som är anlagda på 1950- och 1960-talet som har behövt renoveras mest. Det finns även vissa dimensioner som visar sig ha större behov av renovering än andra. / AbstractInvestigation of renovated water- and sewage pipes in MalmöThe current water and sewage system is constantly growing. The pipelines in the system have an expected age which tells how long the pipelines will keep their condition. The older water- and sewage pipes are often presumed to have a bigger risk to break first and be renovated earlier than newer pipes, because of expected age goes out.Before the 1980´s water- and sewage pipes got replaced instead of being renovated. Because of the large size of the water- and sewage system it is not economical to replace the pipes. That’s why, in the beginning of the 1980´s, different kinds of renovating methods, were introduced.In this work, renovated pipelines in Malmö have been investigated by factors of age, material and dimensions. The objective of the investigation of renovated water- and sewage pipes in Malmö, is to see which pipes has been most renovated. With this investigation we want to increase the knowledge of renovated pipelines in order to handle problems in the close future. Our data comes from VA-verket in Malmo´s database VABAS. The sewage pipeline system is approximately 867 km long and 33, 6 km has been renovated between 1980 and 2005. The water pipeline system is approximately 861 km long and 24 km has been renovated between 1980 and 2005. The results of this investigation show that the oldest pipelines don’t have to have worse condition than younger. It’s more likely the pipelines from 1950´s and 1960´s that have to be renovated. There are need to be renovated more than other dimensions.

This thesis is an analytic study of a neighborhood. Using Hilton Village in Newport News, Virginia as an example, the graphic analysis encompasses all levels of the neighborhood fabric and considers several possible interventions thereto. The study includes a brief discussion of the traditions and development of town and community planning, as well as of the social backdrop of the period in which the specific community was developed. / Master of Architecture

William Thomas Sutherlin was born on April 7, 1822 in Pittsylvania County, Virginia. He worked in tobacco on his father's farm until 1843. He then moved to Danville and embarked on a career in tobacco manufacturing. Sutherlin's ventures in the tobacco industry allowed him to become the second wealthiest man in the state of Virginia. In 1849, Sutherlin married Jane Erwin Patrick of Greensboro, N. C. Seven years later the couple moved to their newly built country manor which has been preserved as a museum today. Sutherlin generously supported numerous industries in his hometown and constantly strove to protect the interests of his fellow Danvillians. In 1851, he began his illustrious career as a public servant. He served on the Danville Council from 1851-1855 and as Danville's mayor from 1855 to 1861. The year 1861 found Sutherlin expanding his political interests. He was one of Pittsylvania County's two delegates to the Virginia State Convention of that year. / Master of Arts

Montgomery County, Virginia, is a southern Appalachian county founded in 1776. Throughout the county's antebellum history, as with most other regions of the South, four major population groups were visibly present. There were slaves, free blacks, white slaveowners, and white non-slaveowners. Little research has previously been conducted on the antebellum people of the Appalachian South. This work is a social history consisting of cross tabulations of data found in the county's manuscript census reports for 1850 and 1860. County court records also provide much useful information on the people and their activities before the Civil War. Together they form an invaluable source of information on antebellum mountain life as a forgotten segment of southern society. / Master of Arts

The object of this thesis is the synthetic generation of possible future flows in the James River at Buchanan, Virginia, through the utilization of existing records of monthly precipitation and runoff. Twelve separate monthly regression models were chosen on the basis of the degree of correlation as indicated by the correlation coefficient. Random monthly precipitation totals were generated from the twelve separate distributions of historical monthly precipitation totals. The synthetic precipitations were used in the twelve monthly models to generate 5000years of artificial record. The 5000-year synthetic record was divided into fifty separate 100-year records for the purpose of analysis. The dependable flows were found for each of the fifty records for each of eight reservoir sizes. The ninety percent confidence interval and the dependable flow for each of eight reservoir sizes was found. The model had a negative bias of approximately thirteen percent. This bias appeared to be alleviated when the dependable flow was expressed as a percent of the average flow for the period in question. It appears that there is great variability in the estimated value of the dependable flow in the James River. / Master of Science

Syfte: Syftet med följande studie är att analysera vilka faktorer som förekommer i beslutsunderlagen vid fastställandet av VA-taxan, samt hur utförligt beskrivna dessa är. Detta för att utförligt förstå vad beslutsunderlagen grundar sig på i kommuner runt om i Sverige. Metod: Att utgå från den hermeneutiska filosofin, torde en ökad förståelse realiseras, då vi använder den kunskapen genom att utföra en pilotstudie. Detta innebär att vi under studiens gång har rört oss mellan teorin och empirin, och erhållit en abduktiv forskningsansats. Teori: Studien utgår ifrån tidigare forskning inom området som har använts för att identifiera våra traditionella samt icke traditionella faktorer. Empirin: Den datainsamlingsmetod vi har använt är en semitstrukturerad djupintervju baserad på fem olika kommuners VA-verksamheter, samtliga med traditionella verksamhetsformer. Analys: Vi genomförde en omfattande analys för att upptäcka skillnader och likheter mellan kommunerna samt förekomsten av faktorerna. Samtliga kommuner tar hänsyn till traditionella faktorer då dem förekommer, däremot varierar det mellan de icke traditionella faktorerna och dess förekomst. Slutsats: Studiens slutsats visar att våra traditionella faktorer är mer framstående mot det icke traditionella. Det visar sig även att de icke traditionella faktorerna förekommer i större utsträckning än vad som framgår i tidigare studier / Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyse the factors that occur in decision-making purposes in the determination of VA-fee and the detailed description of what these are. This is to give a fully recognition of the basis for decision data that is based on the municipalities in Sweden. Method: Inferring the hermeneutic philosophy probably a greater understanding realized when we test the knowledge gained by conducting a pilot study. This means that during the course of the study we moved between theory and empirical data, and obtained an adbuctive reaearch approach. Theory: The study is based on previous research in the area that has been used to identify our traditional and non-traditional factors. Empiric: The data collection method we have used is a semit-structured depth interview based on five different municipal water and sewage operations, all traditional forms. Analysis: We performed a comprehensive analysis to identify differences and similarities between the municipalities and the existence of the factors. All municipalities are taking account of traditional factors when they occur but it varies between the non-traditional factors, and its occurrence.

I studied the nest-site selection of the Acadian Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens) in the George Washington National Forest of southwestern Virginia from early May through July 1996 and 1997. Data were collected from nine 30 ha study plots. I measured habitat features at 37 Acadian Flycatcher nests and compared them to 30 nonuse sites randomly selected within the vegetation types associated with nests. Because Acadian Flycatchers have a strong riparian habitat association for nest-site selection, nonuse sites were established along riparian corridors not occupied by nesting flycatchers. Data also were collected to determine relationships between microhabitat characteristics and nesting success of the Acadian Flycatcher. Nest-sites were associated with a more mature or climax community, as evident from the high percentage (75%) of nests in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), a climax community tree species and the greater basal area found at nest-sites over nonuse sites. Nest-sites also had lower small stem density and ground cover than nonuse sites. Nest-sites were always found near streams, although I found no conclusive evidence that any stream characteristic influenced nest-site selection. Habitat features did not differ between successful and depredated nests. Brood parasitism by Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) was not a major factor in the reproductive success of Acadian Flycatchers (only a 2% parasitism rate); depredation accounted for the majority of nest failures. These results suggest that silviculture activities near riparian corridors could drastically reduce habitat availability and subsequently contribute to population declines of the Acadian Flycatcher. Future research should focus on determining the size of riparian buffer strips needed to retain this species along riparian corridors in the Appalachian Mountains. This strategy can be applied to the current downtown revitalization efforts by the City of Muncie. The ideas and general theories can also be applied by small Indiana towns which suffer from economic problems. A comprehensive plan that is tailored specifically for a downtown which account for the organization, design, economic, and promotion needs of downtown will set the course for successful commercial revitalization. / Department of Biology

O crescente emprego de compósitos fibrosos pela indústria da construção civil, nos últimos anos, comprova a eficiência da adoção de fibras como reforço de matrizes frágeis, a exemplo das pastas, argamassas e concreto de cimento Portland. Com o desenvolvimento de novas fibras sintéticas em suas propriedades, com custo similar ao das fibras comuns, faz-se supor que os produtos reforçados por essas fibras tenham grande avanço nos próximos anos. Especificamente em relação à fibra poliamida 6.6, constata-se que a mesma possui módulo de elasticidade menor em relação às matrizes de cimento Portland convencionais e pobre interface fibra/matriz. O incremento do módulo de elasticidade dessas fibras constitui grande desafio à industria têxtil devido às características de seu processo de fabricação, especificamente no que se refere à fiação, porém, isso não bastaria, havendo também a necessidade de aumentar sua aderência com as matrizes cimenticias. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho buscou, pela adição de um copolímero redispersável (Va/VeoVa – vinil acetato/ vinil éster do ácido versático), tornar compatível o valor do módulo de elasticidade da matriz cimentícia ao das fibras de poliamida, além de proporcionar o desenvolvimento da zona de transição interfacial (ZTI), com melhor transferência de tensões entre a matriz de cimento modificada e as fibras de poliamida. Além desses objetivos, o emprego conjunto das tecnologias do cimento/concreto modificado com polímero (CMP) e do cimento/concreto reforçado com fibras (CRF) permitiu à presente pesquisa a exploração de sinergismos em xi propriedades como tenacidade, flexibilidade, resistência à tração e resistência ao impacto. Para caracterização desses compostos, foram realizados ensaios no estado fresco (mini-slump e tempo de pega), ensaios mecânicos (compressão axial, tração na flexão e impacto) e análises microscópicas, com intuito de analisar a interface fibra-matriz e a possível interação química entre o copolímero e a pasta de cimento Portland, por meio das técnicas de Termogravimetria (TG), Difratometria de Raios-X (DRX), Infravermelho por Transformada de Fourier (FT-IR), Porosimetria por Intrusão de Mercúrio (PIM), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) com sistema de Espectroscopia por Dispersão de Energias (EDS) em amostras fraturadas e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) por imagem de elétrons retroespalhados (BSEI) em amostras polidas. / In the last years, the increasing employment of fiber reinforced composites by the building industry shows the efficiency of the fibers as reinforcement of brittle matrices such as the pastes, mortars and Portland cement concrete. The development of the synthetic fibers characteristics with costs that are compatible with other fibers allows us to preview the biggest improvement of the products reinforced by these fibers. In relation to polyamide 6.6 specifically, it is verified that its elasticity modulus is slower compared with the value of conventional Portland cement matrices and poor interface fiber/matrix. The increase of elasticity modulus of these fibers is the biggest challenge for the textile industry due to characteristics of their fabrication, specifically to cord production. But it is not sufficient, because the adherence between polyamide fiber and Portland cement matrices needs to be improved. In this way, the goals of this present research were to make the elasticity modulus of the Portland cement matrix compatible with the elasticity modulus of polyamide fibers and to allow the development of the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) by the addition of the redispersible copolymer Va/VeoVa (acetate-versatate). Moreover, the use of both technologies, fiber reinforcement and polymermodified cement, allowed the present work to reach synergism in several properties, such as toughness, flexibility, traction strength and impact strength. The composites characterization was realized by tests in the fresh state, mechanical tests and microscopic analyses (Thermogravimetric Analyses, X-Ray Diffraction, Fourier-Transform Infrared, Mercury Intrusion Porosity and Scanning Electronic xiii Microscopy), which also had, as goals, to verify possible chemical interaction between copolymer and Portland cement paste.