published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

Since the CO 2-emissions and electricity prices are ever increasing many companies have tried to reduce their energy consumption in order to reduce both CO2-emissions and the cost of using energy. Therefore, in this article an office building situated in Sweden have been investigated with its current ventilation flow and what saving poten-tials can be made from heat recovery and a different ventilation flow in regards to health, energy and cost. Empirical data have been collected to be able to calculate ener-gy savings made by heat recovery and new ventilation flow. A ventilation flow of 25 l/s per office were chosen and that the conference room should have at least 3 l/s per m² the dining room and locker was not investigated thoroughly and therefore a ventilation flow from the recommendations of Sweden was followed. The total flows became, 530 l/s respectively 630 l/s for the top and bottom floor. A rotating heat exchanger with an es-timated efficiency of 80% was used for heat recovery and through the two methods combined an energy reduction up to 96,4 % for heating and 83,4 % from the electricity could be reduced.

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / Children with prolonged mechanical ventilation after cardiac surgery have a higher risk for poor outcome due to a variety of ventilator‐associated morbidities. It therefore becomes essential to identify these children at higher risk of prolonged mechanical ventilation as well as find methods to identify children ready to be extubated as early as possible to avoid these complications. One physiological variable, the pulmonary dead space fraction (VD/VT), has been suggested as a possible indicator of prolonged mechanical ventilation. VD/VT essentially measures the amount of ventilated air that is unable to participate in gas exchange. Can VD/VT be used successfully in children undergoing cardiac surgery to identify those at risk for prolonged mechanical ventilation and identify those ready for extubation? Retrospective chart review of 461 patients at Phoenix Children’s Hospital in the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit since the initiation of standard application of the Philips NM3 monitors in October 2013 through December 2014. From the 461 patients screened, only 99 patients met all the inclusion criteria. These 99 patients consisted of 29 patients with balanced single ventricle physiology and 61 patients with two ventricle physiology. Initial postoperative and pre‐extubation VD/VT values correlated with length of mechanical ventilation for patients with two ventricle physiology but not for patients with single ventricle physiology. Additionally, pre‐extubation VD/VT values of greater than 0.5 indicated higher rates of extubation failure in two ventricle patients. Conclusion: For children with two ventricle physiology undergoing cardiac surgery, VD/VT should be used clinically to estimate the length of mechanical ventilation for these children. VD/VT should also be checked in these patients before attempting to extubate. If VD/VT is found to be higher than 0.5, extubation should not be attempted since the patient is at a much higher risk for extubation failure.

Yee Yat Sing. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2004-2005, design report."

<p>Bakgrund. Enligt den nya kompetensbeskrivningen för anestesisjuksköterskor framgår bland annat att anestesisjuksköterskan ska ha kompetens att övervaka och följa upp ventilation och cirkulation hos sina patienter. Det har länge varit vanligt att använda volymkontrollerad ventilation (VCV) till patienter som genomgår bukkirurgi. Nu finns det ett annat alternativ, tryckkontrollerad ventilation (PCV). Det är ett omdiskuterat ämne huruvida det mer traditionella VCV eller det senare PCV ska tillämpas på patienter som genomgår bukkirurgi. Syfte. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva de aspekter som avgör anestesisjuksköterskans val av ventilationsmode vid bukkirurgi. Metod. Studien har en deskriptiv design med en kvalitativ ansats. Tio anestesisjuksköterskor fick svara på en frågeguide. Frågeguiden var konstruerad med öppna frågor. Svaren analyserades utifrån ett innehållsanalytiskt perspektiv. Resultat. Svaren på frågeguiden redovisas utifrån följande subkategorier: patientens bakgrund, operationsberoende aspekter, operationens förlopp, patient instabilitet, utbildning samt patientsäkerhet. Diskussion. Det visade sig att det fanns aspekter som påverkade anestesisjuksköterskan inför valet av ventilationsmode så som: patientens ålder, tidigare sjukdomar, operationsteknik samt kunskap om anestesiapparaten.</p>

Bakgrund. Enligt den nya kompetensbeskrivningen för anestesisjuksköterskor framgår bland annat att anestesisjuksköterskan ska ha kompetens att övervaka och följa upp ventilation och cirkulation hos sina patienter. Det har länge varit vanligt att använda volymkontrollerad ventilation (VCV) till patienter som genomgår bukkirurgi. Nu finns det ett annat alternativ, tryckkontrollerad ventilation (PCV). Det är ett omdiskuterat ämne huruvida det mer traditionella VCV eller det senare PCV ska tillämpas på patienter som genomgår bukkirurgi. Syfte. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva de aspekter som avgör anestesisjuksköterskans val av ventilationsmode vid bukkirurgi. Metod. Studien har en deskriptiv design med en kvalitativ ansats. Tio anestesisjuksköterskor fick svara på en frågeguide. Frågeguiden var konstruerad med öppna frågor. Svaren analyserades utifrån ett innehållsanalytiskt perspektiv. Resultat. Svaren på frågeguiden redovisas utifrån följande subkategorier: patientens bakgrund, operationsberoende aspekter, operationens förlopp, patient instabilitet, utbildning samt patientsäkerhet. Diskussion. Det visade sig att det fanns aspekter som påverkade anestesisjuksköterskan inför valet av ventilationsmode så som: patientens ålder, tidigare sjukdomar, operationsteknik samt kunskap om anestesiapparaten.

This project is mainly focused on the improving and design of the ventilation system of two rooms at different levels of a gym (Friskis and Svettis in Gävle, Sweden) to reduce the  concentration to never be higher than 1000 ppm. For this purpose, several field measurements were performed in different locations and situations. Two main measurements were necessary. On one hand, the  level in different parts of the rooms during different activities. On the other hand, the air flow through the inlet and outlet ducts of the ventilation system. It was also important to take into account the indoor temperature and humidity. These measurements were enough to analyze the failures of the system and to recognize the worst points of each room. Comparing both rooms, the necessity of changing the ventilation system in one of these rooms was much higher, due to there were measured  values up to 3000 ppm during a typical day in the gym. With this information the consequences of high CO2 levels in human people were analyzed. Among various ventilation systems, displacement ventilation system was proposed as the new design. Theoretical calculations were made to reach to the value of 31.8  in the air change rate (ACH), which was the necessary value for the new design to keep the carbon dioxide level under 1000 ppm.

Abstract Embla 5 is an office building which has done a large improvement. The clients of this building has made an order of WSP and the student Anders Kempe to calculate the use of energy for the building, and after that result proposing further measures which can decrease the energy use of Embla 5. The ground for this report is when calculation of the present energy use of the building is stated. To make that information of a number of parameters such as envelope, the heating system and ventilation has been located and set in to the simulation program IDA ICE which calculate the energy use. To improve the energy use further this project has been concentrated to change the system of ventilation. Today the ventilation system is of the kind CAV (constant air volume) and the air flow is dimensioned for after recommendations from BBR and Arbetsmiljöverket in the office spaces. Consider that Embla 5  is an office building where the people only staying for 8-10 hours/day so was the ide to see how much energy saving if the air flow is reduced the time people not being in the building. This VAV-system (variable air volume) was set to go with full air flow weekdays 06:00-19:00 when people can be in the local. All the time around that the air flow is been reduced to 20 % of dimensioned flow (solution 1) and 40 % of dimensioned flow (solution 2) with the same kind of time control. By these solutions the rate of energy use is been calculated and been compared to the present energy use.              The saving of energy for the two solutions been around the same about 100 000 [kWh/year]. With a energy price of 1 [SEK/kWh] the saving in money being 100 000 [SEK/year]. Before Embla 5 renovated the heating rate were 400 000 kWh/year and after renovation the heating rate were 300 000 kW/year. The heating rate had reduced thus the building had been four times bigger. The reason of that is the older part of the building had very large transmissions losses and newer part of the building was built with material with low u-value which decreases the transmissions losses. Another reason is that a new FTX-system is placed in the building with a better efficiency than the older FTX-system.

published_or_final_version / Mechanical Engineering / Master / Master of Philosophy

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