The final thesis deals with the amendment of Act no. 235/2004 Coll., Value added tax Act, as amended, which extends the reverse charge and introduces new institute of review statement. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the new regulation in terms of its suitability and potential benefits and also in terms of its failings and disadvantages. Concurrently the thesis focuse on the evaluation of the impact of extending the reverse charge and introducing the institute of review statement on the fight against value added tax evasions, which are represented mainly by carousel frauds. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter describes the basic characteristics of value added tax as an indirect tax, based on the principle of paying the tax on output and consecutive application of the deduction, and further discusses the basic structural elements of the tax. The explanation focused on the value added tax frauds is given at the end of the firts chapter, where is detailly described the functioning of the carousel frauds with cross-border element, which are becoming more important. The second chapter deals with the reverse charge in form in which applied until 31st December 2014. There is an interpretation of transactions which falled under this special mode in terms of European...

1 Abstract To study the effect a change in a tax base has on the corresponding tax revenue is a useful tool to better predict future tax revenues. This property is called a tax revenue elasticity but generally it does not get as much attention as it deserves, and when it does, key points like using data adjusted for the effects of tax reforms or distinguishing between the short-run (instantaneous) and the long-run (equilibrium) elasticity are often omitted. In my thesis, I am the first one to estimate the tax revenue elasticities for Slovakia. I use a unique dataset adjusted for the effects of tax reforms and tax changes to estimate both the short-run and the long-run elasticities for the three tax categories th at account for the majority of each year's tax revenue - Personal Income Tax, Corporate Income Tax and Value Added Tax. I obtain a long-run elasticity of 0.98, 1.28 and 0.94 for the Personal Income Tax, the Corporate Income Tax and the Value Added Tax respectively and a short-run elasticity of 3.51 and 1.93 for the Corporate Income Tax and the Value Added Tax respectively. I do not obtain a significant estimate in the case of the Personal Income Tax. Additionally, I find that it takes more than a year for the elasticity to reach its equilibrium value for all the three tax categories and that there...

This diploma thesis deals with tax optimization of companies. The thesis is divided into two main parts - the theoretical and practical part. The introduction of the theoretical part describes the history of taxes, their basic characteristics and the importance of their collection for today's society. Subsequently, the tax system of the Czech Republic with a focus on value added tax and corporation tax is presented. The practical part deals with specific possibilities of optimization of the amount of corporate income tax and value added tax. The opening chapter of the practical part emphasizes the difference between tax optimization and tax evasion. Subsequently, the options for optimizing the income tax are presented - from the very start of business, through the optimization of the tax base, tax deductions and deductible items. In the case of value added tax, the work deals on one hand with the tax registration itself and on the other with the group tax registration. Work should provide comprehensive guidance for reducing tax burden on businesses.

This thesis deals with problematic of non-monetary deposits into basic capital of new emergent capital companies per Czech legislation. It is divided into five chapters, four of them are theoretical and the last one is a practical example. Theoretical part deals with definition of capital companies, their authorities, basic capital and ways of founding. Part of accounting deals with evaluation of non-monetary deposits at the depositors and the acquirer and with disclosure of the assets in the balance sheet. The tax section focuses on all major taxes related to deposits. The application part summarizes theoretical knowledge on the example from practice. The main goal of the thesis is to contain the issue in a comprehensive way. Consider the legal, accounting and tax rules that are closely related to non-monetary deposits and show the impact of non-monetary deposits at the acquirer and the depositor.

Paragraph 7(1) of the VAT Act provides for the charging of VAT at 14 percent on the supply of goods or services by a vendor in the course or furtherance of an ‘enterprise’, the importation into South Africa of goods by any person or the supply of ‘imported services’. The term ‘enterprise’ has been interpreted to require an on-going activity and therefore once off sales should be excluded. The sale must relate to enterprise activities, thereby excluding private sales. Furthermore the enterprise activities are required to be carried out in the Republic or partly in the Republic. Establishing whether the enterprise activities are carried out in the Republic remains a contentious issue as the VAT Act does not specify the minimum required business activities to meet this criterion. ‘Imported services’ excludes services imported for the purposes of making taxable supplies and the liability of accounting for VAT on ‘imported services’ lies with the recipient of the imported service. Supplies (imported services) which are chargeable in terms of s 7(1)(a) and supplies, which if made in the Republic, are exempt from VAT or zero rated. ‘Imported services’ definition requires services to be consumed in South Africa. Services offered outside South Africa therefore generally do not qualify as imported services even the South African entity benefits from such services, for example a training course attended in a foreign country. Technological developments in the field of e-commerce globally have required countries to examine VAT laws relating to e-commerce. Extensive research has been done by the OECD on this topic, with reports issued on recommendations of how e-commerce should be taxed. Most guidance issued by the OECD on taxing e-commerce relates to indirect electronic commerce, which refers to goods or services where ordering, payment and delivery occur on line. Distinction is drawn between taxation of business-to-business transactions and business-to-consumer transactions. The OECD suggests that the ‘reverse-charge’ or self-assessment method should be applied to the taxing of B2B transactions resulting in minimal compliance and administrative costs. It is further recommended that for B2C transactions place of consumption should be defined as the recipient’s usual jurisdiction of residence and that non-resident suppliers should be required to register and pay VAT in the jurisdiction of the consumer, as this would result in the most effective tax collection method. ‘Enterprise’ includes electronic services from a foreign supplier where the recipient is a resident of South Africa or where the payment originated from a South African bank account. The Minister’s regulation, which came into effect on 1 June 2014, includes the following items in the definition of electronic services: educational services, games, online auction services, miscellaneous services and subscription services. The South African VAT legislation draws no distinction between B2B and B2C supplies of electronic services. The reasoning behind this was to avoid situations in which private customers could pose as business customers in order to avoid the levying of tax. A review of the services currently included in the Minister’s regulation on electronic services indicate that services that would relate to B2B supplies have mostly been excluded from the regulation. Effectively the South African VAT legislation manages to indirectly exclude B2B supplies from the definition of electronic services and therefore achieves the objective of minimising the administrative burden on B2B supplies.

This thesis is focused on the implementation of the reverse charge mechanism on supplies of electricity and gas, which was imposed on these goods on 1st February 2016. The main aim of the thesis is to determine whether carousel frauds in our territory disappeared after the introduction of the reverse charge mechanism and to attempt to estimate the amount of tax evasion before the implementation. The other topics in the thesis include a description of principles of carousel frauds and measures adopted in order to eliminate them as well as an evaluation of the contemporary level of implementation of this mechanism in the Czech Republic and other EU countries. The analysis of foreign trade statistics has indicated a significant decrease in these figures as a consequence of a possible elimination of related carousel frauds. The estimation of the amount of tax evasion in the period of six months before the implementation achieved 1.05 billion CZK.

The diploma thesis deals with tax records and with value added tax. Who leads the tax records, the legislation, the documents in the tax records, tax records of revenues and expenditures, liabilities, accounts receivables, inventories and fixed assets. Legislation of VAT, who is subject obligated to VAT, tax documents, the taxable and exempt benefits, the right to deduct VAT, the application of VAT in the country, application of VAT in the EU, application of VAT with the third countries. Complex example, which serves as a realistic example of keeping tax records in Excel and how to calculate a tax liability and how to fill in the tax form of VAT returns.

The master thesis discusses application of value added tax in municipality, after the amendment of act in 2009. The theoretical part is focus of attention municipality and law of value added tax, concepts definition of public services and economic activities and calculation of turnover. Theoretical conclusions are applying to financial reports of the city Sezimovo Ústí. Its revenues are classified into taxable and non-taxable payments and the turnover is predicted. The goal of this paper work is the universal algorithm of taxes formulation including optimization techniques of most frequent activities of municipalities.

Target of this thesis was to check how taxes influence a management of a company, especially with respect to the value added tax. In theoretical part is described term tax, description od tax system of the Czech Republic and especially description of the value added tax. In practical part is carried out aplication on the real company EGE Ltd., again especially with respect to the value added tax. In conclusion is written summary of the thesis including my own proposals for improvement.

The value added tax has been adapted by various legal instruments of the European community (regulations, directives, decisions etc.) which are used to harmonise this tax. Together these documents establish "the common system of VAT". The time definition of this system is not simple, because of newly ratified legal instruments that are reacting to both Community requirements and the current economical situation. At the present time, combating tax evasion is the fastest developing part of the common system. Tax evasion is significantly reducing revenues of the whole Community by reducing the revenues of single member states. Even if the European Union always places emphasis on the equal conditions for all member states in all areas of interest including claiming VAT, there are some exceptions from the common system granted for member states. The main objective of these exceptions is to take into consideration the specific conditions in each member country through special instruments added to the common VAT system. These exceptions should simplify the acceptance of the common system by all member states.