This research identified that e-commerce is growing annually and has a significant impact on the South African economy. When the Minister of Finance announced that VAT registration would become compulsory for foreign suppliers importing e-commerce transactions into South Africa, there were many speculations regarding the implication this will have for South Africa. The main objectives for the research are to determine whether the current VAT structure and VAT Act in South Africa will be able to support the proposal made by the Minister of Finance and what possible challenges should be considered regarding VAT on e-commerce transactions that were already identified by other countries. It will further be considered whether the proposal is in line with current international legislation and trends. Therefore, the development and implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions in the European Union and New Zealand were researched and discussed to obtain an understanding of the similar current VAT systems in other parts of the world. It was identified during the research that there are still challenges experienced with the implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. The challenges range from the anonymity of the parties to the identification of the permanent establishment of the supplier, which are discussed in detail. These challenges can lead to tax evasion and the erosion of a country’s revenue base. The proposal by the Minister of Finance is found to be in line with other countries’ implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. Furthermore, South Africa’s current VAT system was analysed to ascertain whether it is sufficient to implement VAT on e-commerce transactions. Currently, SARS is dependent on the consumer’s honesty to declare the VAT on all e-commerce transactions. It was further identified that there are challenges relating to the implementation of VAT on ecommerce transactions as it is lacking place of supply rules, which often creates uncertainty about whether a product is subject to VAT. It was found in the study that the current VAT system would not be sufficient to support the proposal made by the Minister of Finance without an amendment to the VAT system to secure the income from the consumption tax on e-commerce transactions. It was further found that there are worldwide still challenges experienced with the implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. Recommendations were made for further research relating to the new Tax Bill that is due to be released in 2014 and the impact it will have on the South African economy. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

This research identified that e-commerce is growing annually and has a significant impact on the South African economy. When the Minister of Finance announced that VAT registration would become compulsory for foreign suppliers importing e-commerce transactions into South Africa, there were many speculations regarding the implication this will have for South Africa. The main objectives for the research are to determine whether the current VAT structure and VAT Act in South Africa will be able to support the proposal made by the Minister of Finance and what possible challenges should be considered regarding VAT on e-commerce transactions that were already identified by other countries. It will further be considered whether the proposal is in line with current international legislation and trends. Therefore, the development and implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions in the European Union and New Zealand were researched and discussed to obtain an understanding of the similar current VAT systems in other parts of the world. It was identified during the research that there are still challenges experienced with the implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. The challenges range from the anonymity of the parties to the identification of the permanent establishment of the supplier, which are discussed in detail. These challenges can lead to tax evasion and the erosion of a country’s revenue base. The proposal by the Minister of Finance is found to be in line with other countries’ implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. Furthermore, South Africa’s current VAT system was analysed to ascertain whether it is sufficient to implement VAT on e-commerce transactions. Currently, SARS is dependent on the consumer’s honesty to declare the VAT on all e-commerce transactions. It was further identified that there are challenges relating to the implementation of VAT on ecommerce transactions as it is lacking place of supply rules, which often creates uncertainty about whether a product is subject to VAT. It was found in the study that the current VAT system would not be sufficient to support the proposal made by the Minister of Finance without an amendment to the VAT system to secure the income from the consumption tax on e-commerce transactions. It was further found that there are worldwide still challenges experienced with the implementation of VAT on e-commerce transactions. Recommendations were made for further research relating to the new Tax Bill that is due to be released in 2014 and the impact it will have on the South African economy. / MCom (South African and International Taxation), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The most essential questions in economics is what determines economic growth? In theory FDI led to economic growth (Mello 1997), but empirical evidences indicate that the relationship is ambiguous (Masahiro & Iwasaki 2014). This thesis uses contemporary growth theories and econometric methods to empirically test for the association between foreign direct investment and economic growth in the six countries that form the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The analysis indicates a positive relationship concerning FDI and GDP growth in the panel of GCC. The result furthermore supports the endogenous growth theory and provide insights on the regions progress towards income diversification whit respect to hydrocarbons.

Diploma Thesis Abstract This thesis deals with a new institute in the financial law - an unreliable value added tax payor. This institute was established as one of the means of improving tax collection and is closely related to the liability of a third party - the payor of value added tax; the recipient of taxable transaction. Listing tax payors in a list of unreliable payors caters to the potential guarantor, but this is at the expense of increasing the administrative burden since the recipient of taxable transactions has to consult the list of tax payors before making any transaction and, as the case may be, enter into a contract in order to gain protection in the event that the provider of taxable transaction is included in the list of unreliable payors. The designation of a value added tax payor as an unreliable payor is not stipulated by law quite clearly, but it is based on an internal regulation known as the Information of the General Tax Directorate. The protection from tax evasion in the form of blacklisting business entities - in the records of unreliable payors - may represent an administrative burden that is too onerous for entrepreneurs as well as substantial financial costs associated with the entire unreliable payor agendas. In all probability, it is also contrary to Council Directive...

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the system of the value added tax refund to the businesses in the Community and to focus on the main changes in this area. In the thesis we find the answers to the question if the system was succesfully modernize, speed up and whether changes in the tax refund brought relief on the applicant and tax administrator.

The thesis deals with the possibilities of optimization in the field of the value added tax in small municipalities. First of all, the main aspects of the value added tax in relation to municipalities are analyzed, both from the perspective of the Czech legislation and the legislation and jurisprudence of the European Union. Then the VAT treatment of public authorities in other Member States and possible future development of this area in the European Union are described. In the third chapter, various possibilities how small municipalities in the Czech Republic may optimize the costs on value added tax are outlined, whilst all the possibilities are explained in concrete practical examples. The last chapter contains a summary of which particular possibilities of optimization are suitable for different kinds of municipalities and the basic rules of application of VAT in municipalities are presented in a simplified schematic form.

The subject of this thesis is interaction between market prices and consumption taxes. The thesis contains analysis of influence of consumption taxes on market prices of five chosen goods, monitors possible causes, observes and quantifies the amount of additionally imposed tax, which is beard by consumer or producer of the good. The analysis of consumption taxes influence on market prices is performed by methods of correlation and regression analysis. Analyzed products are petrol "natural 95" (unleaded), diesel oil, cigarettes Petra and Sparta, dark rum and beer. Prices of these goods are monitored by Czech Statistical Office. First part of this thesis contains mostly theoretical introduction and impact theory of taxes. Second part deals with particular consumption taxes and their short-term impact. The third part of this thesis contains the statistical analysis.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (Specialising in Taxation) / The taxation of financial services is challenging from a Value-Added Tax (VAT) perspective. Conceptually, VAT should apply to any fee for services but where financial services are concerned, there is difficulty in quantifying the value-added by these institutions. According to the First Interim Report on Value-Added Tax for the Minister of Finance (the Davis Tax Committee report) most jurisdictions have therefore opted to exempt financial services from VAT. In South Africa, financial services are exempt from VAT, however, where an explicit fee is charged as consideration for a supply, it will be taxed. The South African VAT legislation provides for the denial of input tax on costs incurred to generate exempt supplies. The burden of an irrecoverable VAT cost exposes the financial industry to hindrances such as vertical integration and tax cascading. Certain VAT jurisdictions have however implemented policies to reduce the overall cost of financial institutions. This study will therefore analyse the alternate VAT methods to determine whether a more viable mechanism of taxing financial services in South Africa, exists. Key words: Apportionment, cascading, implicit fees, input tax, efficiency, exemption, explicit fees, equity, full taxation approach, neutrality, simplicity, standard rate, reduced input tax credit, value-added, VAT grouping, vertical integration, zero-rating / MT2017

Muitas discussões têm sido feitas em torno da questão tributária no Brasil e no mundo, particularmente na Comunidade Econômica Européia, resultante da consolidação e aperfeiçoamento do Mercado Comum Europeu. Neste quatro destaca-se os aspectos relacionados com a tributação sobre o valor adicionado,particularmente aqueles concernentes ao momento da incidência, na origem (produção) ou no destino (consumo) e a dificuldade da sua operacionalização, no caso de um estado federal (país), pelas entidade subnacionais (estados membros). A tributação sobre o valor adicionado de nível estadual no Brasil, neste contexto, evoluiu para a adoção de alíquotas diferenciadas para um mesmo produto, conforme as operações sejam internas ou interestaduais e neste segundo caso, conforme a região de localização dos estados de origem e destino das operações, embora os desequilíbrios no espaço nacional, a nível de ICMS, com a importação do imposto sobre valor adicionado da competência estadual, pelos estados mais pobres persistam e esteja cada vez mais latente a guerra fiscal entre os estados federados, representada pela disputa cada vez mais acirrada, da opção de localização das novas plantas industriais a serem instaladas no país. Os sistemas de informações das entidades políticas envolvidas diretamente (os estados membros) e do Ministério da Fazenda, que acumula e processa os dados relacionados ao tributo, de forma agregada, têm evoluído bastante, utilizando intensamente a tecnologia de processamento de dados, desde o disquete de microcomputador até o teleprocessamento no controle das operações em trânsito. As novas tecnologias de informação vêm sendo progressivamente introduzidas pela maioria dos estados membros, havendo a utilização de tecnologias como EDI - Eletronic Data Interchange, teleprocessamento e agora a Internet começa a ser considerada. Discute-se neste trabalho, as peculiaridades do nosso imposto sobre valor adicionado estadual, o ICMS, quanto ao seu perfil bem como questões relacionadas à sua administração pelos Governos a quem cabe o produto da sua cobrança, ou seja, o Controle Fiscal. Assim, o Controle Fiscal, com a utilização das novas tecnologias, deverá ser cada vez mais um instrumento efetivo da Administração Pública. / Many discussions have been made around of tax problem in Brazil and in the world, particularly in European Economic Community, resultant of the consolidation and improvement of European Common Market. In this context is elevated the aspects related on the value added, particularly those concerning to moment of incidence, on origin (production) or on destiny (consumption) and the difficulty of its application, in case of a federal state (country), by subnational entities (membership states). The taxation on the value added on state level in Brazil, in this context, led to adoption of different rates for the same product, according to the operations being internal or interstate and in this second case, according to the region of localization of the states of origin and destiny of operations, although the disequilibrium in this national space, by level at ICMS, with the import of the duty on value added of state competence, by the poorer states persist and it is each time more latent the fiscal war between federate states, represented by a harder dispute, for the option of localization of the new industrial plants to be installed in the country. The information systems of the political entities directly linked (the membership states) and Finance Minister that accumulates and processes the data related to tax, of joined form, had evolved too, using intensively the data processing technology, from the floppy disk of microcomputer to teleprocessing on the movement operation control. The new information technologies have been progressively introduced for the most membership states, there has been use technologies such EDI-Electronic Data Interchange, teleprocessing and now Internet begins to be considered. It is discussed in this work, the peculiarity of our state value added tax, the ICMS, in its profile as well related questions at its administration by the governments who pertains to the result of its collect, as a matter of facts it is, the Fiscal Control. Then, the Fiscal Control, with the use of new technologies, must be each time more an effective instrument of the Public Administration.

Taxes are the most important revenue of the public budgets. The state dedicates great alertness to their right collection. In the area of value added tax, handing in control statement and introducing electronic record of sales, among other things, bring a contribution. The aim of this thesis is to assess effects of these instruments in connection with changes in VAT collection in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part brings a description of individual instruments that are used to increase VAT collection - tax rates, reverse charge, security orders, recapitulative statement, control statement, electronic register of sales. In the practical part the contribution of the adopted measures is surveyed on the basis of estimations and analyses. The effect of the control statement is calculated on the data about excessive deductions. Common influence of the instruments is investigated through analyses of VAT collection and final consumption, it comes to a calculation of possible impacts of the implemented measures. The thesis captures above all the period between the years 2015 - 2018 when the same VAT rates are valid and so computations are not influenced by rate change.