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Place of supply rules in the South African value-added tax systemSchneider, Ferdinand Dirk. 16 August 2012 (has links)
M.Comm. / The objective of this dissertation is to examine the desirability of implementing place of supply rules as an instrument to reduce uncertainty in the South African value-added tax system, specifically with respect to cross border transactions. Value-added tax systems have been introduced in many countries, and experienced a marked increase in popularity, especially since the 1970's. Value-added tax systems often replaced sales taxes due to the many benefits a purist value-added tax system has to offer. The opening up of the world economy brings the importance of cross border transactions to the fore. Many countries recognised the fiscal uncertainty and imbalances an ever-increasing number of cross border transactions can bring to a country's value-added tax system. Place of supply rules were introduced into the value-added tax systems of many of these countries to enhance legislative certainty, to avoid double taxation and to increase equity of the overall tax system. However, when South Africa introduced value-added tax in 1991, South Africa was to a large extent still isolated from the world economy. Since the earlier 1990's, particularly since 1994 when South Africa instated its first democratically elected government, the world economy started opening up to South Africa. South Africa's value-added tax system did not and still does not have certainty on place of supply rules. Though, technically, South Africa's value-added tax system seeks to tax most, if not all, transactions with a South African connection, vendors in South Africa, tax consultants and the South African Revenue Service are experiencing difficulty (to some varying degree) on interpreting the value-added tax consequences of cross border transactions. Place of supply rules have been mooted by various role-players, the South African Revenue Service and value-added tax practitioners alike, as a possible solution to the current uncertainty in respect of cross border transactions. The relevance and desirability of introducing place of supply rules in South Africa need to be assessed.
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Invloed van belasting op toegevoegde waarde op die bestuur van kontantvloeiKlopper, Leon Jacobus 19 May 2014 (has links)
M.Com. / Please refer to full text to view abstract
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An examination of tampon tax and how it effects the social, health and economical aspects of countries including a comparative analysis of how some countries have dealt with tampon taxAsmaljee, Sumaiyah Safi January 2019 (has links)
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (specialising in Taxation) / Tampon tax is a colloquial term in common usage describing taxes levied on female menstrual hygiene products that are taxed as luxury goods in spite of the fact these items are considered necessities such as food and medicine, which are either exempted or taxed at 0% in some countries. Tampon tax in South Africa is the levying of value-added tax (VAT), to female menstrual hygiene products. Internationally, activists have initiated various campaigns and protests for the removal of tampon tax as it is not regarded as a luxury but rather a necessity, and South Africa has followed suit. There have been various campaigns and initiatives towards making female menstrual hygiene products more affordable and/ or accessible to the females from low-income households in South Africa.
Reduction in sales tax rates, removal of goods and services tax on female menstrual hygiene products and the utilisation of the income earned from sales tax on female menstrual hygiene products are options available to negate the economic effects of tampon tax on females in their reproductive years. This paper discusses tampon tax and its effect on social, health and the economic well-being of South Africa. The paper will include comparative analyses to what is being done in some countries to alleviate the negative effects of the tampon tax. This paper will also examine the value-added tax in South Africa. Arguments in favour of and against tampon tax are also discussed. / NG (2020)
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Value-added tax and financial servicesLebos, Jared Joseph January 2017 (has links)
Value-added tax (VAT) and similar taxes known as General Sales Tax (GST) are indirect taxes which are currently levied in over 150 countries world-wide. The republic of South Africa (South Africa) introduced VAT through the enactment of the Value-added Tax Act 89 of 1991. Financial services are exempt, by the Value-Added Tax Act 89 of 1991, largely due to the South African VAT system being based on the New Zealand GST system. It is generally accepted that in theory financial services should be subjected to Value-Added Tax.
This study will outline the VAT effects of certain common financial services and how financial service providers may account for the related input and output tax. Additionally the application of the VAT Act against some of the more complex financial arrangements, including new financial instruments that have gained popularity with the increased availability to technologies such as the internet, will also be examined.
This report is limited to the application of the VAT Act only and does not consider other fiscal legislation and its interaction with the VAT Act in this regard.
Key Words
Value-Added Tax, Financial Services, Exemptions, Complex Financial Arrangements / Thesis (M.Com. (Taxation))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Accountancy, 2017 / Online resource (141 leaves) / GR2018
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Invoice date or cash receipt date : a critical analysis of the time of supply of value added taxReddy, Rogers 07 October 2014 (has links)
M.Com. (South African and International Taxation) / Value-added tax (hereafter referred to as VAT) is an „indirect tax‟. Clegg, D (2006: 1) explains this to mean that: “the person who bears the tax is assessed not directly by the SARS but indirectly through the taxation of transactions into which he enters”. The name „value-added tax‟ is the difference between the output tax collected and input tax paid. This is, essentially, tax on the value added before the product or service is received for final consumption. The SABC became a registered VAT vendor when VAT was introduced in 1991. There has been a contentious battle for many years between SARS and the SABC on whether or not a „renewal notice‟, issued to potential television licence holders by the SABC, as a reminder to licence holders to renew their television licence, serves as an invoice for the purpose of determining the tax liability payable by the SABC in terms of the Value-Added Tax Act No 89 of 1991, as amended (hereafter referred to as the VAT Act).
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'n Kritiese evaluasie van die toedeling van insetbelasting in Artikel 17(1) van die Wet op Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde no. 89 van 1991Combrink, Thomas 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MComm)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Insetbelasting soos omskryf in artikel 1 van die Wet op Belasting op
Toegevoegde Waarde No. 89 van 1991 (“die Wet”) kan teruggeëis word waar
die goedere of dienste, ten opsigte waarvan die insetbelasting geëis word, vir
die maak van belasbare lewerings verkry is.
Waar goedere of dienste verkry word, gedeeltelik vir die maak van belasbare
lewerings en gedeeltelik vir die maak van vrygestelde lewerings, moet ʼn
toedeling van die insetbelasting ooreenkomstig die bepalings van Artikel 17(1)
van die Wet gemaak word.
Artikel 17(1) bepaal dat die omset-gebaseerde toedelingsmetode gebruik
moet word vir die toedeling van toedeelbare insetbelasting. Hierdie metode
wat voorgeskryf word gee aanleiding tot die volgende twee probleemstellings,
naamlik :
· Onduidelikheid in die Wet rakende die hantering van verskillende tipes
lewerings binne die toedelingsformule, en
· Onduidelikheid oor welke bedrae of gevalle by die toedelingsformule inof
uitgesluit moet word.
Artikel 17(1) bepaal ook dat, indien die omset-gebaseerde toedelings-metode
nie toepaslik vir ʼn ondernemer is nie, ʼn alternatiewe metode gebruik kan word
mits die alternatiewe metode ʼn redelike en regverdige alternatief daarstel.
Hierdie uitsondering gee aanleiding tot ʼn derde probleemstelling, naamlik:
· Wat kan as ʼn redelike en regverdige alternatief beskou word?
Laastens maak Artikel 17(1) voorsiening vir ʼn voorbehoudsbepaling wat
bekend staan as die de minimis-reël. Hiervolgens hoef ʼn ondernemer nie te
voldoen aan Artikel 17(1) indien die ondernemer se totale belasbare lewerings
minstens 95% van sy totale lewerings beloop nie. Die voorbehoudsbepaling
maak egter nie voorsiening vir die hantering van abnormale omstandighede
wat die implementering van die voorbehoudbepaling kan beïnvloed nie. Dit
gee aanleiding tot die vierde probleemstelling, naamlik :
· Watter maatreëls bestaan daar om te verseker dat die de minimis-reël
nie deur abnormale omstandighede beïnvloed word nie?
In hierdie studie word Artikel 17(1) krities ontleed ten einde te poog om
oplossings vir bostaande probleemstellings te vind. Relevante wetgewing en
publikasies van lande soos die Verenigde Koninkryk, Kanada, Australië en
Ierland is ook bestudeer en na aanleiding hiervan kan die volgende afleidings
gemaak word, naamlik:
· dat ʼn lewering uit meer as een tipe lewering kan bestaan, hetsy
belasbaar of vrygestel. Sodanige lewerings kan geklassifiseer word as
toevallige-, saamgestelde- of gemengde lewerings wat, afhangend van
die tipe lewering, die insetbelasting wat teruggeëis mag word,
verskillend kan beïnvloed. Uitsluitsel oor die klassifikasies van
lewerings moet verkry word alvorens dit in die toedelingsformule
ingesluit word;
· dat die in- of uitsluiting van spesifieke bedrae en gevalle in die
toedelingsformule eerstens aan die hand van die ekonomiese
aktiwiteitstoets gemeet moet word. Die resultate van ʼn ekonomiese
aktiwiteitstoets sal aandui watter invloed ʼn spesifieke bedrag of geval
op die toedelingsformule kan hê. Die spesifieke eienskappe van elke
bedrag of geval moet daarna ontleed word om te bepaal of sodanige
bedrag of geval by die toedelingsformule in- of uitgesluit moet word om
die manipulasie van die toedelingsformule te voorkom;
· dat riglyne bepaal moet word of die toepassing van ʼn alternatiewe
toedelingsmetode redelik en regverdig is ten einde enige onsekerhede
uit die weg te ruim. Dit behoort op ‘n soortgelyke wyse geïmplementeer
te word as die bestaande riglyne in die wetgewing van lande soos
Kanada, Ierland en die Verenigde Koninkryk;
· dat die de minimis-reël uitgebrei moet word deur nie net na ʼn vaste
persentasie te verwys nie, maar ook die gebruik van historiese syfers,
randwaardes en maandelikse ontledings in te sluit, soos wat dit tans
die gebruik in Kanada en die Verenigde Koninkryk is.
Daar bestaan dus reeds in ander lande wetgewing wat die probleemareas,
soos in die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing geïdentifiseer, aanspreek. Dit is dus
nodig om aan die hand hiervan die Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing uit te brei ten
einde enige onduidelikhede en areas vir moontlike manipulasie uit te skakel / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Input tax as defined in Section 1 of the Value Added Tax Act No. 89 of 1991
(“the Act”) can be deducted where goods or services are acquired by the
vendor for the purpose of consumption, use or supply in the course of making
taxable supplies.
Where the goods or services are acquired by the vendor partially for the
purpose of making taxable supplies and partially for the purpose of making
exempt supplies, an apportionment of the input tax that can be deducted, has
to be done in terms of Section 17(1) of the Act.
Section 17(1) determines that the turnover-based apportionment method
should be used for apportionment of the input tax. This prescribed method
gives rise to the following problem statements:
· The Act is not clear as to how different types of supplies should be
treated in the apportionment formula, and
· The Act is not clear as to which specific amounts or cases should be
included or excluded from the apportionment formula.
Section 17(1) further determines that, if a vendor finds the turnover-based
method of apportionment inappropriate, the vendor can use an alternative
method as long as the method is a fair and reasonable alternative. This
exemption to the rule gives rise to a third problem statement, namely:
· What should be seen as fair and reasonable alternative method?
Finally, a proviso is found in Section 17(1), better known as the de minimisrule.
According to the rule no apportionment is necessary in terms of Section
17(1) if the total taxable supplies constitute at least 95% of total supplies. The
proviso does not take abnormal circumstances into account that can affect the
implementation of the proviso. This gives rise to the fourth problem statement:
· What controls exist to ensure that the de minimis-rule is not influenced
by abnormal circumstances?
In this study Section 17(1) is critically analyzed to find solutions for the above
problem statements. Relevant acts and publications of countries such as the
United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Ireland were examined. The following
conclusions can be drawn from the study:
· A supply can consist out of more than one type of supply, either taxable
or exempt. These supplies can be classified as coincidental supplies,
combined supplies or mixed supplies. Each one of these supplies can
have a material influence on the apportionment formula and should be
considered carefully before they are included in the formula.
· The inclusion or exclusion of any specific amount or case as part of the
apportionment formula should first be measured against the economic
activity test. The results of the economic activity test will indicate which
effect the specific amount or case will have on the apportionment
formula. Thereafter the distinctive characteristics of the amount or case
should be analysed to ensure correct treatment of the specific amount
or case in the apportionment formula to prevent the manipulation of the
apportionment formula.
· Guidelines should be identified to determine whether an alternative
method of apportionment is fair and reasonable, in conjunction with the
specific guidelines identified by the legislation of countries such as
Canada, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
· The de minimis-rule should be broadened not to only include the use of
a fixed percentage, but also the use of historical figures, rand values
and monthly analysis as is the case in Canada and the United
Kingdom.
As can be seen from the above there already exist legislation in other
countries that addresses the problem areas as identified in South African
legislation. It is therefore necessary to broaden the South African legislation to
eliminate any uncertainties and areas for possible manipulation.
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A critical evaluation of the enterprise concept and the effect thereof on input tax and its apportionment for VAT purposesMarais, Pierre 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MAcc)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa, value-added tax (‘VAT’) is classified as an indirect tax which is levied on goods or services supplied in the Republic of South Africa. In South Africa, VAT is a destination-based invoice type tax system which means that the consumption of goods and services are taxed.
To register as a vendor for VAT purposes, the business conducted must fall within the ambit of an ‘enterprise’ as defined in section 1(1) of the Value-Added Tax Act, 1991 (Act No. 89 of 1991) (the VAT Act).
Where a registered vendor makes taxable supplies of goods or services, it is subject to VAT at the standard rate in terms of section 7(1) of the VAT Act, unless and exemption or exception applies thereto.
VAT incurred will constitute “input tax” as defined in section 1(1) of the VAT Act, where amongst others, the goods or services are acquired wholly for the purpose of consumption, use or supply in the course of making taxable supplies, or where the goods or services are acquired partly for such purpose, to such extent as determined in accordance with section 17(1) of the VAT Act.
The vendor will therefore be confronted with various questions with regard to whether the activities are performed by the enterprise, or whether such activities fall outside the scope of VAT and therefore constitute non-enterprise activities. When the activities are regarded as enterprise activities, the vendor will have to determine whether the VAT incurred for the enterprise activities are used, consumed or supplied in making taxable supplies.
Where the VAT incurred cannot be attributed to the making of taxable supplies, an apportionment of the VAT incurred is required. The apportionment method used in apportioning the VAT incurred for mixed purposes, must be fair and reasonable. This research assignment will therefore investigate and focus on the treatment of the VAT incurred by the business in deducting the correct amount of input tax. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika word belasting op toegevoegde waarde (‘BTW’) geklassifiseer as ‘n indirekte belasting wat gehef word op die lewering van goed of dienste. BTW is ‘n destinasie-gebaseerde faktuurbasis wat beteken dat die verbruik van goed of dienste in Suid-Afrika aan belasting onderhewig is.
Om vir BTW doeleindes te registreer, moet die besigheid of die bedryf aan die vereistes van ‘n ‘onderneming’ soos gedefineer in artikel 1(1) van die Belasting op Toegevoegde Waarde Wet (die BTW Wet) voldoen. ‘n Geregistreerde ondernemer wat goed of dienste lewer, moet BTW teen die standaardkoers ingevolge artikel 7(1) van die BTW Wet hef, tensy ‘n vrystelling of uitsondering op hierdie reël van toepassing is.
Die belasting gehef ingevolge artikel 7(1) van die BTW Wet verteenwoordig insetbelasting indien die betrokke goed of dienste deur die ondernemer verkry word geheel en al met die doel van verbruik, gebruik of lewering in die loop van die doen vir belasbare lewerings. Indien die goed of dienste gedeeltelik vir daardie doel aangewend word, is die ondernemer verplig om die belasting toe te deel ingevolge artikel 17 van die BTW Wet.
Die ondernemer word dus met verskeie vrae gekonfronteer om te bepaal of die goed of dienste aangewend word in die loop ter bevordering van die onderneming. Indien die goed of dienste nie vir daardie doel aangewend word nie, die sogenaamde ondernemingsaktiwiteite, sal die BTW aangegaan deur die ondernemer buite die bestek van die BTW Wet val en gevolglik as nie-ondernemingsaktiwitiete geklassifiseer word.
Indien die BTW nie geheel en al gebruik word vir die maak van belasbare lewerings nie, moet die ondernemer die sogenaamde BTW toedeel volgens ‘n erkende toedelingsmetode ingevolge artikel 17 van die BTW Wet. Hierdie metode moet aan die vereistes van regverdigheid en redelikheid voldoen. Hierdie werkstuk fokus en ontleed die hantering van die BTW aangegaan deur die ondernemer met die doel om die korrekte insetbelasting aftrekking te bepaal.
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'n Evalueering van die belastingstruktuur van Suid-Afrika se invloed op die ekonomie14 October 2015 (has links)
M.Com. (Economics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract
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The impact of the South African tax system on small and medium sized enterprises16 August 2012 (has links)
M.Comm. / Since the April 1994 elections the issue of economic empowerment and growth have had a high priority on the agenda of the Government of National Unity of South Africa. Small and medium enterprises (SME's) represent an important vehicle to address the challenges of job creation, economic growth and equity in our country. Throughout the world one finds that SME's are playing a critical role in absorbing labour, penetrating new markets and generally expanding economies in creative and innovative ways. Research indicates that there are more than 800 000 small and medium enterprises in South Africa, absorbing about a quarter of the approximately 15 million people which comprises the formal labour force. According to the White Paper on National Strategy for the Development and Promotion of Small Business in South Africa (1995:10), this does not include about 3,5 million people who are involved in some or other type of survivalist enterprise activity force. While the importance of large industrial, mining and other enterprises for the growth of the economy cannot be denied, there is ample evidence that the labour absorptive capacity of the small business sector is high, with the average capital cost per job created in this sector, usually being lower than in big businesses. In addition the small business sector's role in technical and other innovations is vital for the many challenges facing the South African economy. Notwithstanding the importance of small enterprises in the South African economy, they are still faced with a wide range of constraints and problems that are common to small enterprises. There can be no doubt that compared to big businesses in South Africa and small businesses in other countries, these problems have not been sufficiently addressed. The constraints relate, amongst others, to the legal and regulatory environment confronting SME's, the access to markets, finance, the acquisition of skills and management expertise and in some cases, the tax burden. This study will be aimed at addressing the problems that small enterprises experience with the South African Tax System. The dissertation is based on various Acts as effective during April 1997. Various factors were identified in the Interim Report of the Commission of Inquiry into certain aspects of the Tax Structure of South Africa, (Katz, November 1994:150) under the chairmanship of Prof. M.M. Katz. These factors include, amongst others, the following: Small and medium-sized enterprises have a greater dependence on the working proprietor as a source of funds, since they do not have access to public securities markets for the issue of equity or long term loan capital. The taxation of the income of the working proprietor therefore directly depletes their principal source of equity capital, requiring the entrepreneur to make greater use of short term debt finance. This in turn increases their risk exposure; Whereas savings which flow via financial institutions (for example, through pension and life insurance contributions) to the corporate sector enjoys tax relief, no equivalent relief is available to working proprietors who invest in their own businesses; There is considerable evidence that the compliance burden of taxation falls disproportionately on smaller enterprises, who do not have expertise in the completion of tax returns or in other aspects of tax compliance, and either make use of expensive professional assistance or rely on the proprietor's own efforts. The compliance burden is aggravated by frequent changes in the tax system, complicated structures and rules, and the lack of taxpayer education opportunities. The problem of the compliance burden on smaller enterprises has probably become more severe in recent years as a consequence of the introduction of Value Added Tax and the fact Jiat the present Standard Income Tax on Employees personal income tax requires more detailed personnel records than the former Final Deduction System which it replaced; The general bias in tax systems towards favouring capital investment and penalising employment through investment relief and social security contributions tends to favour large firms, which have easier access to sources of capital, and discriminates against smaller firms which tend to be more labour intensive.
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Analysing VAT on imported services in the financial service industry and the VAT treatment of banking incomeBhagowat, Ershrin January 2016 (has links)
University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg
A proposal for a research report to be submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law
and Management in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of
Commerce / Value-Added Tax (VAT) on imported services in South Africa and the VAT treatment
of banking income / products has been a contentious issue for a number of years in
South Africa. South African companies, individual taxpayers, students and the South
African Revenue Service (SARS) have difficulty to interpret whether section 7(1)(c)
and section 14 of the Value-Added Tax Act No. 89 of 1991 is applicable to certain
transactions.
The aim of the study is to discuss and analyse VAT on imported services in South
Africa in order for an individual taxpayer, company and SARS to understand which
section should be applied to a certain transaction. This study also aims at clearly
showing the type of income / products generated in the banking industry and how
VAT is treated on the types of income / products in the bank. This will give students,
tax professionals in the financial industry, auditors, companies, individuals and the
SARS a better understanding of how VAT is treated in the financial industry. / MT2017
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