This study examines the residential patterns of the Chinese within the city of Vancouver. The Chinese are the single largest Asian minority ethnic group in Vancouver arid have a uniquely concentrated pattern of distribution. The study first summarises the general history of Chinese immigration into Canada, particularly British Columbia, over the past 100 years, and also examines the growth of Vancouver's Chinatown. Using published and unpublished census data the changing patterns of Chinese settlement within the City of Vancouver are described. Next, drawing on census data and on material collected through a Sample. Survey of 125 Chinese families in 1969, some overall characteristics of the Vancouver Chinese community are described, in terms of such factors as age-sex structure, education, period of immigration, and residential patterns. It is hypothesised that there are basic differences between the Chinatown and suburban Chinese in Vancouver. This hypothesis was tested and it showed that there were significant differences between the Chinese living in these different locations in terms of demographic, economic, residential and social factors, in conclusion, the study suggests that inquiries of this nature could be profitably repeated with other ethnic groups within the city. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This thesis analyzes German immigration to Canada in the period following the Second World War and primarily focuses on the settlement of these immigrants in Vancouver. By examining residential patterns, economic experiences, the role of German churches and Saturday schools, language retention, and the secular organizations maintained by Vancouver's German population, it becomes apparent that Germans' attempt to adjust to Canadian circumstances entailed two, seemingly contradictory phenomena: speedy integration and assimilation into the mainstream of Canadian society on one hand, and support for ethnic social, economic, religious, educational, and cultural institutions on the other. The study concludes that assimilation and ethnicity were thus not mutually exclusive. Immigration gave individuals the opportunity to weigh alternatives with regard to social form and institutions, personal values, and the role of their ethnicity in the new life offered by Canada. Consequently, involvement in the local German community may be attributed to as complex causes as the supersession of ethnic origin as a basis of association by other sources of group identification. Yet, even though German-Canadians were highly assimilated into Canadian society by the end of the postwar period, they may have preserved a sense of ethnic identity that did not manifest itself in any visible behaviour. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Little is known about the deaf as a group. Most of the studies that have been done concerning their problem have been about the medical, educational and psychological aspects of their disability with very little emphasis on their vocational and social problems and needs. The study began from two basic hypotheses: first, that there is a correlation between deafness and unemployment status, with a disproportionate number of the deaf being found in low status, low paying jobs, and secondly, that the deaf in British Columbia at the present time, are receiving a limited amount of services. The particular focus of the study was the problems and experience of a sample of young deaf adolescents and adults in training for, finding and holding jobs. The sample group chosen was the total group of graduates and school leavers from the Jericho Hill School for the Deaf, Vancouver, British Columbia, a residential School which takes pupils from all socio-economic levels, including day pupils, for the period July 1956-July 1965. A schedule of research questions was devised which included investigation of the following areas: (1) what vocational assessment, counselling and placement services were available to and utilized by the sample group (2) what jobs they obtained and how they obtained them (3) what their attitudes were to their jobs and fellow workers (4) what job aspirations they had and whether they attained them (5) what opinions they had about the kinds of help they needed (6) what their intelligence quotients were, as a crude index of their capabilities to cope with further training and education. A research design of a diagnostic descriptive type was next devised, which comprised a number of steps, including (1) the interviewing of experts in the field (2) the devising of a questionnaire to be sent to the school graduates (3) the interviewing of a sample of respondents willing to be interviewed (4) the relation of the insights and information obtained, to the determining of what services should be recommended in order to provide more adequate services for the deaf. Of the total group of 78 school leavers, 38 responded to the questionnaire of whom 14 were interviewed. Twenty-two of the 38 respondents were employed. The major findings of the study were that; the employed deaf in the sample group who have received no further education or training are working in low paid, low status jobs, regardless of the level of their intelligence or desires for further training. This is one-half of the total sample group. Of those who obtained vocational training including on-the-job training, it would be true to say that this did improve their economic status. However there is a tendency for this group to be frozen in bottom level positions with few prospects of advancements. Of the small group proceeding to advanced education at Gallaudet College, it is as yet too soon to say what their vocational prospects will be. An additional finding was that most job placement was done by families, friends and Jericho Hill School, with very little by community agencies. A lack of spacific services indispensable to the deaf, was found, particularly in relation to use of interpreters. A further finding was the "orality" of deaf people in the sample interviewed as defined by ability to use speech in everyday living at a level intelligible to strangers, was far below this standard, with one exception. An additional finding was that the inability to achieve a satisfactory level of orality appears to be related to feelings of failure and inferiority in the deaf and to interfere to some extent with the deaf person's concentration on the acquisition of written skills. There was considerable evidence that social and recreational activities play a specially important role in the lives of deaf people, and may even determine the location of the jobs they seek. As many are unable to enjoy an outlet for their frustrations and tensions by communicating orally with their fellow workers, it is important to them to be with other deaf people for some of their recreation, because with such a group they are released from the constant strain of lip reading or writing everything down. In contrast to the findings of two American studies, there was little, if any correlation found between such factors as type of job obtained and lip reading ability and preferred methods of communication used at work. Nor was there any correlation between these factors and income obtained, job stability and attitudes to the job and to fellow workers. Total or partial deafness, day or residential status did not appear to affect any of the factors mentioned either positively or negatively. This may have been due to the size of the sample group and two other factors, first, that almost all the group became deaf before the age when speech patterns are normally acquired, or were born deaf. Secondly, the sample contained no respondents in the managerial, technical or professional classes, and few in the craftsman class. A number of specific recommendations were made. Some of these pertained to the establishment of the necessary services, especially those of assessment, counselling, placement and follow-up services. Some pertained to an expansion of the roles of government and private agencies, and some pertained to educational practices in the field of education for the deaf. Special emphasis was placed on the improving of ways of determining much earlier in the education of the deaf child than is currently the practice the level of orality he is likely to reach, so that vocational and educational plans for him can be adapted to his needs. A further recommendation was that it is important to include in the educational programmes for parents of deaf children, opportunities to meet with the adult deaf. In the area of prevention, routine use of hearing tests for the newborn was emphasized. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

A counsellor task check list comprised of 168 tasks described in behavioral terms, was completed by 15/18 counsellors in West Vancouver. It, along with 11 statements which pertained to recommendations from the British Columbia Ministry of Education's 1980 Task Force report on counselling, provided the information necessary to design a survey instrument using a five point Likert scale. Its purpose was to support the thesis that although school-related groups: students, parents, teachers, counsellors, and administrators; would differ in their perceptions of the importance of counsellor functions, there would be some which would be rated high in importance among all five groups. A random sample of students in Grades 6, 8, 10, and 12 (n=360), and parents with children in Kindergarten to Grade 12 (n=360), as well as all the teachers (n=256), counsellors (n=15), and administrators (n=33) were surveyed. Return rates varied among the groups from a low of 17.9% for the parents to 54.5% for the administrators. Results obtained supported the thesis at both the elementary and secondary levels. Hierarchical lists for both levels ranked the items by average scores in order to illustrate the importance the groups as a whole placed on each task. Recommendations were then made to assist counsellors in the process of drafting and articulating a role and job description for themselves. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

A predominant feature of Canadian society is the presence of a variety of ethnic minority groups which maintain distinctive values and patterns of behavior and which reside in readily identifiable ethnic concentrations. Literature describing ethnic minority residential clustering and dispersion stresses that because of the low socio-economic status of the members of these immigrant groups and because of their strong ethno-religious ties, they formed their own ethnic communities in urban core areas. As members, and their children and grandchildren particularly, improved their economic status and as their ethno-religious ties weakened, they began to move from the urban core ethnic concentration to ethnically mixed suburban communities. . This study focused upon Jews and Italians, two ethnic minorities which concentrate in ethnic clusters in the City of Vancouver and which have a substantial number of their members living in the suburban communities of Richmond, Burnaby, North Vancouver and West Vancouver. The research primarily addressed itself to exploring the associations between residential location and the following variables: ethno-religious identification, socio-economic status, generation status, and the nature and extent of social networks based on kith and kin. Responses to 157 questionnaires, which were administered to select groups of Jews, Italians, and Anglo-Saxons, were analyzed by multivariate statistical techniques. The results indicate that for both the Jewish and Italian groups, the intensity of ethno-religious identification is strongest among cluster residents. Although suburban groups, in general, display a less intense ethno-religious identification than do the cluster groups, they are not homogeneous in this respect. Residents of the Italian urban cluster belong mostly to the foreign-born generation. Second, third-, and subsequent - generations are more apt to locate in suburbia. Such is not the case for Jews. A substantial proportion of Jewish urban cluster residents are third - and subsequent - generation Jews. Stronger familial ties and more extensive friendships with members of the same ethnic group are characteristic of Jews and Italians resident in ethnic clusters compared to suburban ethnic members. For Italians, socio-economic status among cluster residents is significantly lower than that of most suburban Italians. For Jews, this it not the case. Jewish cluster residents are significantly higher in socio-economic status than most suburban Jews. Planners should be aware that ethnic minority groups are not homogeneous. They are internally differentiated by ethno-religious identification, socioeconomic status, generation status, and the extent and intensity of social networks. These differences should be considered in the formulation of plans. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Mobility and increasing urbanization have resulted in a pattern of differential growth rates among school enrollments. This has necessitated that educational planners develop an understanding of family mobility in order to better predict student populations and maximize the use of existing school facilities. In the past, such predictions have not usually incorporated factors which account for changes in the separate components of population. An examination of elementary school enrollments in Vancouver evidenced the need for a more detailed understanding of migration. The present study set out to establish the impact which various migration patterns exerted on elementary enrollments in the Vancouver School District and in three areas within the school district, which illustrated different migration patterns. Secondly, the reasons why families with elementary school children move into and out of specific school areas in the city were analyzed from data collected by means of a questionnaire. A chi-square test was used to establish the significance of differences in the-responses of each group. The migration streams differed significantly in terms of the reasons stated for moving and the factors of importance in the choice of a new home. Significant differences in the latter were mostly reflected in school areas characterized by different migration streams. The study demonstrated that educational planners should be aware of the migration patterns affecting each school area in their district in order that they may calculate, and wherever possible influence the impact of changes in any factors which influence mobility / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study, an examination of the Vancouver money market, addresses itself to the four objectives of providing a description of the overall setting in which the Vancouver money market exists, describing the Vancouver money market, indicating the major peculiarities and imperfections which exist in that market, and providing, where possible, explanations for those peculiarities and imperfections. Achievement of the first of the above mentioned objectives involves the development of models explaining the behaviour of the three money market participants, the investor, the borrower, and the investment dealer. The basic premise underlying these models is that each participant attempts to maximize his wealth subject to certain constraints. Also involved in outlining the overall setting is a discussion of the market's role of equating the supply of and demand for short-term capital, a brief sketch of its history, and example of the mechanisms involved in its actual workings. The securities which comprise the market's stock in trade are discussed in abstract terms with particular emphasis being placed on their liquidity characteristics and in more concrete terms where the fourteen main instruments of the market are briefly described. The three remaining objectives are achieved by drawing heavily upon information about the local market obtained during interviews with fifteen participants in the Vancouver money market and interpreting this information with reference to the behavioural models which were developed. While the market has recently experienced rapid growth, it continues to be dwarfed by the Toronto-Montreal market. It is concluded that there are four main peculiarities or imperfections in the local market. The low level of dealer inventories of money market instruments, which benefits local borrowers but hinders the achievement of the investors' goals, results from the investment strategy of dealers and such exogenous factors as the centralized cash management by chartered banks and the limited number of local sources of non-bank financing for inventories. Lack of local dealer autonomy results from centralized decision making by investment dealers and the low level of local inventories. This lack of local autonomy and the time zone differential between the Vancouver market and the Eastern market reduce the liquidity of instruments in the Vancouver market while the attractiveness of the locally-issued security is enhanced by its ready availability. Finally, the lack of participant sophistication, which is an attribute of the local market, is regarded as being caused by lack of information and the responsibility for the persistance of this trait and for its future eradication is seen as resting upon the investment dealer. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

Redevelopment seeks to bring about a "higher" urban land use in declining neighbourhoods and often may result in the dislocation of local residents. Since the mid—1960’s a form of privately-financed redevelopment has been a salient characteristic of the Gastown/Chinatown section of Vancouver's skid row. The hypothesis initiating this study postulated that the redevelopment occurring in this area, has caused and would continue to result in large-scale dislocation of the indigenous population. To obtain a greater understanding of socio-economic activites and effects in the area, three features of the community were investigated. The first two aspects set the foundation for inquiry, while the third feature enabled an analysis of the impact of redevelopment on the housing sector. The first aspect required an identification of the social attributes of the area and its residents; the second element involved an accounting of the magnitude of redevelopment -- both in terms of the area's changes in economic function and in economic value; while the third required an investigation of what impact on the resident population has resulted from redevelopment in the area's housing sector. Four major classes of residents -were found to predominate and inhabit approximately 2,200 dwelling units in need of major repairs, or complete restorations. Existing services — both public and private were found to be characterized by ineffectiveness and lack of resident participation in their programs. The vastness and rapidity of redevelopment in the area can best be characterized by the dramatic land and floor usage changes from industrial to commercial. Further the market values of properties in Gastown/Chinatown have undergone great increases, as have assessments and taxes — used as approximate indicators of property values. The housing sector, however, has not been a conspicuous component part of these redevelopment changes. Though redevelopers have invested in the purchase of residential properties which act as the triggering mechanisms in a sequential process of redevelopment, the other outlined sequences (i.e., eviction, rehabilitation, rent increases, and change in clientele composition) have not followed. In sum dislocation has not been a prominent characteristic in this community, and the hypothesis which initiated this study has been refuted. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of the study was to determine the use made of certain sources of information and education by Korean immigrants in the city of Vancouver. The analytical survey method which applies a structured interview schedule was used, and a sample consisting of eighty-two adult Koreans was interviewed. Male and female adult Koreans were compared, and factors such as socio-economic characteristics and social interaction patterns were analyzed in relation to participation and non-participation in adult education to determine whether or not any significant differences existed between participants and non-participants. The Korean residents had a median of two to three years of length of residence, a median age of 30, and an average of 16 years of school completed. The Koreans were newer residents, in the younger age category, and highly educated. The respondents had a median annual family income of $7,500. There were only two significant differences between the male and female respondents and these were age and English fluency. The males tended to be older and more fluent in English than the females. One-quarter of the respondents had attended schools or university in Canada, and the majority of those adults were graduate students. One-tenth of the sample had completed vocational training courses in Vancouver. Koreans' participation in adult education was mainly concentrated in English language classes. Some forty-six per cent of the respondents had taken adult education courses. Most of those respondents had completed a one-month course of basic adult English language training. There were no significant differences between the adult education participants and non-participants with respect to eight socio-economic status including age, sex, marital status, number of children at home, length of residence in Vancouver, employment, income, and education. There was only one statistically significant difference between the adult education participants and non-participants, and that characteristic was English fluency at the time of arrival in Canada. Approximately seventy-one per cent of the sample subscribed to newspapers, 59.8 per cent read magazines in English, 91.5 per cent regularly watched television, and 78.1 per cent reported regular monitoring of radio broadcasts. Of the social interaction characteristics studied, social participation did not differentiate between the adult education participants and non-participants. A lower degree of fluency in English was significantly related to higher participation in adult education. / Education, Faculty of / Educational Studies (EDST), Department of / Graduate

While most research on Port Planning in the past has focused on the marine and rail aspects, this study examines the urban influence on port development. It -is a case study of a portion of the waterfront of the Port of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, which lies adjacent to a metropolitan area of 1,000,000 persons. A survey was carried out on all the waterfront users to determine origins, destinations and volumes of cargo handled, frequency of service calls, employment and space requirement, site and plant characteristics, and mode and frequency of transportation. A second survey on a major cargo terminal was completed to determine the origin and destination of truck trips, and the length of time spent at the waterfront. A third survey sampled 25% of the 350 marine service industries as part of an economic impact study of the port. The conclusions reached are as follows: 1. The volume shipped through the Port of Vancouver will double during the next decade. As the 1968 capacity of the port was barely adequate to handle the existing flows a twofold expansion of facilities is necessary if the projected flows are to be accommodated. 2. Space to accommodate shipping operations of these proportions is not available without either land reclamation or major disruption of adjoining urban sites. Within the waterfront, 50% of the waterfront users indicate a need within five years to increase their sites for a total of 84 acres. 3. Congestion on the urban street system increased the cost of trucking from a general cargo terminal by 27%. 4. The unproductive time of trucks delayed at one general cargo terminal amounted to $750,000 annually. 5. The present switching methods and arrangements of the railway lines impose delivery delays and increase costs, amounting to about $400,000 annually. 6. Cargoes and waterfront products have few direct links with the city. Only 0.6% of the port’s exports originate from the city and 10% of its imports are destined for the city. 7. An urban location for the port is no longer necessary due to the change in cargo flows and service links. Eighty-five per cent of the major port service sector indicate they would remain in the city should the entire port operations be moved south, 18 miles, to Roberts Bank. 8. The urban growth has resulted in one-third of the port waterfront being used for non-port functions. In addition, three-quarters of the port interface is being redeveloped with urban renewal and residential projects, which is effectively preventing port expansion in this direction. 9. Management of the port is impeded, in that no single agency exercises jurisdiction over port lands, to provide coordinated planning. 10. The variation in downtown land values are reflected in similar variations in waterfront assessments, irrespective of the waterfront function, or its trade and service links. This study found that the conflict between the shipping activity and the adjoining urban area is a significant impediment to the present operation and future development of the Port of Vancouver. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate