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Implica??es do mosaico da paisagem na estrutura e composi??o de esp?cies de quir?pteros no norte do Pantanal / Implications of the landscape mosaic on the structure and composition of species of bats in the northern PantanalOliveira, Marcione Brito de 14 April 2016 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / The relationship between the chiropterofauna survey and the landscape mosaic was evaluated along the left bank of S?o Louren?o River (Fazenda Santa Lucia) in the northern Pantanal, MT, Brazil. Samples were collected during 15 nights distributed during the transition period between dry and flooding seasons (end of November to mid-December 2014). A second survey was carried out during the dry season (October 2015). Several vegetational formations were sampled, considering both open (pastures, fields with mounds) and forest areas (cambara and the palm Scheelea phalerata, Arecaceae, as dominant species), totaling 24 sites. Samples were collected by mist nets set at ground level among trails, clearings in the forest, grazing areas and savanna formations (fields with mounds). A total of 27 species within five families were recorded: Emballonuridae (one species), Phyllostomidae (11 genera and 16 species), Noctilionidae (one genus and two species), Molossidae (two genera and three species) and Vespertilionidae (two genera and five species), although species from almost all trophic categories were captured. The richest trophic group was the insectivores with 48% of the species. However, its capture was relatively rare in most study sites. The highest abundance was for the frugivorous trophic guild with 68.9% of the total (454 individuals). The group is widely distributed in the mosaic, may be due to the capture method (mist nets) and to the high representation of the fruit bats subfamily Stenodermatinae in the study region. The Phyllostomidae species, considered sensitive to habitat disturbances, were captured in some of these patches. Four large groups of areas were identified, when composition of species, trophic structure, as well as the foraging strategies were considered. Insectivores were more associated with sparse vegetation areas or open fields, tending to areas closer to water, such as rivers with bridges or artificial tanks (cattle water holes) and seasonally flooded vegetation such as cambara forest. Frugivorous had the highest capture rates in acuri forest, semi-deciduous forest physiognomy with understory dominated by palm trees "acuri" (S. phalerata), indicating shelter availability. Thus, species occurrence seems to be related to trophic habits and foraging strategy, and are primarily distributed according to the vegetation zones of the study region. / Foi realizado um levantamento da quiropterofauna e avaliadas as suas rela??es com o mosaico da paisagem na regi?o situada ? margem esquerda do rio S?o Louren?o (Fazenda Santa L?cia) no norte do Pantanal, MT. As coletas foram realizadas durante 15 noites distribu?das entre o per?odo de transi??o entre a seca e a cheia (final de novembro at? meados de dezembro de 2014). Uma segunda amostragem foi desenvolvida no per?odo da seca (outubro de 2015). Diversas forma??es foram amostradas, considerando ?reas abertas (pastagens, campos com murundus) e fechadas (cambarazais, acurizais), com um total de 24 s?tios avaliados. As coletas foram realizadas com redes de neblina (mist-nets). Essas foram armadas no n?vel do solo em trilhas, clareiras dentro da mata, ?reas de pastagem e forma??es de cerrado (campos com murundus). No total foram registradas 27 esp?cies de cinco fam?lias: Emballonuridae (uma esp?cie), Phyllostomidae (11 g?neros e 16 esp?cies), Noctilionidae (um g?nero e duas esp?cies), Molossidae (dois g?neros e tr?s esp?cies) e Vespertilionidae (com dois g?neros e cinco esp?cies). Embora as esp?cies de morcegos de quase todas as categorias tr?ficas tenham sido registradas, a maior representatividade foi de inset?voros com 48% das esp?cies capturadas. Contudo, sua abund?ncia mostrou-se relativamente rara na maioria dos s?tios avaliados. A maior abund?ncia foi da guilda tr?fica frug?voro com 68,9% do total (454 indiv?duos), sendo esta amplamente distribu?da no mosaico avaliado, o que pode ser devido ao m?todo de captura com redes de neblina e a elevada representatividade de morcegos frug?voros da subfam?lia Stenodermatinae na regi?o de estudo. Esp?cies de Phyllostomidae, consideradas sens?veis a perturba??es no habitat, foram capturadas em algumas dessas machas. Quando comparadas as similaridades entre as ?reas, foi observada uma separa??o em quatro grandes grupos, tanto quanto a composi??o de esp?cies quanto a estrutura tr?fica e modo de forrageio. A distribui??o observada para os inset?voros esteve mais associada a ?reas com vegeta??o esparsa ou campos abertos, com tend?ncia para ?reas mais pr?ximas aos locais com ?gua como rios com pontes ou tanques artificiais (?gua para o gado) e vegeta??o estacionalmente inund?vel como os cambarazais. Os frug?voros apresentaram as maiores taxas de captura em acurizais, fisionomia florestal semidec?dua com sub-bosque dominado pela palmeira ?acuri? (Scheelea phalerata, Arecaceae), indicando boa disponibilidade de abrigos sob a vegeta??o ou folhagem. Assim sendo, a distribui??o das esp?cies parece estar diretamente relacionada ao habito alimentar e ao modo de forrageio e est?o distribu?das principalmente de acordo com as zonas de vegeta??o da regi?o estudada.
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The impacts of herbivores and humans on the utilisation of woody resources in conserved versus non-conserved land in Maputaland, northern KwaZulu-Natal, South AfricaGaugris, Jerome Yves 05 June 2008 (has links)
This study presents an exploration of the structure, dynamics and utilisation of woody plants in vegetation units of northern Maputaland. Animal (in Tembe Elephant Park) and human (in the rural community of Manqakulane) utilisation of woody plants were compared against a control area (Tshanini Community Conservation Area) where animals were extirpated and people were precluded through tribal rules. The tree assemblages of the unique Sand Forest were explored, and compared with previous studies. A new classification was proposed and a new subcommunity was established. Contrary to previous studies, a gradient from Short to Intermediate to Tall Sand Forest was defined, and it was suggested that structurally different Sand Forest subcommunities represent a mosaic of different evolutionary states, rather than stationary states as perceived currently. Animal utilisation appeared to have transformed Sand Forest in conserved land to such an extent that it no longer resembled Sand Forest outside conserved areas. The structure of Sand Forest and woodlands of the region was evaluated at the vegetation unit level (21 vegetation units), through a size and height class distribution analysis of woody plants. Humans and animals had clearly modified the woodlands and appeared to force succession from closed woodland to open woodland. The Sand Forest appeared to benefit from low intensity animal utilisation, with increased diversity, and possibly enhanced dynamics. However, signs that current animal utilisation have negative effects were perceived. The size class distribution of Sand Forest and woodland woody species was presented and an analysis of species grain was performed. The grain concept was successfully applied to woodland species for the first time. It appeared that nearly all vegetation units were fine-grained, and therefore governed by small-scale dynamics. Frequent small disturbances are necessary to maintain diversity. There was cause for concern that current animal and human utilisation threaten such fine-scale dynamics. The utilisation level by the browsing mammals guild in Tembe Elephant Park and by small browsers and people in Manqakulane Rural Community were evaluated over two periods. Small to medium browsers utilised more woody species and height classes than any other agent, but with short-term effects. However, utilisation marks linked to elephants and people were accumulating significantly, and the long-term effects of these agents were threatening the dynamics of Maputaland vegetation. The case of woody species utilisation by elephants was evaluated further and compared with a previous study. Overall utilisation by elephants reached 100% of individuals for several woody species, while other species’ regeneration potential was severely threatened. Woody species preferred in 1994 were nearly extirpated. Utilisation of woody species by elephants throughout Tembe Elephant Park appeared correlated with distance to permanent water points during a dry spell. In conclusion, it appeared clear that policies in favour of high animal numbers in formally conserved areas were not suited for northern Maputaland and this result should be considered when the expansion of the South African protected areas of Maputaland into Mozambique becomes effective. Community-based conservation appeared promising, but novel ways of generating income should be investigated. / Thesis (PhD (Wildlife Management))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted
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