Pendant les deux dernières décennies, les technologies de réseaux ad-hoc de véhicules (VANETs : Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks) ont été développées sous l’impulsion du monde de la recherche comme de l’industrie, étant donnés les liens des VANETs avec la sécurité routière, l’internet des objets (IoT/WoT : Internet of Things/Web of Things) pour les systèmes de transport intelligents (ITS : Intelligent Transportation Systems), les villes intelligentes et les villes vertes. Composant essentiel des VANETs, les protocoles de communication inter-véhicules (IVC : Inter-Vehicle Communication) font face à des défis techniques, en particulier à cause de la diversité des applications dans lesquelles ils sont impliqués. Dans cette thèse, après une présentation des VANETs et de l’état de l’art des IVC, nous proposons un protocole de dissémination de données, TrAD, conçu pour diffuser de manière efficiente des messages d’une source vers les véhicules présents dans la zone d’intérêt (ROI : Range of Interest). TrAD se base sur les états du trafic routier et du trafic réseau pour adapter localement la stratégie et les paramètres de transmission des données afin d’optimiser les performances des applications qui l’utilisent. De plus, un algorithme de classification des clusters locaux de véhicules est conçu pour permettre l’usage de TrAD sur autoroute aussi bien qu’en ville. Pour éviter l’encombrement des canaux de communication, un mécanisme illustratif de contrôle de la congestion reposant sur une approche distribuée est utilisé. Trois protocoles IVC de l’état de l’art ont été comparés à TrAD dans des scénarios réalistes de simulation, basés sur différentes villes réelles, différents trajets et densités véhiculaires. Les performances de TrAD surpassent celles des protocoles de référence en termes de taux de délivrance des paquets (PDR : Packet Delivery Ratio), nombre de transmissions et latence. De plus, nous montrons que TrAD est tolérant, dans une certaine mesure, aux erreurs sur les données GPS. Pour s’assurer de la qualité des simulations, nous avons étudié le modèle de déplacement employé dans le simulateur de trafic, puis couplé ce dernier au simulateur de réseau, afin que les deux s’échangent des informations en temps-réel. Grâce à la compréhension acquise lors de l’analyse du modèle de déplacement, nous avons pu développer un simulateur de conduite de tramway pour la T2C (Transports en Commun de l’agglomération Clermontoise). Des tests menés sur le matériel roulant nous ont permis d’élaborer des modèles de déplacement fidèles correspondants aux diverses situations rencontrées par le tramway. L’affichage de la simulation est assuré par un flux vidéo ajusté plutôt que des images de synthèse, ce qui permet de limiter le coût de développement tout en garantissant un certain réalisme dans l’affichage. Ce projet est soutenu par la T2C pour une durée de deux ans. / In the last two decades, Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANETs) were developed significantly by both academic institute and industries association, since VANETs originate from traffic safety and are also an important application of Internet of Things / Web of Things (IoT/WoT) for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), Intelligent Vehicles and Smart Cities. As an essential component of VANETs, Inter-Vehicle Communication (IVC) protocols face many critical challenges, in particular, because they relate to various specific applications. In this thesis, after elaborating on related knowledge of VANETs and state-of-the-art of IVC protocols, we propose a data dissemination protocol for vehicular networking, named TrAD, to disseminate efficiently warning messages from a source to vehicles in a range of interest (ROI). TrAD considers the status of road traffic and network traffic to adapt locally the strategy and the parameters of transmissions in order to optimize the global performance of IVC application. Moreover, a local vehicular cluster classification algorithm is designed to support TrAD to be performed in both highway and urban scenarios. In addition, an illustrative congestion control mechanism is used to avoid channel congestion using a distributed approach. Three state-of-the-art IVC protocols have been compared with TrAD by means of realistic simulations. The performance of all those protocols is evaluated quantitatively in various scenarios by taking into account different real road maps, trafic routes and vehicular densities. Compared with the reference protocols, TrAD gains an outstanding overall performance in terms of packet delivery ratio, number of transmissions and delay. Furthermore, TrAD also can tolerate a reasonable degree of GPS drift while achieving efficient data dissemination. In order to ensure the quality of simulations, we deeply investigated the mobility model of road traffic simulator, and then performed the bidirectionally coupled simulation in which the network simulator and the road trafic simulator can exchange information in real-time. Upon understanding of the mobility model, we obtained a chance to develop a low-cost tram simulator for the local public transportation provider, the T2C (Transports en Commun de l’agglomération Clermontoise). We attempt to design accurate mobility models from different scenarios for the specific type of tram used by T2C. Real world trials are carried out to explore the key parameters required by theoretical deduction for our mobility model. Moreover, the display GUI relies on a video stream, rather than 3D graphics, which can reduce the cost while guaranteeing the quality of service. This project was supported for two years by T2C.

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a hot topic in the intelligent transport system (ITS) area. The introduction of wireless communications between vehicles will enable many useful applications to enhance road traffic safety as well to increase efficiency. The standardization of IEEE 802.11p, being an amendment to IEEE 802.11 intended for VANETS, faces many challenges. In Europe a 30 MHz spectrum at 5.9 GHz have been dedicated for ITS and this spectrum has to be used to its full potential. For this reason this thesis compares a 20 MHz wide frequency channel with a 10 MHz wide through measurements using 802.11p hardware. The measurements were conducted on a highway with relative speeds of up to 240 km/h. The results from these initial measurements show that a 20 MHz channel does not perform worse than a 10 MHz channel despite the high relative speeds and large metal signs scattering the signals. What enabled this thesis to do the measurements was Halmstad University‟s participation in the Grand Cooperative Driving Challenge (GCDC) 2011. In GCDC nine teams mostly from Europe competed in having the vehicle that had the best behaviour in a platoon of vehicles using cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC), the CACC algorithm controlled the vehicles‟ acceleration and breaking autonomously based on in-vehicle sensors and communicated messages between the vehicles in the platoon using 802.11p. This thesis implemented the communication part of Halmstad University‟s vehicle. The challenge was held in Helmond, Holland, May 14-15, 2011. Halmstad University‟s team finished in second place. / CoAct

This dissertation describes the impact of using asymmetric encryption algorithms, with emphasis on algorithms RSA, ECC and MQQ in scenarios VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network). In the research were investigated some simulators as GrooveNet, VANET / DSRC, VANET / CRL Epidemic, NS-2, trans, NCTUns / EstiNET, SUMO, VanetMobiSim and ns-3, suitable for VANET. The algorithms have been implemented in C and inserted into the ns-3, where the simple scenarios created a network VANET. The results showed that it is possible to add protocol-layer security services of vehicular networks (1609.2), these asymmetric algorithms and obtain secure communication between nodes in the VANET. / Esta dissertação de mestrado descreve o impacto de usar algoritmos assimétricos de criptografia, dando ênfase aos algoritmos RSA, ECC e MQQ em cenários de VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc Network). Na pesquisa foram investigados alguns simuladores como GrooveNet, VANET/DSRC, VANET/Epidemic CRL, NS-2, TraNS, NCTUns/EstiNET, SUMO, VanetMobiSim e ns-3, próprio para VANET. Os algoritmos foram implementados em C e inseridos no ns-3, onde se criam cenários simples de uma rede VANET. Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que é possível agregar ao protocolo, na camada de serviços de segurança das redes veiculares (1609.2), esses algoritmos assimétricos e obter comunicação segura entre os nós da VANET.

L’apparition massive des véhicules électriques (VEs) sur les marchés peut avoir un impact important sur le fonctionnement des réseaux d’électricité actuels qui devront ajuster leur fonctionnement à la nouvelle demande massive d'électricité provenant des VEs. Par contre, les VEs peuvent aussi être vus comme une nouvelle opportunité dans le futur marché d’électricité. En effet, une décharge/recharge intelligente peut permettre aux VEs d’être un support de stockage d’électricité important, valable et permanent dont la capacité croit en fonction du nombre des VEs. Ce projet a comme objectifs de : (1) proposer un schéma d’interaction V2G intégrant des techniques permettant de : (a) adapter le fonctionnement de la grille aux contraintes temporelles et spatiales relatives au processus de recharge des VEs dans un milieu résidentiel. (b) optimiser les opérations de chargement/déchargement entre les VEs et la grille dans les deux sens. (2) Proposer de nouveaux schémas de communication sans fil, entre les VEs et la grille intelligente loin des bornes de recharge, qui soient basés sur les standards de communications véhiculaires (VANET) ainsi que sur d’autres standards de communication à grande échelle. On introduira des techniques d’accès à la grille intelligente pour négocier le coût de recharge/décharge des batteries et aussi pour planifier la motivation du consommateur afin de favoriser la stabilité de la grille / In the next years, electric vehicles (EVs) will make their appearance on the market. This even will have significant impact on the operation of the existing electricity networks which have to be updated to reach the new massive electricity demand. Moreover, EVs can also be seen as a new opportunity in the future electricity market. Indeed, a smart EV discharge / charge process can be enable a large power, valuable, and permanent storage media. The project's objectives are to: (1) propose a scheme integrating V2G interaction techniques: (a) adapt the grid functionality to the temporal and spatial constraints to the EV charging process in a residential setting. We seek to satisfy different power demands of EVs connected to the mains without stressing too smart grid, (b) optimizing the loading / unloading between EVs and the grid in both directions. (2) To propose new patterns of wireless communication between EVs and smart grid away from the charging stations, which are based on the standards of vehicle communications (VANET), as well as other communication standards on a large scale. Access to smart grid technologies will be introduced to negotiate the cost of charge / discharge, the waiting time of service, locations and also to plan consumer motivation to promote the grid stability

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The Pedestrian Automatic Emergency Braking System (PAEB) can utilize on-board sensors to detect pedestrians and take safety related actions. However, PAEB system only benefits the individual vehicle and the pedestrians detected by its PAEB. Additionally, due to the range limitations of PAEB sensors and speed limitations of sensory data processing, PAEB system often cannot detect or do not have sufficient time to respond to a potential crash with pedestrians. For further improving pedestrian safety, we proposed the idea for integrating the complimentary capabilities of V2V and PAEB (V2V-PAEB), which allows the vehicles to share the information of pedestrians detected by PAEB system in the V2V network. So a V2V-PAEB enabled vehicle uses not only its on-board sensors of the PAEB system, but also the received V2V messages from other vehicles to detect potential collisions with pedestrians and make better safety related decisions. In this thesis, we discussed the architecture and the information processing stages of the V2V-PAEB system. In addition, a comprehensive Matlab/Simulink based simulation model of the V2V-PAEB system is also developed in PreScan simulation environment. The simulation result shows that this simulation model works properly and the V2V-PAEB system can improve pedestrian safety significantly.