Tungsten is listed on the European Commission list of critical raw materials that are crucial to Europe’s economy. By raising awareness of tungsten as a critical raw material the EU can prioritise to enhance exploration, mining and recycling of tungsten. In this thesis the structural relationship between wall rock and veins, in a greisen-tungsten vein deposit, were analysed with the intention to interpret how tectonic deformation events control the emplacement of tungsten-bearing veins. The objective of this thesis is to investigate if and how structures controlled hydrothermal fluid flow and ore formation in the Peña del Seo tungsten-greisen vein deposit. Greisen systems are associated with tin and tungsten-bearing minerals and are related to intrusive magmatic bodies of granitic composition. Greisen-related granites (leucogranites), form at shallow depths in the crust (1.5-4 km) generally in intracontinental tectonic settings such as orogenic belts. The study site is located in the West Asturian-Leonese Zone in northwest Spain. This zone marks the transition between the foreland and the hinterland and is recognized as being part of a continental margin, where Palaeozoic rocks were deposited unconformably. These rocks were subsequently subjected to folding during the Variscan orogeny (370-290 Ma). Three main types of structures were generated due to three deformational phases (D1, D2 and D3) during the Variscan orogeny. D1 resulted in east-verging recumbent folding and formation of a related axial-planar parallel cleavage (S1), D2 resulted in displacement along large thrust sheets and D3 produced upright folding and refolding of F1 folds. Geological mapping with a focus on structural geology was carried out in March 2019, covering an area of approximately 0.25 km2. Structural measurements and oriented rock samples for microstructural study in thin sections were collected in the field. Additionally, photogrammetric mapping of structures was performed on a 3D photogrammetry model derived from a UAS survey. The geometry of the Peña del Seo tungsten-greisen vein deposit is interpreted to result from two major deformation events. The axial planar foliation (S1) at Peña del Seo is correlated to the regional fabric that developed during D1 of the Variscan orogeny. The related F1 folds are caused by buckling accompanied by flexural slip folding mechanism during D1. Forceful intrusion of the granite underlying the Peña del Seo deposit caused bending of the overlying rocks layers during D2. Layer-parallel stretching is likely to have caused tension fractures perpendicular to bedding in the outer arc of the F2 fold hinge. The formation of local crenulation and related spaced cleavage can be explained by layer-parallel shortening in the inner arc of the F2-fold. Local transposition of S1-foliation occurred during emplacement of quartz veins and explains the different orientation of strike of foliation between the northern and southern parts of the area. Fractures forming during formation of F2-fold are likely to have worked as conduits for ascending hydrothermal, ore-bearing fluids forming the Peña del Seo tungsten-greisen vein deposit.

Les gisements à Sn-W de type veine et greisen sont des systèmes magmatiques-hydrothermaux dont l’exploitation fournit une part importante de la production mondiale de tungstène et qui représentent également une source importante d’étain. La formation de ces gisements résulte d’un continuum de processus magmatiques et hydrothermaux et implique un transport efficace et la focalisation des fluides minéralisateurs. Cette étude vise àaméliorer la compréhension des processus hydrodynamiques et géologiques impliqués lors du transport et du dépôt de métaux conduisant à la formation de ces gisements. Nous avons réalisé une étude pluridisciplinaire combinant (i) travail de terrain (étude géologique et structurale), (ii) reconstruction des paléo-circulations hydrothermales via l’analyse texturale des bandes de croissance des tourmalines, (iii) détermination expérimentale des changements de perméabilité induits par la greisenisation et (iv) modélisation numérique des écoulements péri-granitiques prenant en compte l’évolution de la perméabilité dynamique lors des interactions fluide-roche. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée au cas du gisement W-Sn-(Cu) de Panasqueira, qui constitue un site de référence pour étudier les processus magmatiques e thydrothermaux conduisant à la formation de gisements à Sn-W de classe mondiale. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que l’expulsion des fluides magmatiques minéralisés a déclenché la greisenisation des parties apicales (coupoles etapex) de l’intrusion granitique, entraînant la création de porosité (~ 8,5%) qui améliore significativement la perméabilité(de 10-20 à 10-17 m²) au sein du greisen massif composant le toit de l’intrusion. Le développement de ce niveau perméable constitue un drain important favorisant l'expulsion et la focalisation des fluides magmatiques minéralisateurs exsolvés lors de la cristallisation du granite sous-jacent. Cette focalisation des décharges hydrothermales (i) améliore significativement le transport des métaux, et (ii) favorise l'établissement de conditions de pression de fluide élevées qui couplées aux contraintes régionales compressives causent l'ouverture des veines minéralisées au toit de l’intrusion.Cette étude souligne l’importance des rétrocontrôles entre perméabilité dynamique et altération hydrothermale. Ces derniers constituent des mécanismes majeurs permettant d’améliorer significativement la circulation des fluides minéralisateurs et donc la formation de gisements hydrothermaux de grandes tailles / The vein and greisen Sn-W deposits are magmatic-hydrothermal systems that provide an important part of theworld W production and represent an important source of Sn. The formation of these deposits involves continuum ofmagmatic-hydrothermal processes and implies the transfer and the focusing of a large amount of mineralizing fluids. Thisstudy aims to improve understanding of hydrodynamic and geological processes involved during the transport and thedeposition of metals leading to the formation of these deposits. We have performed a complete study combining (i) fieldworks (geological and structural studies), (ii) fluid flow reconstruction via the textural analysis of tourmaline growth bands,(iii) experimental determination of permeability changes during greisenization, and (iv) numerical modeling of peri-graniticfluid flow accounting for magmatic fluid production and dynamic permeability related to fluid-rock interactions. Thismethodology was applied in the case of the world-class W-Sn-(Cu) Panasqueira deposit, which represents a referencesite to study magmatic-hydrothermal processes leading to the formation of large vein and greisen deposit. Our resultsdemonstrate that the releasing and the expulsion of ore-bearing magmatic fluids triggered greisenization of the apicalpart of granite intrusion, which caused generation of porosity (~8.5%) and therefore a significant increase of permeability(from 10-20 to 10-17 m²) in massive greisen composing the granite’s roof. The development of this permeable pathwayconstitutes an important drain promoting the expulsion and the focusing of magmatic fluids produced during thecrystallization of the underlying granite. This enhancement of magmatic fluids expulsion (i) promotes significantly fluidflux and transfer of metals, and (ii) the establishment of high fluid pressure conditions, which coupled with the regionalcompressive crustal regime, triggered the opening of mineralized veins above the granite roof. Finally, this studyemphasizes that reactive hydrothermal fluids are able to generate their own pathways in initially impermeable rocks. Thisprocess represents an important mechanism to enhance fluid flow and promote the formation of large hydrothermaldeposits.