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Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Centro de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação sobre as Américas, 2008. / Submitted by Natália Cristina Ramos dos Santos (nataliaguilera3@hotmail.com) on 2009-09-25T15:42:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_ElianeSoares.pdf: 2451121 bytes, checksum: bfb2607da44bad220a94cd6dca18d5b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2010-03-15T15:55:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_ElianeSoares.pdf: 2451121 bytes, checksum: bfb2607da44bad220a94cd6dca18d5b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-15T15:55:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_ElianeSoares.pdf: 2451121 bytes, checksum: bfb2607da44bad220a94cd6dca18d5b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08 / Esta tese analisou comparativamente os programas políticos da Revolução Cubana de 1959 e da Revolução Bolivariana atualmente em curso na Venezuela, indagando sobre a existência de uma possível similaridade de sentido nacional-democrático no conteúdo dos dois processos, bem como sobre o vínculo deste conteúdo com a revolução socialista. Os procedimentos de pesquisa envolveram revisão de literatura sobre o sentido da revolução nacional-democrática, seus vínculos com o socialismo na América Latina e a atualidade da temática e seleção e análise de fontes documentais nos países estudados: legislação, discursos, entrevistas, relatos, análises, declarações, folhetos e outros materiais de propaganda, dos grupos protagonistas e das principais lideranças dos processos políticos estudados. O resultado da investigação foi que de fato existiu determinada afinidade de sentido nacional-democrático nos programas políticos dos dois processos, porém apenas se considerados antes da chegada ao poder e/ou governo. Depois, a Revolução Cubana conduziu-se pelo caminho da revolução socialista contra a ordem e a Revolução Bolivariana permaneceu como uma revolução nacionaldemocrática dentro da ordem. Assim, a experiência cubana negou a teoria das duas etapas da revolução socialista na América Latina: uma nacional-democrática e outra socialista, evidenciando a simultaneidade dos dois processos, ou seja, a revolução socialista como condição da revolução de libertação nacional e aprofundamento democrático. Já a Revolução Bolivariana permanece no caminho das duas etapas, almejando chegar ao socialismo gradualmente, através da revolução nacional-democrática. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This thesis comparatively analyses the political programs of the Cuban Revolution of 1959 and the current Bolivarian Revolution in process in Venezuela, investigating about the existence of a possible similarity of national-democratic sense within the contents of both processes, as well as its ties to the contents of Socialist Revolution. The researched procedure involved a revision of national-democratic revolution literature, its links with socialism in Latin America and its present time importance, and selection and analysis of document in the studied countries: legislation, discourses, interviews, accounts, analysis, speeches, pamphlets, and other types of propaganda material from the protagonist groups and main leaderships of the studied processes. The result of this investigation was that, in fact, existed a relation of nationaldemocratic sense between the political programs of both processes, but only if considered before power taking and/or government ascension. Afterwards, the Cuban Revolution went through the socialist revolution against the order and the Bolivarian Revolution maintained as a nationaldemocratic revolution within the order. Therefore, the Cuban revolutionary experience refused the theory of two stages of socialist revolution in Latin America: first national-democratic then socialist, proving the simultaneity of both stages, that is, a socialist revolution as a condition for national liberation and the deepening of democracy. Contradicting these contents, the Bolivarian Revolution remains in the course of the two stages, willing to reach socialism gradually, through national-democratic revolution.

El artículo estudia y analiza de manera crítica y comparativa las limitaciones y contradicciones que suscitó la discusión sobre el ejercicio de la ciudadanía y la igualdad política de los pardos en las Cortes de Cádiz y en el Congreso General de Venezuela. Nos interesa destacar de qué manera las circunstancias políticasdel momento y la práctica de la desigualdad como principio constitutivo de la sociedad antigua estuvieron presentes en la definición de la ciudadanía y en la práctica del principio de la igualdad durante estos complejos y decisivos años.

In this thesis, I explore the ways by which two indigenous peoples represent themselves in the context of national politics in Venezuela during the so-called Bolivarian Revolution. In particular, I offer an anthropological understanding of bodily practices and visual elements that the Wayúu and the Pume peoples use to index their indigenous identities in the context of televised meetings to commemorate the Day of Indigenous Resistance in Venezuela. In order to do so, I follow the theoretical approach proposed by Graham and Penny (2014) in which performances of indigeneity are understood as actions that (1) are representations of local and traditional performances that are historically and culturally contingent and (2) involve a creative process that connects local realities with national and global political agendas. Likewise, I draw on current anthropological understandings on the concepts of authenticity and folklorization. The data used to carry out this research was the footage of television programs that the Venezuelan state TV channel (Venezolana de Televisión) broadcasts every October 12 from 2002 to the present, as well as ethnohistorical information about the aforementioned indigenous peoples. Due to their particular socio-historical processes, as well as their current situation, the Wayúu and the Pume peoples have shaped the images of indigeneity at different levels. On the one hand, the Wayúu people have become iconic within the images of indigeneity shaped in the national political arena. On the other hand, the Pume people have been fairly absent in national politics. When present, they have performed their most important ritual – the tõhe –, a ritual that according to themselves is the ultimate expression of their identity as a group.