Thesis (M.S.)--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 52-54).

acase@tulane.edu / My dissertation explores the history of Veracruz during the transition to Mexican independence through a focus on traders, vendors, and mule drivers ⎯ the people who formed the chains of connection that linked this region together and connected it not only to Mexico, but also the Atlantic world. I shift the ways that scholars have traditionally looked at Veracruz, as bound by the nation-state, and investigate the position of Veracruz inward towards the nation and outward towards the Atlantic world to demonstrate Veracruz's local, regional, national, and transnational connections which are crucial to understanding the history of both Veracruz and Mexico. This dissertation explores the chaotic transition to Mexican independence through a focus on the lives and politics of early nineteenth-century plebeian traders and their networks (traders, vendors, mule drivers, and dockworkers) ⎯ a crucial, but understudied community ⎯ in the port city of Veracruz. These actors played a pivotal role in forming the chains of connection that bound the inhabitants of Veracruz together, connected Veracruz to the rest of Mexico, and fostered the ties that helped bind Veracruz to the Atlantic world. This project reveals that in connecting Mexico to the wider Atlantic world, Veracruz and its petty traders provide a transnational lens for understanding this period, one that takes seriously the flows of goods, people, and ideas, which is often overlooked by scholarship informed by regionalist and nationalist narratives. In foregrounding the nation-state, the historiography has tended to overlook Veracruz's position as a local, regional, national, and transnational center. In fact Veracruz, like other port cities, existed as an important liminal space receiving social, economic, and political influences from various places. This project begins in 1821, when the majority of Mexico addressed the building of the newly independent Mexican nation; Veracruz remained a contested space between the Spanish and Mexican militaries, demonstrating the significance of the port for Mexico and Spain. The study ends in 1850 after the introduction and use of Mexico’s first railroad, which departed from the port city of Veracruz. This railroad marked the reduction of the importance of the road system for transporting goods, led to an increase of goods transported across Mexico and exemplified Mexico’s transition from a period of the confluence of colonial and independence practices to a stage of sought after modernization. / 1 / Beau Gaitors

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1981. / Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-162).

The Mesoamerican residential mound is a basic unit of archaeological analysis. The way mounds form has implications for reconstructing past social organization. Studies of formation processes assume that characteristics of refuse are the result of depositional history. Tracing the history of archaeological deposits is the first step toward understanding the social and economic milieu of the prehistoric household. The traces of mound formation processes particularly are evident in ceramics. This study examines measures such as density, mean size, and variation in size and wear, to determine their utility in ascertaining depositional history, including discard practices, erosion, and trampling. The measures are tested with the Exploratory Data Analysis method using visual inspection of the data for patterns and examination of exceptional cases. Density by weight and mean sherd size were found to be particularly useful and simple measures for differentiating archaeological deposits. The characteristics of artifacts in a deposit provide the basis for reconstructing the formation of mounds. Earthen residential mounds like those of Veracruz are low and broad and usually lack imperishable construction materials. Unlike Maya housemounds, which often use fill for mound construction, earthen mound formation resembles (on a smaller scale) the formation of tells, the remains of ancient villages and towns in Western Asia. For both tells and earthen mounds, the erosion of houses forms the bulk of mound sediments. Residential mound growth is more by gradual accretion than by deliberate construction, and is due to six main formation processes. These are: (1) the erosion of wattle-and-daub construction material, which contribute to mound sediments; (2) the gradual accretion of sediments and artifacts; (3) horizontal erosion of daub and artifacts; (4) secondary refuse deposition; (5) the occasional use of fill to expand or level the mound; and (6) the development of a humic topsoil layer commonly damaged by plowing. Through refuse characteristics it is possible to reconstruct mound growth, use of space, and the location of structures and refuse dumps. These formation processes distinguish earthen mound development in many parts of Mesoamerica.

The current historiography of the Mexican War does not give due credit to the significance of the landing at Collado Beach. No one source addresses all aspects of the landing, nor have any included an analysis of the logistical side of the operation. This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the operation from conception to execution in an attempt to fill the gap in the historiography. Additionally, the lessons learned and lessons forgotten from this landing are addressed as to how this landing shaped American military doctrine regarding joint operations and amphibious operations. The conclusion drawn from the historical sources supports the argument that this operation had a significant impact on the American military. The influence of this operation shows itself throughout American military history, including the establishment of amphibious doctrine by the Unites States Marine Corps and during World War II.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1969. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 453-465).

Dans ce mémoire, l'auteure s'interroge sur les effets de la migration mexicaine internationale ainsi que sur la division sexuelle du travail. La migration dont il s'agit est celle de milliers de Mexicains délaissant leur famille pour aller s'installer illégalement aux États-Unis pour une période indéterminée. Plus précisément, l'auteure s'intéresse à la migration ayant pour point de départ les communautés caféières du Veracruz ainsi qu'à ses effets sur ces communautés. Réalisée dans une perspective féministe, cette recherche contribue à illustrer que le processus de migration affecte à la fois le travail de reproduction, de production et de participation communautaire des femmes touchées par la migration de leur conjoint. Le départ de ces hommes a en effet un impact direct sur la division sexuelle du travail et, de façon plus globale, sur les rapports sociaux de sexe au sein des maisonnées et localités touchées. En somme, la migration est ici examinée comme facteur de changement social sur le plan local.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1964. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

In Mexico, numerous landslides occur each year and Veracruz represents the state with the third highest number of events. Especially the Chiconquiaco Mountain Range, located in the central part of Veracruz, is highly affected by landslides and no detailed information on the spatial distribution of existing landslides or future occurrences is available. This leaves the local population exposed to an unknown threat and unable to react appropriately to this hazard or to consider the potential landslide occurrence in future planning processes. Thus, the overall objective of the present study is to provide a comprehensive assessment of the landslide situation in the Chiconquiaco Mountain Range area. Here, the combination of a site-specific and a regional approach enables to investigate the causes, triggers, and process types as well as to model the landslide susceptibility for the entire study area. For the site-specific approach, the focus lies on characterizing the Capulín landslide, which represents one of the largest mass movements in the area. In this context, the task is to develop a multi-methodological concept, which concentrates on cost-effective, flexible and non-invasive methods. This approach shows that the applied methods complement each other very well and their combination allows for a detailed characterization of the landslide. The analyses revealed that the Capulín landslide is a complex mass movement type. It comprises rotational movement in the upper parts and translational movement in the lower areas, as well as flow processes at the flank and foot area and therefore, is classified as a compound slide-flow according to Cruden and Varnes (1996). Furthermore, the investigations show that the Capulín landslide represents a reactivation of a former process. This is an important new information, especially with regard to the other landslides identified in the study area. Both the road reconstructed after the landslide, which runs through the landslide mass, and the stream causing erosion processes at the foot of the landslide severely affect the stability of the landslide, making it highly susceptible to future reactivation processes. This is particularly important as the landslide is located only few hundred meters from the village El Capulín and an extension of the landslide area could cause severe damage. The next step in the landslide assessment consists of integrating the data obtained in the site-specific approach into the regional analysis. Here, the focus lies on transferring the generated data to the entire study area. The developed methodological concept yields applicable results, which is supported by different validation approaches. The susceptibility modeling as well as the landslide inventory reveal that the highest probability of landslides occurrence is related to the areas with moderate slopes covered by slope deposits. These slope deposits comprise material from old mass movements and erosion processes and are highly susceptible to landslides. The results give new insights into the landslide situation in the Chiconquiaco Mountain Range area, since previously landslide occurrence was related to steep slopes of basalt and andesite. The susceptibility map is a contribution to a better assessment of the landslide situation in the study area and simultaneously proves that it is crucial to include specific characteristics of the respective area into the modeling process, otherwise it is possible that the local conditions will not be represented correctly. / In Mexico ereignen sich jedes Jahr zahlreiche Rutschungen und Veracruz ist der Bundesstaat mit der dritthöchsten Anzahl von solchen Ereignissen. Besonders das Chiconquiaco Gebirge, welches im zentralen Bereich von Veracruz liegt, ist stark von Rutschungen betroffen und trotzdem sind keine detaillierten Informationen zur räumlichen Verbreitung existierender Rutschungen oder zu deren erwarteten, zukünftigen Auftreten verfügbar. Dadurch ist die lokale Bevölkerung mit einer nicht einschätzbaren Bedrohungslage konfrontiert und kann weder auf diese angemessen reagieren noch das potentielle Auftreten von Rutschungen in künftigen Planungsprozessen berücksichtigen. Das übergeordnete Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit besteht daher darin, eine umfassende Beurteilung der Rutschungssituation im Chiconquiaco Gebirge zu erstellen. Hierbei ermöglicht die Kombination eines standortspezifischen und eines regionalen Ansatzes sowohl die Untersuchung der Ursachen, Auslöser und Prozesstypen, als auch die Modellierung der Rutschanfälligkeit für das gesamte Untersuchungsgebiet. Bei dem standortspezifischen Ansatz liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Charakterisierung der Capulín Rutschung, bei der es sich um eine der größten Massenbewegungen in dieser Region handelt. In diesem Rahmen besteht die Aufgabe darin, ein multi-methodologisches Konzept zu entwickeln, welches sich hauptsächlich auf kostengünstige, flexible und nicht-invasive Methoden konzentriert. Dieser Ansatz zeigt, dass sich die verwendeten Methoden sehr gut ergänzen und ihre Kombination eine detaillierte Charakterisierung der Rutschung ermöglicht. Die Ergebnisse legen dar, dass die Capulín Rutschung eine komplexe Massenbewegung ist. So umfasst sie Rotationsbewegungen im oberen und Translationsbewegungen im unteren Bereich, sowie Fließprozesse an der Flanke und im Fußbereich und kann daher nach Cruden und Varnes (1996) als Kombination aus Gleit- und Fließprozessen (compound slide-flow) klassifiziert werden. Des Weiteren zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass es sich bei der Capulín Rutschung um eine Reaktivierung einer älteren Rutschung handelt. Das ist eine wichtige neue Erkenntnis besonders im Hinblick auf die anderen Rutschungen, die im Untersuchungsgebiet festgestellt wurden. Sowohl die nach der Rutschung wieder aufgebaute Straße, die durch die Rutschmasse verläuft, als auch der Fluss, der Erosionsprozesse am Fuß der Rutschung verursacht, beeinträchtigen die Stabilität der Capulín Rutschung maßgeblich, was sie sehr anfällig für zukünftige Reaktivierungsprozesse macht. Dies ist besonders wichtig, da die Rutschung nur wenige hundert Meter von dem Ort El Capulín entfernt ist und eine Erweiterung des Rutschgebietes erhebliche Schäden verursachen könnte. Im Anschluss werden die durch den lokalen Ansatz erhaltenen Daten in die regionale Analyse integriert. Der Fokus bei diesem Vorgehen liegt dabei auf der Übertragung der generierten Daten auf das gesamte Untersuchungsgebiet. Das hier entwickelte methodische Konzept erzielt verwertbare Ergebnisse, was durch verschiedene Validierungsansätze bekräftigt werden kann. Sowohl die Suszeptibilitätsmodellierung als auch das Rutschungsinventar zeigen, dass die höchste Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten von Rutschungen vor allem in den Gebieten mit moderater Hangneigung liegt, welche mit Hangschutt bedeckt sind. Diese Hangablagerungen bestehen aus Material von alten Massenbewegungen und Erosionsprozessen und zeigen eine hohe Anfälligkeit für Rutschungen. Die Ergebnisse liefern neue Erkenntnisse über die Rutschungssituation im Chiconquiaco Gebirge, da vorher das Auftreten von Rutschungen mit den steilen Hängen aus Basalt und Andesit in Verbindung gebracht wurde. Auf Grundlage der generierten Suszeptibilitätskarte ist eine bessere Bewertung der Rutschungssituation im Untersuchungsgebiet möglich. Weiterhin zeigt sie, dass es von entscheidender Bedeutung ist, spezifische Eigenschaften der jeweiligen Untersuchungsgebiete in die Modellierung miteinzubeziehen, da sonst die Gefahr besteht, dass die örtlichen Gegebenheiten fehlerhaft eingeschätzt werden.

In relation to other Hispanic populations in Philadelphia (e.g. Puerto Rican, Dominican, etc.), the Mexican community reflects a more recent wave of immigration in the city that began in the early 90s. Since its initial establishment, the community has continued to grow and to integrate into the greater Philadelphian society. In comparison to other areas of the United States that have received immigrant groups predominantly from northern Mexico, Philadelphia has been the destination for a significant proportion of immigrants from the state of Puebla. Although those from Puebla represent a substantial portion of the Mexican immigrant population, the city has become home to other groups of Mexican origin, two of which will form part of this study: those from the capital, Mexico City, and those from the east coast, Veracruz. Diverging from common sociolinguistic practices, this dissertation focuses solely on the speech of male immigrants due to a significant larger population of Mexican men who have migrated to Philadelphia. Utilizing social factors such as length of residence in Philadelphia, age, level of education, and region of origin, this study examines the phonological behavior in the speech of 30 male speakers from Mexico City, Puebla and Veracruz. Specifically, the phonological features included are the /s/, /n/, and /r/ in final word position, as well as /e/ and /o/ in final syllables. Using Rbrul, this study analyzes correlations between the above social factors, specific linguistic factors, and variation in the above variables including their maintained and reduced forms. The results from the multivariate analysis not only shed light on the linguistic behavior of each group, but also allow comparisons between the linguistic practices of speakers from each region. Having identified the general tendencies of consonant maintenance in the central regions of Mexico, and their reduction in the coast, as well as vocalic weakening in the center, and maintenance in the coast, this study confirms the continuation of these patterns in Mexican speech after residence in Philadelphia for multiple years. Recognizing the prestige associated with the Mexico City variety as well as the prevalence of central Mexican speakers in Philadelphia, this study analyzes the impact of language change through contact between speakers from the coastal region (Veracruz) and those from the interior (Mexico City and Puebla). Specifically, this project utilizes results from the multivariate analysis to determine if findings reflect a shift form the coastal variety to the more standard, central varieties typically associated with linguistic prestige in Mexico. The dissertation concludes that, despite contact over time, Mexican immigrants are conserving characteristic linguistic features of their local regional varieties. These observations are revealing of how Mexican immigrants are renegotiating notions of linguistic capital and identity after having emigrated from their home country to reside elsewhere. / Spanish