Ce travail de thèse se donne pour objectif de mettre en évidence le fonctionnement des différents effets de sens produits en discours par le futur et le conditionnel à partir d’une valeur en langue unique de chacun de ces temps, dans une perspective contrastive entre l’espagnol et le français. La première partie interroge les notions de temporalité, d’aspectualité et de modalité, ainsi que les théories énonciatives qui sous-tendent toute recherche sur le temps verbal pour déterminer les cadres théoriques dans lesquels s’inscrit cette analyse et définir la valeur en langue du futur et celle du conditionnel sur lesquelles on s’appuie. Dans une seconde partie, on se propose de mettre en évidence le mécanisme d’actualisation de cette valeur aspectuo-temporelle dans la production de différents effets de sens de ces deux temps dont le fonctionnement est similaire en espagnol et en français. La troisième partie est consacrée quant à elle à l’analyse d’un fonctionnement différent dans les deux langues étudiées : l’effet de sens conjectural. / The purpose of this work is to show the various usages of future and conditionnal tenses in speech connected with the meaning in language of each tense. This is a contrastive approach between Spanish and French. In the first part, we explore the notions of temporality, aspectuality and modality. The enunciative theories that underlie every research on verbal tense are questionned too in order to define the theorical frameworks and the meaning of each analyzed tense. In the second part, we point out the actualization process of the aspectuo-temporal meaning of each tense that produces various usages in speech which works in a similar way in Spanish and French. In the third and last part, we focus on the analysis of a diferent functioning between these two languages : the conjectural usage.

The topic of this dissertation concerns with the analysis of baroque period's grammatical aspect in Czech language. In the first part I focus on the modernheoretical literature about the grammatical aspect and related verbal categories. Subsequently I interpret the classification, meanings and assumed usage of the grammatical aspect presented by authors of baroque grammar books. On the grounds of this study I create a methodological basis for practical research, define the main concepts as well as terms and I set hypotheses about the baroque aspect system. Thereafter I try to verify the hypothesis using the verbal material excerpted from the original texts. The cornerstone of my research is the grammatical aspect recorded in the literary texts of the baroque epoch. The grammatical aspects in these texts are assessed from the view of verbal system, their semantic meaning and formal realization. Moreover, I explore some important grammatical phenomena closely associated with the grammatical aspect, such as tenses, lexical aspects and transgressive constructions. The presented dissertation sets a goal to describe the state of baroque grammatical aspects and their application in contemporary literature as thorough as possible. Besides it aims to specify the trend resulting in a full integration of grammatical aspects into the Czech verbal system.

The diploma thesis concerns about the presentation of gramatical verbal categories, mostly verbal aspect, mood and tense. First part follows the verbal aspect. Its presentation in grammar, text and activity books for foreigners is not neither sufficient nor comprehensive or systematic. The second section deals with verbal mood. The way of its explanation in lessons is not sufficient either, for example different explanation of imperative formation, the absence of description of using conditional in communication etc. The third chapter observes verbal tense as well in grammar, text and activity books for foreigners. Its description is also unsatisfactory. The questionnaire is addressed to teachers of Czech as a foreign language with different degree of experience and it conducts a survey of differences, difficulties of explanation, different point of view of educational materials and necessity to complete them. We formulate linguistic-didactic recommendation for explanation of those three grammatical verbal categories on the basis of found difficulties and contradictions. Those recommendations as well as with the questionnaire survey is the target of this thesis. Key words: Czech for foreigners, verbal aspect, verbal mood, verbal tense, grammar books, textbooks, activity books for foreigners,...

Cette étude porte sur la forme périphrastique había- + do/-to/-cho que la tradition grammaticale répertorie comme le « plus-que-parfait de l’indicatif », en espagnol contemporain. Après avoir interrogé les différentes approches auxquelles a donné lieu l’étude de cette forme verbale, nous en proposons un signifié unique en langue qui en subsume l’ensemble des manifestations discursives. Pour cela, nous adoptons les principes théoriques de la « linguistique du signifiant », laquelle postule l’unicité du signe linguistique – à un signifiant correspond un seul signifié, et inversement – et accorde la primauté à la lecture de la structure sémiologique du signifiant. Cette approche nous conduit à replacer había- + do/-to/-cho au sein des réseaux signifiants de l’espagnol, et à reconsidérer la structuration modale du système verbal de cette langue. Enfin, nous nous employons à décrire le fonctionnement discursif de la périphrase en syntaxe, dans l’élaboration de séquences narratives, d’une part, mais aussi dans les « cas limites » que représentent les emplois diatopiques en situation de contact de langue en Amérique (contact espagnol / guarani en particulier) / This study focuses on the periphrastic form había- + do/-to/-cho that the grammatical tradition identifies as the ‘pluperfect (past perfect) indicative’ in contemporary Spanish. After reviewing the different approaches to this verbal form, we provide a unique signified for this form that is able to subsume all its discursive manifestations. For this purpose, we adopt the theoretical principles of the ‘Linguistics of the signifier’, which postulates the unity of the linguistic sign – i.e. a signifier corresponds to a single signified, and vice versa – and gives priority to the semiological structure of the signifier. This approach leads us to reexamine había- + do/-to/-cho within the signifying networks of Spanish, and to reconsider the modal structure of the verbal system. Finally, we describe the discursive syntactic behaviour of the Spanish pluperfect, in the development of narrative sequences, but also in certain Latin American diatopic occurrences (contact Spanish / Guarani in particular) since they are ‘borderline case’ among the pluperfect discursive occurrences