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"Looked into the streets - the glaring lights and the tall buildings - and there I conceived Metropolis" exclaimed the Austrian filmmaker Fritz Lang at the sight of New York. This visit inspired him while creating the sets and background for the radical movie Metropolis released in 1927. Taken right after World War I, the movie set in 2026 was heavily symbolic with German expressionism and it captured a projected socio-economic condition which was a direct result of the fears of the people at that time. The working class lived in subterranean spaces distraught with mundane labor while the affluent lived in skyscrapers and exotic terraced gardens and drove around in elevated highways. The city seemed to be this well-oiled machine existing only to cater to the needs of the upper class. The poor eventually try to overthrow the rich. The movie finally ends with the message of hope, that the mediator would create harmony among the classes and create peaceful coexistence. The city of Mumbai in 2018 is in many ways - the Metropolis. When a city develops, it does not seem to cater to all sects of people. In fact, there seems to be a parallel relationship between the size of the city and its level of socio-economic disparity: the larger the city the less equal it tends to be. More often than not, the true soul of the city lies within that lower stratum of society who often live in slum-like settlements. Can architecture play the Mediator and bring about a connect? / Master of Architecture / At the time of Indian Independence in 1947, Gandhi said that “India is to be found not in its few cities but in its 700,000 villages. Villages were self-sustaining units which were rich in culture and tradition. He believed that the revival of the villages and all its cottage industries, handicrafts and agriculture was India’s answer to development. However in 2018, there are only about 597,464 census villages . At this rate, within a few centuries, India would loose its identity and will look like every other country in the world. Anybody who could afford to travel. moved to the cities. Villages are constantly abandoned and some get engulfed or morphed into cities. Cities grow at such rapid rates with the latest building technologies usually ignoring the needs of the people its supposed to serve. Is the city developed only for the rich and affluent? Can architecture support social inclusion and break down spatial segregation within a megacity? Can we capitalize on a city’s history and rich traditions without destroying them? Can a village survive a city? My thesis attempts to answer some of these questions through case studies, research and finally applying some of these theories and concepts on to a project that involves the redevelopment of a fishing village in the heart of Mumbai, India.

Tuti is an Island at the confluence of the Blue and the White Niles in Khartoum city, the capital of Sudan. The intention of this thesis is to design a bridge on the blue Nile which links the Contemporary world of Khartoum, the urban conurbation, to the Vernacular world of Tuti Island, the rural settlement. In addition, the project aims to provide a space that welcomes the bridge and to be a meeting plaza for both worlds. It is also intended to provide the Island with landmarks to be used as a point of reference. These landmarks from an integral part of the main theme running through the design from the edge of the Island to the center. This theme incorporates the essential design elements of the Islamic traditional house, which are the courtyard (the core of the house), scattered rooms which form the courtyard, and the wall that encloses the house. These landmarks are: the edge sit,representing the first landmark housing a threshold, a wall enclosing the courtyard, a market and a mosque which is the predominant building; a library, a plaza, the center plaza that accommodates a renovated buildings. The end result would be the linking the fast life of Khartoum to the quite and settled life of Tuti. / Master of Architecture

围龙屋是客家人聚族而居的传统建筑，集中分布于广东东北部。它蕴含一套独特的空间构造和象征体系，体现了客家人的社会结构和性别观念。空间作为一项技术，在物质领域和精神领域上划分了两性的界限，并维护着性别关系结构。集体化时期国家对围龙屋进行了全面性改造，女性抓住机会获取村落公共空间的话语权，并在今天成为宗教活动的主导。改革开放之后，经济改革促使当地人搬出围龙屋住进新式楼房，家庭关系也随之改变。 / 本文以梅州一座围龙屋为研究对象，以客家妇女的日常生活实践为核心主题，通过分析围龙屋聚落的历史脉络、空间构造及其社会意义的转变，探讨空间生产过程中女性个体、国家力量和传统文化观念之间的互动与角力，从而理解中国建国后的社会、政治、经济变迁。国家通过改造围龙屋来达成管制目的，客家女性在国家话语下发挥能动性获取更多的生存空间，同时也受到传统文化观念的约束。今天，国家力量借助市场经济以非正式的方式渗透农村，彻底改变了家庭权力结构，并使传统文化滋生出新的表现形式。 / The weilong houses serve as the dwelling places for the Hakka people in Northeast Guangdong. Each weilong house contains elaborate spatial arrangements and a symbolic system that embodies the social order and gender relations of the Hakka. Space draws the boundaries between men and women in both the material and spiritual spheres, maintaining the gender structure of the Hakka society. During the collectivization period when the state reorganized the weilong house, women seized the opportunity to gain power for the control of village public space, and later they became religious leaders, even to the present. The economic reforms since 1978 have induced the villagers to leave the weilong house and move into new double-storey buildings, changing the family relations in the household. / This research is a study of a weilong house in Meizhou, with focus on the daily practices of Hakka women. Taking into account of the history of the weilong house, its spatial structure and the changes in its social meanings, I seek to explore the production and reproduction of space in relation to women, tradition and the state, leading to a deeper understanding of the social-economic and political changes since 1949. The state achieved its rule through the re-arrangement of space, and the Hakka women use their agency to gain more living space under the state discourse, despite being constrained by traditional culture. Today, through market forces, state power has permeated all aspects of village life, transforming the power structure of the family thoroughly and enabling traditional culture to express in new ways. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 駱吉婷. / "2012年8月". / "2012 nian 8 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-136). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in Chinese and English. / Luo Jiting. / Abstract --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.ii / 致谢 --- p.iii / 目录 --- p.v / 图、表及照片 --- p.vii / Chapter 第一章 --- 导论 --- p.1 / Chapter 一、 --- 引论 --- p.1 / Chapter 二、 --- 理论框架 --- p.6 / Chapter 1. --- 空间与权力 --- p.7 / Chapter 2. --- 社会空间的三维辩证法 --- p.9 / Chapter 三、 --- 文献综述 --- p.10 / Chapter 1. --- 空间与性别 --- p.10 / Chapter 2. --- 客家妇女研究 --- p.14 / Chapter 3. --- 客家居住建筑研究 --- p.18 / Chapter 四、 --- 研究方法 --- p.19 / Chapter 五、 --- 章节安排 --- p.24 / Chapter 第二章 --- 传统时期围龙屋的空间结构与性别关系 --- p.25 / Chapter 一、 --- 大饶屋的社会历史背景与现状 --- p.25 / Chapter 二、 --- 围龙屋的组成部分 --- p.30 / Chapter 1. --- 围龙屋的核心--堂屋 --- p.33 / Chapter 2. --- 围龙屋的住房--横屋和围龙 --- p.35 / Chapter 3. --- 围龙屋的衍生部分--化胎、 水塘、 风水林 --- p.36 / Chapter 4. --- 围龙屋的连接部分--禾坪、 天街、 横厅 --- p.39 / Chapter 5. --- 围龙屋的空间原则 --- p.41 / Chapter 三、 --- 围龙屋的空间划分与性别界限 --- p.43 / Chapter 1. --- p.44 / Chapter 2. --- 象征区分 --- p.48 / Chapter 3. --- 权力的流动 --- p.51 / Chapter 四、 --- 女性的恐惧 --- p.53 / Chapter 五、 --- 小结 --- p.57 / Chapter 第三章 --- 围龙屋的改造与性别关系的重构 --- p.59 / Chapter 一丶 --- 国家对围龙屋的重整 --- p.60 / Chapter 1. --- 重划居住格局 --- p.60 / Chapter 2. --- 再定义空间功能 --- p.61 / Chapter 3. --- 切分劳动空间与家庭空间 --- p.66 / Chapter 二、 --- 客家妇女与国家的互动 --- p.68 / Chapter 1. --- 性别分工与妇女掌权 --- p.68 / Chapter 2. --- 沉重的工作负担 --- p.71 / Chapter 三、 --- 国家力量与传统文化的角力 --- p.73 / Chapter 1. --- 分离 --- p.73 / Chapter 2. --- 碰撞 --- p.74 / Chapter 四、 --- 改革开放后的围龙屋 --- p.75 / Chapter 1. --- 家庭生产 --- p.75 / Chapter 2. --- 邻里关系 --- p.76 / Chapter 五、 --- 小结 --- p.78 / Chapter 第四章 --- 女性与宗教空间 --- p.80 / Chapter 一、 --- 围龙屋的崇拜 --- p.81 / Chapter 1. --- 个体家庭崇拜 --- p.81 / Chapter 2. --- 围龙屋的集体崇拜 --- p.84 / Chapter 二、 --- 宗教组织及其运作 --- p.90 / Chapter 三、 --- 神庙的商业化与围龙屋的崇拜 --- p.93 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.97 / Chapter 第五章 --- 现代居住格局与家庭权力关系的变迁 --- p.100 / Chapter 一、 --- 新居的建立 --- p.101 / Chapter 1. --- 分地 --- p.101 / Chapter 2. --- 年轻女性的推动 --- p.103 / Chapter 二、 --- 新的居住格局 --- p.105 / Chapter 1. --- 家庭内部格局 --- p.105 / Chapter 2. --- 村落公共空间 --- p.108 / Chapter 三、 --- 家庭权力关系 --- p.109 / Chapter 1. --- 夫妻 --- p.109 / Chapter 2. --- 婆媳 --- p.111 / Chapter 3. --- 外嫁的女儿 --- p.113 / Chapter 4. --- 长幼 --- p.114 / Chapter 四、 --- 小结 --- p.117 / Chapter 第六章 --- 结语 --- p.120 / p.128

Lee Yee Chak Raymond. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 1996-97, design report." / Includes bibliographical references. / Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Design Objectives / Chapter 1.2 --- Problem Defined / Chapter 1.3 --- Description of Client & Users / Chapter 1.4 --- Mission and Goals / Chapter 2. --- Project Analysis / Chapter 2.1 --- Site / Context Analysis / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Location / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Climate / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Special Studies: Natural Ventilation / Chapter 2.1.4 --- History -- Sequence of the Settlement / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Development of Tai O / Chapter 2.1.6 --- Site Analysis Diagram / Chapter 2.2 --- Client / Users Analysis / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Functional Relationship / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Activities / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Social Pattern / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Organizational Hierarchies in Stilt Homes / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Schedule of Accommodation / Chapter 2.3 --- Subject Analysis / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Architectural Language / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Precedents / Chapter 3. --- Process / Chapter 3.1 --- Organization & Zoning Period / Chapter 3.2 --- Conceptual Stage / Chapter 3.3 --- Schematic Design / Chapter 3.4 --- Design Development / Chapter 3.5 --- Design Deveopment I / Chapter 3.6 --- Design Development II / Chapter 4. --- Final Project / Chapter 4.1 --- Settlement Design in 4 Level / Chapter 4.2 --- Site Planning / Chapter 4.3 --- Methodology: Diagram of Dwelling Units Formation / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Resident's Requirement / Chapter 4.3.2 --- One Man in Tai O / Chapter 4.4 --- Cluster Level / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Cluster / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Activites in the Cluster / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Cluster Level / Chapter 4.5 --- Open Space Level / Chapter 4.6 --- Details & Construction / Chapter 4.7 --- Special Studies: Material / Appendix / Programming report / Schedule of Work / Bibliography

Hui, Mei Kei Maggie. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 324-327). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.2 / DECLARATION --- p.5 / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.6 / NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION --- p.7 / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.9 / TABLE OF FIGURES --- p.11 / Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION TIBETAN MONASTIC SETTLEMENT AND THE VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURAL QUESTIONS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background. --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Aim --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Thesis outline --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- READING TIBETAN ARCHITECTURE AND SPACE AS CULTURAL FORM ON THE PERIPHERY LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Literature review: different perspectives --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Research Design --- p.29 / Chapter 3 --- LABRANG COMPLEXITY AND TRANSFORMATION --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.46 / Chapter 3.2 --- Amdo: an ethnographic ally tibetan region --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3 --- Transformation of the physical fabric of Labrang --- p.63 / Chapter 4 --- HOUSE SPACE AT LABRANG HOUSE SPACE AND VILLAGE --- p.102 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2 --- House architecture at labrang --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3 --- Village and house placement --- p.106 / Chapter 4.4 --- House space --- p.108 / Chapter 4.5 --- House Typology --- p.188 / Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.195 / Chapter 5 --- PLACE MAKING AT LABRANG --- p.197 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.197 / Chapter 5.2 --- The making of sacred landscape through daily pilgrimage --- p.197 / Chapter 5.3 --- The site and the pilgrims ´ةs physical anchorage --- p.203 / Chapter 5.4 --- Summary: Ritual and the different level of body-space action --- p.270 / Chapter 6 --- SPATIAL CONTINUUM IN THE RELIGIOUS/LIVING SPACE FROM HOUSE TO SETTLEMENT --- p.274 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.274 / Chapter 6.2 --- Negotiation of space inside the house --- p.275 / Chapter 6.3 --- "Religious spatial phenomenon: From house to Village, from house to monastery." --- p.294 / Chapter 6.4 --- Spatial negotiation of Labrang: public religious rituals --- p.299 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary: Negotiation of space and time --- p.304 / Chapter 7 --- CONCLUSION WAYS OF DEFINING SPACE AND PLACE MAKING THROUGH BODY AND SPACE AT LABRANG --- p.306 / Chapter 7.1 --- Complexity in reading Tibetan cultural form through the architecture and space at Labrang --- p.306 / APPENDIX --- p.315 / Chapter Appendix A: --- Village name and code --- p.315 / Chapter Appendix B: --- Major buildings inside Labrang Tashikyil --- p.317 / Chapter Appendix C: --- Chart showing major public rituals celebrated at Labrang monastery --- p.321 / Chapter Appendix D: --- Chart of house samples --- p.323 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.324

Master of Science / Department of Architecture / R. Todd Gabbard / This research aims to explore and assess passive solar design techniques that promote high thermal comfort in vernacular houses of the state of Jharkhand in India. The study of these houses provides useful insights for designing energy efficient houses that provide thermally comfortable conditions. An analysis of these houses in Ranchi, the capital city of Jharkhand, India provides a context for the field research. Jharkhand predominantly has two different styles of vernacular houses: huts and havelis. These houses were constructed, without any mechanical means, in such a manner as to create micro-climates inside them to provide high thermal comfort levels. Hence the study of thermal comfort levels in these buildings in relation to built environment in today's context is significant. As part of data collection, interviews were conducted with the occupants of ten houses in Ranchi, in June 2007. Two houses of each (huts and havelis) were selected for detailed experimental analysis. Experiment results indicated that all the four selected houses exhibited lower ambient temperature than outside during the day and a higher ambient temperature at night. Brick bat coba and lime mortar were the key materials used for constructing high thermal-mass walls. Adequate ventilation is significant in creating conditions that are comfortable. Aperture to volume ratio of less than 0.051 is not adequate enough to cool the thermal mass of these houses. These houses also use attic space to mitigate the heat gain from the roof. Courtyards and other exterior spaces form an integral part of these houses and influence the thermal conditions in and around the houses. The case studies show that there is a scope for more relaxation of comfort temperature range based on culture and phenomenon of acclimatization. A universal approach in understanding and defining comfort condition fails because the users of these houses were comfortable in conditions defined as uncomfortable by ASHRAE and Nicol.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / William P. Winslow III / The site for the Riverpond Visitor Center is located three miles northeast of Manhattan, Kansas, along K-13 on the eastern end of Riverpond Park. The design of the visitor center addresses four problems: 1) the fact that many families prefer to stay inside their homes rather than experience the outdoors, based on a study done by the Center on Education Policy in 2008, 2) people are uninformed about sustainable design practices and sustainable energies 3) people lack experience and knowledge of the natural environment creating a preference for the visual characteristics of non-native plant species, and 4) interpretive centers that attempt to reconnect people and the landscape use prescriptive interpretive methods that distract the visitor from the interpretive process. To better understand the relationship of people and the landscape, research was conducted to address the problems stated above. Two articles were reviewed that describe the importance of drawing attention to beauty in the landscape. Two precedent studies were conducted on built projects that use native plant species and vernacular architecture. The program for the visitor center was based on the project research and informed the site inventory and analysis. The site inventory and analysis of existing site conditions creates a strong foundation from which to design the visitor center. The project then went into schematic design and design development. The design of the Riverpond Visitor Center connects people to the landscape by directing them through the native tall grass prairie, informs visitors about stormwater management, wind and solar energy through demonstration, is designed using native prairie species and native limestone, and focuses visitors’ experience on the tall grass prairie by fading the line between architecture and landscape.