Thesis (M.S.)--Simon Fraser University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-95).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-06-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:12:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marchesin_src_me_sjrp.pdf: 635247 bytes, checksum: b4432ae0de06265a064ac1eae2f6d35f (MD5) / Foram analisados citogenéticamente seis espécies de Vespertilionidae dos gêneros Myotis, Lasiurus, Histiotus e Eptesicus. As metáfases obtidas de culturas de fibroblastos foram analisadas em coloração convencional, Ag-NOR, bandamento C e G e hibridização in situ fluorescente com sonda de seqüências teloméricas (TTAGGG)n humana. As espécies Myotis nigricans, Myotis riparius (2n=44; NF=50), Eptesicus brasiliensis (2n=50; NF=48) e Histiotus velatus (2n=50; NF=48) foram as que apresentaram o maior número de cromossomos; Lasiurus ega (2n=28; NF=48) e Lasiurus cinereus (2n=28; NF=48) apresentaram o menor número de cromossomos, o que evidencia variabilidade cariotípica ao nível morfológico. A coloração Ag-NOR evidenciou variação no número de nucléolos interfásicos e nos cromossomos com RONs. Em M. nigricans e M. riparius as marcações nos cromossomos portadores de RONs variaram em distribuição, número e tamanho. Em M. nigricans o número de cromossomos marcados variou de 7 a 9 e em M. riparius de 6 a 10. Nas duas espécies, as RONs foram observadas nas extremidades dos braços curtos e longos de cromossomos acrocêntricos. A variação no número deve estar refletindo a ativação diferencial de RONs, o que resulta uma variação no número e no tamanho dos nucléolos. Em M. nigricans o número de nucléolos observados variou de 01 a 09 e em M. riparius de 01 a 10. Além da ativação diferencial, a fusão nucleolar resultante do movimento, crescimento e aproximação dos nucléolos podem ser responsáveis pela variação observada. Em L. cinereus e H. velatus as RONs foram coincidentes com as constrições secundárias dos pares heteromórficos 11 e 13 em L. cinereus, e 15 em H. velatus. O padrão de bandas G obtidos para as espécies M. nigricans e M. riparius evidenciou a ocorrência de homologias cromossômicas entre elas. / Six species of four vespertilionid genera (Myotis, Lasiurus, Histiotus and Eptesicus) were cytogenetically analyzed. The metaphases obtained from fibroblast cultures were analyzed in conventional staining, Ag-NOR, C and G banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization with probe of human telomeric sequence (TTAGGG)n. The species Myotis nigricans (2n=44, NF=48), Myotis riparius (2n=44; NF=50), Eptesicus brasiliensis (2n=50; NF=48) and Histiotus velatus (2n=50; NF=48) showed the highest number of chromosomes; Lasiurus ega (2n=28; NF=48) and Lasiurus cinereus (2n=28; NF=48) showed the lowest number, indicating karyotypic variability on the morphologic level. Ag-NOR staining evinced variation in the number of interphasic nucleoli and in chromosomes with NORs. In M. nigricans and M. riparius, the chromosomal Ag-stained regions varied in distribution, number and size. In M. nigricans, the number of marked chromosomes varied between 7 and 9, and in M. riparius, the number varied between 6 and 10. In both species, the NORs were observed on the extremities of the short and long arms of acrocentric chromosomes. The variation in number might be reflecting of NORs differential activation, resulting in variation in the number and size of nucleoli. In M. nigricans, the number of observed nucleoli has varied between 01 and 09, and in M. riparius, between 01 and 10. Besides differential activation, the nucleolar fusion resulting from the movement, growth and approximation of nucleoli might be responsible for the observed variation. In L. cinereus and H. velatus, the NORs were coincident with the secondary constrictions of heteromorphic pairs 11 and 13 in L. cinereus, and pair 15 in H. velatus. The pattern for G banding obtained for the species M. nigricans and M. riparius evinced the occurrence of chromosomal homologies between them.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:14:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moreira_prl_me_sjrp.pdf: 475365 bytes, checksum: 7053d5f3ee8ab1aee3f60d4fc5958a52 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foi utilizada a técnica de RAPD para estudo da variabilidade genética e identificação de marcadores moleculares, em sete espécies de morcegos pertencentes a cinco gêneros e três famílias: E. glaucinus, E. perotis, M. molossus, M. rufus (Molossidae), E. furinalis, M. nigricans (Vespertilionidae) e A. planirostris (Phyllostomidae). Para amplificação do DNA genômico foram utilizados 20 primers decaméricos que juntos produziram 741 bandas, identificadas pelos tamanhos dos fragmentos em pares de bases (pb). As bandas foram registradas quanto a presença e ausência em cada indivíduo e os dados usados na construção de uma matriz binária e analisados estatísticamente e filogeneticamente com auxílio do programa Popgene 1.31 e PAUP 4.0b/0. O número total de bandas produzidas variou em cada espécie, sendo M. molossus a espécie que apresentou o maior número de bandas (369), e E. glaucinus o menor número (239). O número de bandas polimórficas e as freqüências relativas e médias em cada espécie também variaram. As maiores freqüências médias de bandas polimórficas foram apresentadas pelos primers 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 18 e 19. Entre as espécies, M. molossus foi a mais polimórfica (43%), seguida de M. nigricans (40,1%), A. planirostris (32,9%), E. furinalis (31,4%), E. glaucinus (29,4%), M. rufus (28,5%) e E. perotis (23,1%). Outras bandas foram reconhecidas como monomórficas para uma espécie, sendo quatro para M. nigracans, duas para M. molossus, uma para E. glaucinus e uma para E. furinalis. Apesar de monomórficas para a espécies, quando os fragmentos foram utilizados como sondas em procedimentos de hibridação in situ cromossômicos e nuclear eles hibridaram com diferentes espécies, não confirmando a especificidade da banda. A diversidade gênica calculada segundo Nei (1973), foi analisada para a população, representada pelas sete espécies...

Orientador: Eliana Morielle Versute / Banca: Marlene Kiyoni Hosaki Kobayashi / Banca: Wagner André Pedro / Resumo: Foram analisados citogenéticamente seis espécies de Vespertilionidae dos gêneros Myotis, Lasiurus, Histiotus e Eptesicus. As metáfases obtidas de culturas de fibroblastos foram analisadas em coloração convencional, Ag-NOR, bandamento C e G e hibridização in situ fluorescente com sonda de seqüências teloméricas (TTAGGG)n humana. As espécies Myotis nigricans, Myotis riparius (2n=44; NF=50), Eptesicus brasiliensis (2n=50; NF=48) e Histiotus velatus (2n=50; NF=48) foram as que apresentaram o maior número de cromossomos; Lasiurus ega (2n=28; NF=48) e Lasiurus cinereus (2n=28; NF=48) apresentaram o menor número de cromossomos, o que evidencia variabilidade cariotípica ao nível morfológico. A coloração Ag-NOR evidenciou variação no número de nucléolos interfásicos e nos cromossomos com RONs. Em M. nigricans e M. riparius as marcações nos cromossomos portadores de RONs variaram em distribuição, número e tamanho. Em M. nigricans o número de cromossomos marcados variou de 7 a 9 e em M. riparius de 6 a 10. Nas duas espécies, as RONs foram observadas nas extremidades dos braços curtos e longos de cromossomos acrocêntricos. A variação no número deve estar refletindo a ativação diferencial de RONs, o que resulta uma variação no número e no tamanho dos nucléolos. Em M. nigricans o número de nucléolos observados variou de 01 a 09 e em M. riparius de 01 a 10. Além da ativação diferencial, a fusão nucleolar resultante do movimento, crescimento e aproximação dos nucléolos podem ser responsáveis pela variação observada. Em L. cinereus e H. velatus as RONs foram coincidentes com as constrições secundárias dos pares heteromórficos 11 e 13 em L. cinereus, e 15 em H. velatus. O padrão de bandas G obtidos para as espécies M. nigricans e M. riparius evidenciou a ocorrência de homologias cromossômicas entre elas. / Abstract: Six species of four vespertilionid genera (Myotis, Lasiurus, Histiotus and Eptesicus) were cytogenetically analyzed. The metaphases obtained from fibroblast cultures were analyzed in conventional staining, Ag-NOR, C and G banding and fluorescent in situ hybridization with probe of human telomeric sequence (TTAGGG)n. The species Myotis nigricans (2n=44, NF=48), Myotis riparius (2n=44; NF=50), Eptesicus brasiliensis (2n=50; NF=48) and Histiotus velatus (2n=50; NF=48) showed the highest number of chromosomes; Lasiurus ega (2n=28; NF=48) and Lasiurus cinereus (2n=28; NF=48) showed the lowest number, indicating karyotypic variability on the morphologic level. Ag-NOR staining evinced variation in the number of interphasic nucleoli and in chromosomes with NORs. In M. nigricans and M. riparius, the chromosomal Ag-stained regions varied in distribution, number and size. In M. nigricans, the number of marked chromosomes varied between 7 and 9, and in M. riparius, the number varied between 6 and 10. In both species, the NORs were observed on the extremities of the short and long arms of acrocentric chromosomes. The variation in number might be reflecting of NORs differential activation, resulting in variation in the number and size of nucleoli. In M. nigricans, the number of observed nucleoli has varied between 01 and 09, and in M. riparius, between 01 and 10. Besides differential activation, the nucleolar fusion resulting from the movement, growth and approximation of nucleoli might be responsible for the observed variation. In L. cinereus and H. velatus, the NORs were coincident with the secondary constrictions of heteromorphic pairs 11 and 13 in L. cinereus, and pair 15 in H. velatus. The pattern for G banding obtained for the species M. nigricans and M. riparius evinced the occurrence of chromosomal homologies between them. / Mestre

Orientador: Eliana Morielle-Versute / Banca: Rejane Maíra Góes / Banca: Karina de Cássia Faria / Resumo: A família Vespertilionidae é cosmopolita e com maior número de espécies entre os Chiroptera; apesar disso, informações detalhadas sobre os diferentes táxons dessa família ainda são insuficientes para as interpretações evolutivas e formulações de relacionamentos entre os táxons. Características morfológicas reprodutivas como variações intra e interespecíficas da morfologia peniana e presença ou ausência de báculo (osso peniano) têm se mostrado importantes na avaliação dos relacionamentos evolutivos de diferentes táxons de mamíferos, incluindo Chiroptera, porém, para os vespertilionídeos elas ainda são restritas. Histiotus, Lasiurus e Myotis são táxons complexos de Vespertilionidae, por isso, com o objetivo de fornecer novas informações sobre eles o presente estudo analisou e descreveu a morfologia interna e externa do pênis, da glande peniana e do báculo das espécies Histiotus velatus, Lasiurus blossevillii, L. cinereus, L. ega, Myotis albescens e M.nigricans. Os resultados mostraram que nas espécies analisadas o pênis é semi-penduloso, tem uma glande pequena e subcônica, desprovidada de projeções epidérmicas, e um prepúcio espesso e vascular. Apesar das seis espécies compartilharem está condição geral para o pênis, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre elas na constituição e arranjo dos tecidos peniano. Os pênis apresentaram três tipos de tecidos eréteis, o corpo cavernoso, o corpo esponjoso e o corpo cavernoso acessório, contudo, houve variação na quantidade e... / Abstract: The Vespertilionidae family has a cosmopolitan behaviour and the greatest number of species among the Chiroptera; despite such diversity, detailed information regarding the different taxa are still insufficient to accurately comprehend the evolutionary interpretations and establish connections between the taxa. Reproductive morphological characteristics such as intra and interspecific variations of penile morphology and presence, or absence, of baculum (os penis) have shown great importance when evaluating evolutionary relations between different mammalian taxa, included Chiroptera. However, these informations are very limited. Histiotus, Lasiurus and Myotis are intricate taxa of the Vespertilionidae and, for this reason, in order to provide new information about the aforementioned taxa, the present study has analyzed and described the internal and external morphology of the penis, the penile glans, and the baculum of six species: Histiotus velatus, Lasiurus blossevilli, L. cinereus, L. ega, Myotis, albescens and M. nigricans. Results have shown that, for the studied species, the penis is semi-pendulous, has small and subconical glans with absence of epidermic projections, and a vascular and dense foreskin. Despite all six species sharing these general penile conditions, significant differences of tissue constitution and arrangement have been found. The penis showed three types of erectile tissue: corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum and accessory cavernosus tissue, but there... / Mestre

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) projects for model mammalian organisms exposed the magnitude to which transposable elements (TEs) have contributed to DNA content, but led to inferences on repeat composition and activity patterns which do not capture the true diversity within Mammalia. Understanding of the evolutionary importance of TEs and the development of TEs for biological applications are hindered when considering only the data gathered from a limited sampling of model organisms. The research presented here begins with analysis of a mouse lemur WGS dataset, revealing an exception in the primate lineage to the generalizations garnered from model organisms. A recently active TE was uncovered with evidence of horizontal transfer involving a primate and another mammal; this discovery may lead to a useful transfection vector with known efficacy in mammalian cells. Furthermore, an opportunity to observe atypical patterns of TE diversification within a mammalian family was achieved through survey sequencing and comparative analyses of five vespertilionid taxa and a phyllostomid outgroup. A potential inverse relationship between the two classes of TEs was tentatively described, and further explored by an in-depth analysis of the dominant TE family from each class in a species with WGS data available. The interplay of the two classes could not previously be investigated in mammals, due to ~40 million years of Class II TE inactivity in model organisms. Through exploration of activity patterns of both classes, this study provides insight on the relationship between TEs and their host.

Anthropogenic disturbance from urbanization has introduced a range of contaminants into freshwater ecosystems. Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) in particular, deposit effluent with high metal concentrations directly into rivers. These pollutants may affect river biota directly or through modifications to habitat and prey. Therefore, the impact of metal pollution through a food chain should be evident in high trophic level predators such as Neoromicia nana. N. nana is a small, insect-eating bat that occurs in forest and riparian habitats in Africa. Most importantly, it is an urban exploiter, i.e. a species that takes advantage of anthropogenic food and habitat resources. I investigated the foraging behaviour and metal content of N. nana at wastewater-polluted sites (WWTW sludge tanks and sites downstream of wastewater discharge into the rivers) and unpolluted sites (sites upstream of wastewater discharge) at three urban rivers in Durban, South Africa, during winter and summer. To assess water quality, I determined cadmium, copper, chromium, iron, nickel, zinc and lead concentrations using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). To investigate the foraging behaviour of N. nana, I quantified relative N. nana abundance, and feeding activity from recorded echolocation calls. Using ICP-OES, I quantified metal concentrations in three tissues (liver, kidney and muscle). My results show that concentrations of most metals were generally lowest upstream, intermediate at downstream sites and highest at the tanks. The relative abundance and feeding activity of N. nana were significantly higher at wastewater-polluted sites than at upstream sites, despite there being significantly more insect orders upstream. However, pollution-tolerant Chironomidae (Diptera), were significantly more abundant at wastewater-polluted sites. Indeed, at wastewater-polluted sites, Diptera represented the highest percentage of insects in the diet of N. nana. Essential metals (copper, zinc and iron) were detected in all tissue samples of N. nana. In contrast, the toxic metals cadmium, chromium and nickel were present in tissue of bats only at wastewater-polluted sites (except one upstream occurrence of cadmium). This suggests that these metals may accumulate in tissue through the ingestion of pollutant-exposed prey. Thus, metal pollution from WWTWs affects not only water quality of rivers, but also the diversity of resident aquatic insects and ultimately the ecology of N. nana populations, which may pose serious long-term health risks for these top predators. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2011.

To examine bat - habitat relationships, ultrasonic detectors were used to sample bat activity among: old-growth white pine (Pinus strobus ), mature white pine, boreal mixedwood, and selectively-cut white pine stands in central Ontario. Within the stands, bats were sampled in the canopy, the understory layer, and within canopy gaps. Forest structure was measured within each of the stands. The activity of bats was compared among forest stand types, within the stands, and in relation to forest structure. Also, maintaining forest wildlife populations requires data on the use of snags (i.e. dead trees). To provide further resolution of the habitat requirements of forest-dwelling bats, radio telemetry and exit counts were used to investigate the roosting ecology of mouse-eared bats (Myotis lucifugus and M. septentrionalis). Characteristics of snags used by mouse-eared bats were compared with randomly located snags and random geographic points, at three spatial scales (focal tree, surrounding forest, and landscape). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Phylogenetic relationships of a sample comprising 248 bats belonging to 19 species and four families (Hipposideridae, Rhinolophidae, Molossidae and Vespertilionidae) from Senegal (Western Africa) were investigated with the use of multi-locus sequence data and non- differentially stained chromosomes. The karyotypes of Hipposideros ruber, H. tephrus, H. jonesi and H. cyclops were described for the first time. The standard Hipposideros formula was recorded in H. tephrus, H. jonesi and H. ruber (2n = 32, FNa = 60, FN = 64). The karyotypes of H. cyclops (2n = 36, FN = 66) and H. gigas (2n = 52, FN = 64) substantially diverged from this typical chromosomal complement. Rhinolophus landeri and R. fumigatus shared the same diploid number (2n = 58), but differed in the chromosome morphology (R. fumigatus - FNa = 60, FN = 64; R. landeri - FNa = 64, FN = 68). Rhinolophus landeri was found karyotypically distinct to other African populations, thus signalling a possible presence of cryptic forms within this species. The karyotypes of Chaerephon pumilus and Mops condylurus had a 2n = 48, FN = 54 and were similar to other previously studied species of this chromosomally conservative family. Chromosomal, Bayesian, maximum likelihood and genetic distance analyses revealed an indication for the existence of cryptic...

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