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Comportamento do capim-vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) como contribuição na estabilização de talude da margem Rio São Francisco / Behavior of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty) as a contribution in stabilization in the slope margins São Francisco RiverMachado, Lorena 19 February 2014 (has links)
The changes in the hydrological regime in the São Francisco River basin, due to the implementation of hydroelectric power dams, are causing low water levels and therefore the bank erosion promoted by the riverbank undercutting. These changes, along with deforestation of riparian vegetation require economically viable and efficient measures since been affecting the population of the Lower São Francisco. The objective of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the root system of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanioides) in ordet o evaluate its ability to restructuring physical soil mechanics and suitability to the process of stabilization of erosion of banks, as well as evaluate its effect on the soil penetration resistance (PR). To evaluate the influence of the grass on soil shear strength Root Density (RL), the Root Length Density (RLD), the Root Area Ratio (RAR), the Root Tensile Strength (TR) and the Root Cohesion (CR) were measured. The results were subjected to analysis of variance (p <0.05) using the SISVAR and then was held the polynomial regression analysis. To evaluate the RP, sampling was carried out near vetiver grass cultivation and the rows between crops along the profile until a depth of 0.60 m. The soil water was determined by weighing method, the RP by an automated penetrometer, the particle-size analysis by densitometry and root density by the monolith method. The results of RP, moisture and root density were subjected to analysis of variance (p <0.05) and afterwards the means were compared by Tukey test using the software SISVAR. For DR, DCR and RAR layer 0-0.10 m showed higher results which yielded 4.84 kg m-3, 12.45 km m-3, 1.66%, respectively. While the average result of TR was 83 MPa and CR 528 kPa. The vetiver grass near points had a mean RP of 1793.94 kPa and average soil water of 11.78%, differing from the sampled points in the rows between crops. The PR and soil moisture were not statistically different throughout the depths. The vetiver grass promoted ground cover, favoring a higher water retention and consequently decreasing the RP, as well as helping to increase the soil shear strength, giving a very important contribution to slope stabilization. / As alterações do regime hidrológico na bacia hidrográfica do Rio São Francisco, devido à implantação da cascata de hidrelétricas, estão causando baixos níveis de água e consequentemente erosão nos taludes do rio pelo solapamento da sua base. Essas alterações, juntamente com o desmatamento da mata ciliar requerem medidas economicamente viáveis e eficientes, visto que vêm afetando a população do Baixo São Francisco. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento do sistema radicular do capim-vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) quanto à capacidade de reestruturação físico-mecânica do solo e à adequação ao processo de estabilização da erosão dos taludes, assim como avaliar o seu efeito na resistência do solo à penetração (RP). Para avaliar a influência da gramínea na resistência ao cisalhamento do solo, foram mensuradas a Densidade Radicular (DR), a Densidade do Comprimento Radicular (DCR), a Razão de Raiz por Área (RAR), a Resistência de Raízes à Ruptura (TR) e a Coesão da Raiz (CR). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (p<0,05) utilizando o SISVAR e em seguida realizou-se a análise de regressão polinomial. Para avaliar a RP, foram realizadas amostragens em pontos localizados próximos ao capim-vetiver e nas entrelinhas de cultivo, ao longo do perfil até a profundidade de 0,60 m. O teor de umidade foi determinado por pesagem, a RP por um penetrômetro automatizado, a análise granulométrica por densimetria e a densidade de raízes pelo método do monólito. Os resultados da RP, da umidade e da densidade de raízes foram submetidos à análise de variância (p<0,05) e posteriormente as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey usando o software SISVAR. Para DR, DCR e RAR, a camada de 0-0,10 m apresentou maiores valores com 4,84 kg m-3, 12,45 km m-3, 1,66%, respectivamente. Enquanto que o resultado médio de TR foi de 83 MPa e o de CR de 528 kPa. Os pontos próximos ao capim-vetiver apresentaram RP média de 1793,94 kPa e umidade média de 11,78%, diferindo estatisticamente dos pontos amostrados nas entrelinhas de cultivo. A RP e a umidade do solo não diferiram estatisticamente nas profundidades. O capim vetiver promoveu a cobertura do solo, favorecendo a maior retenção de água e, consequentemente, diminuindo a RP, além de favorecer o aumento da resistência ao cisalhamento do solo, auxiliando na estabilização de taludes.
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Analyse et valorisation des matières premières à odeur boisée : ciblage des composés odorants / Analysis and valuation of raw materials with woody smell : targeting odorous compoundsTissandié, Loïc 20 December 2018 (has links)
Ce mémoire de doctorat rassemble les travaux réalisés dans le cadre d’une étude analytique approfondie et systématique des substances à odeur boisée. Ces substances définissent une famille d’ingrédients unanimement appréciés pour leurs notes puissantes et recherchés par les parfumeurs pour composer les accords parmi les plus emblématiques de la profession. Les matières premières inscrites au programme de cette étude sont les essences de Gaïac, d’Araucaria, de Patchouli, de Cyprès Jaune d’Alaska, de Vétiver et d’Agarwood, ainsi que certains de leurs produits dérivés. La plupart de ces matières premières sont couramment utilisées par l’industrie du parfum. Leur spécificité provient de leur composition chimique très largement dominée par les dérivés sesquiterpéniques, conférant ainsi à ces extraits une complexité moléculaire indéniable. Les principaux objectifs de cette thèse de doctorat ont consisté à améliorer la connaissance de ces matières premières en termes de composition chimique, à déterminer autant que possible les composés odorants contribuant à leur odeur, et enfin d’explorer d’éventuelles voies de valorisation pour ces mêmes ingrédients à l’échelle industrielle.La méthodologie analytique développée tout au long de l’étude a nécessité l’utilisation combinée d’un large éventail de techniques chromatographiques, spectrométriques et spectroscopiques pour parvenir à caractériser ces matières premières au plus près et à réaliser l’isolement de leurs constituants inconnus. Ainsi, ces travaux s’articulent autour de quatre outils centraux : la chromatographie gazeuse bidimensionnelle intégrale couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (GC × GC–MS), la chromatographie gazeuse couplée à l’olfactométrie (GC–O), la chromatographie gazeuse semi-préparative (GC prép.) et la résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN). Près de 190 composés ont été isolés et caractérisés dont 107 sont décrits pour la première fois comme constituants d’extraits naturels. / This Ph.D. dissertation sums up the work carried out as part of a thorough and systematic analytical study of woody-scented substances. These substances define a family of ingredients unanimously appreciated for their powerful notes, and sought by perfumers to compose some of the most emblematic accords in perfumery. The raw materials included in the frame of this study are the oils of Guaiac, Araucaria, Patchouli, Alaska Yellow Cypress, Vetiver, and Agarwood, as well as some of their by-products. Most of these raw materials are ingredients commonly used by the perfume industry. Their chemical specificity comes from their composition largely dominated by sesquiterpene derivatives, giving these extracts an undeniable molecular complexity. The main objectives of this Ph.D. thesis were to improve the knowledge of these raw materials in terms of chemical composition, to determine as much as possible the odorous compounds contributing to their odor, and finally to explore possible ways of valorization for these products on an industrial scale.The analytical methodology developed throughout this study required the combined use of a wide range of chromatographic, spectrometric, and spectroscopic techniques in order to characterize these raw materials as precisely as possible and achieve the isolation of their unknown constituents. Thus, our work revolved around four central tools: comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC × GC-MS), gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC–O), preparative capillary-gas chromatography (pc-GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Almost 190 compounds have been isolated and characterized, 107 of which are described for the first time as constituents of natural extracts.
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