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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
31

Dynamics of optically levitated nanoparticles in high vacuum

Gieseler, Jan 03 February 2014 (has links)
Nanotechnology was named one of the key enabling technologies by the European Commission and its tremendous impact was envisioned early by 20th century physicist R.Feynman in his now oft-quoted talk "Plenty of Room at the bottom". Nanotechnology and nanoscience deal with structures barely visible with an optical microscope, yet much bigger than simple molecules. Matter at this mesoscale is often awkward to explore as it contains too many atoms to be easily understood by straightforward application of quantum mechanics (although the fundamental laws still apply). Yet, these systems are not so large as to be completely free of quantum effects; thus, they do not simply obey the classical physics governing the macroworld. It is precisely in this intermediate regime, the mesoworld, that unforeseen properties of collective systems emerge. To fully exploit the potential of nanotechnology, a thorough understanding of these properties is paramount. The objective of the present thesis is to investigate and to control the dynamics of an optically levitated particle in high vacuum, a system which belongs to the broader class of nanomechanical oscillators. Nanomechanical oscillators exhibit high resonance frequencies, diminished active masses, low power consumption and high quality factors - significantly higher than those of electrical circuits. These attributes make them suitable for sensing, transduction and signal processing. Furthermore, nanomechanical systems are expected to open up investigations of the quantum behavior of mesoscopic systems. Testing the predictions of quantum theory on macroscopic scales is one of today's outstanding challenges of modern physics and addresses fundamental questions on our understanding of the world. The state-of-the-art in nanomechanics itself has exploded in recent years, driven by a combination of interesting new systems and vastly improved fabrication capabilities. Despite major break-throughs, including ground state cooling, observation of radiation pressure shot noise, squeezing and demonstrated ultra-high force and mass sensitivity, difficulties in reaching ultra-high mechanical quality (Q) factors still pose a major limitation for many of the envisioned applications and significant improvements in mechanical quality (Q) factors are generally needed to facilitate quantum coherent manipulation. This is difficult given that many mechanical systems are approaching fundamental limits of dissipation. To overcome the limitations set by dissipation, I developed an experiment to trap and cool nanoparticles in high vacuum. The combination of nanoparticles and vacuum trapping results in a very light and ultra-high-Q mechanical oscillator. In fact, the Q-factor achieved with this setup is the highest observed so far in any nano- or micromechanical system. The scope of the thesis ranges from a detailed description of the experimental apparatus and proof-of-principle experiments (parametric feedback cooling) to the first observation of phenomena owing to the unique parameters of this novel optomechanical system (thermal nonlinearities). Aside from optomechanics and optical trapping, the topics covered include the dynamics of complex (nonlinear) systems and the study of fluctuation theorems, the latter playing a pivotal role in statistical physics. Optically trapped nanoparticles are just beginning to emerge as a new class of optomechanical systems. Owing to their unique mechanical properties, there is clearly a vast and untapped potential for further research. Primary examples of how levitated particles in high vacuum can impact other fields and inspire new research avenues have been the first observation of thermal nonlinearities in a mechanical oscillator and the study of fluctuation relations with a high-Q nanomechanical resonator. Based on recent progress in the field, a plethora of fundamental research opportunities and novel applications are expected to emerge as this still young field matures.
32

Applications of turbulence modeling in civil engineering

Cotela Dalmau, Jordi 15 January 2016 (has links)
This thesis explores the use of stabilized finite element formulations for the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations to simulate turbulent flow problems. Turbulence is a challenging problem due to its complex and dynamic nature and its simulation if further complicated by the fact that it involves fluid motions at vastly different length and time scales, requiring fine meshes and long simulation times. A solution to this issue is turbulence modeling, in which only the large scale part of the solution is retained and the effect of smaller turbulent motions is represented by a model, which is generally dissipative in nature. In the context of finite element simulations for fluids, a second problem is the apparition of numerical instabilities. These can be avoided by the use of stabilized formulations, in which the problem is modified to ensure that it has a stable solution. Since stabilization methods typically introduce numerical dissipation, the relation between numerical and physical dissipation plays a crucial role in the accuracy of turbulent flow simulations. We investigate this issue by studying the behavior of stabilized finite element formulations based on the Variational Multiscale framework and on Finite Calculus, analyzing the results they provide for well-known reference problems, with the final goal of obtaining a method that both ensures numerical stability and introduces physically correct turbulent dissipation. Given that, even with the use of turbulence models, turbulent flow problems require significant computational resources, we also focused on programming and implementation aspects of finite element codes, specially in ensuring that our solver can perform efficiently on distributed memory architectures and high-performance computing clusters. Finally, we have developed an adaptive mesh refinement technique to improve and optimize unstructured tetrahedral meshes, again with the goal of enabling the simulation of large turbulent flow problems. This technique combines an error estimator based on Variational Multiscale principles with a simple refinement procedure designed to work in a distributed memory context and we have applied it to the simulation of both turbulent and non-Newtonian flow problems. / Aquesta tesi estudia la possibilitat d'utilitzar formulacions estabilitzades d'elements finits de les equacions de Navier-Stokes incompressibles per a la simulació de problemes de flux turbulent. La descripció de la turbulència és un repte, ja que es tracta d'un problema altament dinàmic i complex i la seva simulació numèrica es veu complicada pel fet que hi intervenen moviments de masses fluides amb dimensions i temps característics molt diferents i per tant requereix malles de càlcul molt fines i temps de simulació llargs. Això s'ha provat de resoldre mitjançant l'ús de models de turbulència, mantenint únicament la part de la solució de més gran escala i introduint un model de l'efecte dels moviments de petita escala, que acostuma a tenir un efecte dissipatiu. En el context de la simulació de fluids amb elements finits es planteja un segon problema amb l'aparició d'inestabilitats numèriques. Aquestes es poden evitar amb l'ús de formulacions estabilitzades, en les quals el problema es modifica per assegurar que tingui una solució estable. Ja que els mètodes d'estabilització típicament introdueixen dissipació addicional, la relació entre la dissipació numèrica i la dissipació física té un paper fonamental en la qualitat de la solució. Per investigar aquest fenomen hem estudiat el comportament de diferents formulacions d'elements finits basades en mètodes variacionals de subescala (VMS) i en el càlcul finit (FIC) en termes del seu comportament en la simulació de problemes turbulents de referència, amb l'objectiu final de trobar un mètode que a la vegada garanteixi l'estabilitat de la solució i introdueixi la dissipació turbulenta físicament necessària. Tenint en compte que, fins i tot quan s'utilitzen models de turbulència, la simulació de problemes de flux turbulent requereix molts recursos de càlcul, també hem estudiat aspectes de la implementació paral·lela de programes d'elements finits per tal de garantir que el nostre codi pot treure partit d'arquitectures de memòria distribuïda i servidors de càlcul d'alt rendiment. Finalment, hem desenvolupat una tècnica de refinament adaptatiu de malla que permeti millorar la qualitat de malles de càlcul tetraèdriques, novament amb la intenció de facilitar la simulació de grans problemes de flux turbulent. Aquesta tècnica combina un estimador d'error basat en els principis de la formulació variacional de subescala amb un procediment de refinament dissenyat per funcionar fàcilment en un context de memòria distribuïda i s'ha utilitzat per simular problemes de flux turbulent i no-Newtonià.
33

Variational multiscale stabilization and local preconditioning for compressible flow

Moragues Ginard, Margarida 22 January 2016 (has links)
This thesis is about the stabilization of the numerical solution of the Euler and Navier- Stokes equations of compressible flow. When simulating numerically the flow equations, if no stabilization is added, the solution presents non-physical (but numerical) oscillations. For this reason the stabilization of partial differential equations and of the fluid dynamics equations is of great importance. In the framework of the so-called variational multiscale stabilization, we present here a stabilization method for compressible flow. The method assessment is done first of all on a batch of academical examples for different Mach numbers, for viscous and inviscid, steady and transient flow. Afterwards the method is applied to atmospheric flow simulations. To this end we solve the Euler equations for dry and moist atmospheric flow. In the presence of moisture a set of transport equations for water species should be solved as well. This domain of application is a real challenge from the stabilization point of view because the correct amount of stabilization must be added in order to preserve the physical properties of the atmospheric flow. At this point, in order to even improve our method, we turn towards local preconditioning. Local preconditiong permits to reduce the stiffness problems that present the flow equations and cause a bad and slow convergence to the solution. With this purpose in mind we combine our stabilization method with local preconditioning and present a stabilization method for the preconditioned Navier-Stokes equations of compressible flow, that we call P-VMS. This method is tested over several examples at different Mach numbers and proves a significant improvement not only in the convergence to the solution but also in the accuracy and robustness of the method. Finally, the benefits of P-VMS are theoretically assessed using Fourier stability analysis. As a result of this analysis a modification on the computation of the time step is done even improving the convergence of the method. / Aquesta tesi tracta sobre l'estabilització de la solució numèrica de les equacions d'Euler i Navier-Stokes de flux compressible. Quan es simulen numèricament les equacions que governen els fluids, si no s'afegeix cap estabilització, la solució presenta oscil·lacions no físiques sinó numèriques. Per aquest motiu l'estabilització de les equacions en derivades parcials i de les equacions de la mecànica de fluids és de gran importància. Dins del marc de l'anomenada estabilització de multiescales variacionals, presentem aquí un mètode d'estabilització per flux compressible. L'evaluació del mètode es realitza primer en varis exemples acadèmics per diferents nombres de Mach, per flux viscós, inviscid, estacionari i transitori. Després el mètode s'aplica a simulacions de flux atmosfèric. Per això, resolem les equacions d'Euler per flux atmosfèric sec i humit. En presència d'humitat, també s'ha de resoldre un grup d'equacions de transport d'espècies d'aigua. Aquest domini d'aplicació representa un desafiament des del punt de vista de l'estabilització, donat que s'ha d'afegir la quantitat adequada d'estabilització per tal de preservar les propietats físiques del flux atmosfèric. Arribat aquest punt, per tal de millorar el nostre mètode, ens interessem pels precondicionadors locals. Els precondicionadors locals permeten reduir els problemes de rigidesa que presenten les equacions dels fluids i que són causa d'una pitjor i més lenta convergència cap a la solució. Amb aquest propòsit en ment, combinem el nostre mètode d'estabilització amb els precondicionadors locals i presentem un mètode d'estabilització per les equacions de Navier-Stokes de flux compressible, anomenem aquest màtode P-VMS. Aquest mètode es evaluat per mitjà de varis exemples per diferents nombres de Mach i demostra una millora sustancial no només pel que fa la convergència cap a la solució, sinó també en la precisió i robusteza del mètode. Finalment els beneficis del P-VMS es demostren teòricament a través de l'anàlisi d'estabilitat de Fourier. Com a resultat d'aquest anàlisi, sorgeix una modificació en el càlcul del pas de temps que millora un cop més la convergència del mètode
34

Efficient models for building acoustics : combining deterministic and statistical methods

Díaz Cereceda, Cristina 15 November 2013 (has links)
Modelling vibroacoustic problems in the field of building design is a challenging problem due to the large size of the domains and the wide frequency range required by regulations. Standard numerical techniques, for instance finite element methods (FEM), fail when trying to reach the highest frequencies. The required element size is too small compared to the problem dimensions and the computational cost becomes unaffordable for such an everyday calculation. Statistical energy analysis (SEA) is a framework of analysis for vibroacoustic problems, based on the wave behaviour at high frequencies. It works directly with averaged magnitudes, which is in fact what regulations require, and its computational cost is very low. However, this simplified approach presents several limitations when dealing with real-life structures. Experiments or other complementary data are often required to complete the definition of the SEA model. This thesis deals with the modelling of building acoustic problems with a reasonable computational cost. In this sense, two main research lines have been followed. In the first part of the thesis, the potential of numerical simulations for extending the SEA applicability is analysed. In particular, three main points are addressed: first, a systematic methodology for the estimation of coupling loss factors from numerical simulations is developed. These factors are estimated from small deterministic simulations, and then applied for solving larger problems with SEA. Then, an SEA-like model for non-conservative couplings is presented, and a strategy for obtaining conservative and non-conservative coupling loss factors from numerical simulations is developed. Finally, a methodology for identifying SEA subsystems with modal analysis is proposed. This technique consists in performing a cluster analysis based on the problem eigenmodes. It allows detecting optimal SEA subdivisions for complex domains, even when two subsystems coexist in the same region of the geometry. In the second part of the thesis, the sound transmission through double walls is analysed from different points of view, as a representative example of the complexities of vibroacoustic simulations. First, a compilation of classical approaches to this problem is presented. Then, the finite layer method is proposed as a new way of discretising the pressure field in the cavity inside double walls, especially when it is partially filled with an absorbing material. This method combines a FEM-like discretisation in the direction perpendicular to the wall with trigonometric functions in the two in-plane directions. This approach has less computational cost than FEM but allows the enforcement of continuity and equilibrium between fluid layers. It is compared with experimental data and also with other prediction models in order to check the influence of commonly assumed simplifications. Finally, a combination of deterministic and statistical methods is presented as a possible solution for dealing with vibroacoustic problems consisting of double walls and other elements. The global analysis is performed with SEA, and numerical simulations of small parts of the problem are used to obtain the required parameters. Combining these techniques, a realistic simulation of the vibroacoustic problem can be performed with a reasonable computational cost.
35

Efficient algorithms for the realistic simulation of fluids

Ojeda Contreras, Jesús 28 May 2013 (has links)
Nowadays there is great demand for realistic simulations in the computer graphics field. Physically-based animations are commonly used, and one of the more complex problems in this field is fluid simulation, more so if real-time applications are the goal. Videogames, in particular, resort to different techniques that, in order to represent fluids, just simulate the consequence and not the cause, using procedural or parametric methods and often discriminating the physical solution. This need motivates the present thesis, the interactive simulation of free-surface flows, usually liquids, which are the feature of interest in most common applications. Due to the complexity of fluid simulation, in order to achieve real-time framerates, we have resorted to use the high parallelism provided by actual consumer-level GPUs. The simulation algorithm, the Lattice Boltzmann Method, has been chosen accordingly due to its efficiency and the direct mapping to the hardware architecture because of its local operations. We have created two free-surface simulations in the GPU: one fully in 3D and another restricted only to the upper surface of a big bulk of fluid, limiting the simulation domain to 2D. We have extended the latter to track dry regions and is also coupled with obstacles in a geometry-independent fashion. As it is restricted to 2D, the simulation loses some features due to the impossibility of simulating vertical separation of the fluid. To account for this we have coupled the surface simulation to a generic particle system with breaking wave conditions; the simulations are totally independent and only the coupling binds the LBM with the chosen particle system. Furthermore, the visualization of both systems is also done in a realistic way within the interactive framerates; raycasting techniques are used to provide the expected light-related effects as refractions, reflections and caustics. Other techniques that improve the overall detail are also applied as low-level detail ripples and surface foam.
36

Monitorizaçao de redes sociais na gestao do conhecimento em comunidades de I+d+i

Cainço Dias Cadima, Rita Alexandra Cainço 15 December 2009 (has links)
En un contexto de I+D+i (investigación + desarrollo + innovación), diversos estudios apuntan a la existencia de una fuerte relación entre comunicación y resultados, mostrando que la colaboración y compartición de conocimiento afecta significativamente la producción de conocimiento e innovación. Varios autores defienden la importancia de las redes sociales informales en la coordinación de tareas y en la distribución y reutilización de conocimiento en las organizaciones. En los últimos años, se han propuesto e implementado diversas estrategias que intentan facilitar y promover el trabajo colaborativo y varios investigadores han defendido la necesidad de atender y estudiar más profundamente el rol de las redes sociales existentes.El trabajo de investigación que aquí se presenta tiene como finalidad el estudio de las redes sociales en comunidades de I+D+i. Para ello, se desarrolló un sistema de monitoreo que permite registrar, analizar y visualizar las relaciones inter-personales que existen. Por un lado, se acredita que el feedback proporcionado por la visualización de estas redes permite a cada persona revisar y anotar en qué medida contribuye con aportaciones y en qué medida aprovecha dicho flujo de conocimiento, aumentando el nivel de conciencia sobre los otros y motivando la compartición de conocimiento. Por otro lado, la información recogida permite un análisis e interpretación del funcionamiento de estas redes, apoyando la gestión de conocimiento en estas comunidades.La presentación de la investigación se ha organizado en cinco capítulos.En el primero capítulo se presenta la motivación, se definen los objetivos y se expone el proceso de trabajo que se ha seguido.En el segundo capítulo se presenta un resume de un estudio teórico en las áreas del conocimiento en las organizaciones y de las técnicas de análisis y soporte de redes sociales, que constituye el marco teórico de referencia para la investigación.En el tercero y cuarto capítulos se describe el diseño, desarrollo e implementaciones del sistema de monitorización de redes sociales. Se evalúa el sistema y los efectos de su implementación en los usuarios y se hace un análisis de la estructura y características de las redes sociales monitorizadas. Además de este análisis exploratorio de la red, se analiza la relación entre el capital social, entendido como el conjunto de beneficios que resultan de las redes sociales de un sujeto u organización, y el desempeño de los sujetos.En el capítulo quinto se finaliza la memoria de la investigación con una síntesis de las conclusiones a las que ha permitido llegar la investigación, así como las líneas de continuidad de la misma. / The notion that knowledge is a strategic resource that gives organizations a competitive edge has prompted many organizations to institute practices geared towards improving the efficiency and effectiveness of knowledge creation and its utilization. In R&D (Research & Development) communities, communication and knowledge sharing have a strong influence on innovation and knowledge production. Several authors point out that knowledge is created and exchanged to a large extent through informal social interactions and that knowledge flows depend on the connections between individuals and on their attitude about sharing knowledge. In recent years, it has been proposed a number of strategies to promote collaborative work and it has been acknowledged the need for more deep studies in the role of social networks.The aim of this work is the study of social networks in R&D communities. For that, we have developed a monitoring system that allows the gather, analysis and visualization of human interactions in these communities. This system addresses simultaneously: a) the promotion of social network awareness, point out as a motivation factor to communicate and collaborate; and b) support knowledge management, by gathering information about social networks and allowing the interpretation of the role of this networks.This thesis is structure in five chapters.The first chapter sets the motivation and context of the thesis, the objectives and the study design.The second chapter presents the conceptual framework of this work, a review in knowledge sharing in organizations, social networks analysis tools and techniques, and social capital empirical studies.The third and fourth chapters describe the design, development and implementation of the social network monitoring system. The evaluation of the system and its effects in user's awareness and behaviour is presented. The social network data collected is explored and the correlation between network characteristics and performance is analysed.The fifth and final chapter summarizes the findings of the study and concludes with future directions for research arising from the study.
37

Anàlisi de la naturalesa de les estructures coherents en l'estela llunyana d'un cilindre.

Vernet Peña, Anton 21 January 1997 (has links)
Un dels aspectes dels fluxos turbulents que s'ha tractat amb més interès en els últims anys, és l'estudi de l'existència de moviments de gran escala, repetitius i que presenten una certa organització. Aquests moviments són el que s'ha anomenat estructura coherent. El present treball intenta aportar una visió més complerta de les estructures coherents en l'estela llunyana turbulenta generada per un cilindre escalfat per una resistència interna. Amb aquesta finalitat s'han realitzat una sèrie d'experiments, emprant tècniques d'anemometria de fil calent, en el túnel aerodinàmic de baixa turbulència de l'E.T.S. d'Enginyeria Química. Aquests experiments han proporcionat dades de temperatura i dels tres components de la velocitat en l'estela llunyana turbulenta (x/D=150). Aquestes dades s'han analitzat emprant un mètode de reconeixement de formes condicional que empra les fluctuacions de temperatura com a marcador del pas de les estructures coherents. El primer resultat de les anàlisis realitzades ha estat la confirmació de que l'estructura predominant en el pla horitzontal (homogeni) de l'estela és una circulació doble amb fluctuacions negatives del component longitudinal de la velocitat en el centre. De fet aquesta estructura és la que va predir Grant (1958) i en la que s'han recolzat multitud d'estudis posteriors (Mumford, 1983; Ferré, 1986). Per altra banda, amb l'aplicació del mètode de reconeixement de formes condicional, s'ha obtingut una visió tridimensional del camp dinàmic de l'estructura relacionant-lo amb el camp tèrmic, el de vorticitat i el de la velocitat de deformació. Un resultat interessant de les anàlisis anteriors és la relació existent entre el camp tèrmic i el camp dinàmic de l'estructura. Aquesta relació es pot resumir dient que existeix una correlació negativa entre el component longitudinal de les fluctuacions de la velocitat, u, i les fluctuacions de temperatura, θ. Es a dir, a u negatives li corresponen θ positives. En canvi existeix una correlació positiva entre el component lateral de la velocitat, v, i les fluctuacions de la temperatura. Un segon grup de resultats, obtinguts de les anàlisis realitzades, són els que fan referència al contingut energètic de l'estructura i a l'intercanvi d'energia entre les diferents escales de la turbulència. En primer lloc s'ha analitzat el contingut energètic de les finestres de dades seleccionades per obtenir la mitjana de conjunt de l'estructura, observant-se que encara que representen el 40% de les dades totals, aquestes sumen més del 60% de l'energia associada, el que implica que les finestres seleccionades són més important energèticament que la resta.També s'ha obtingut la distribució dels diferents termes de la producció, que informen de l'intercanvi d'energia entre les diferents escales de la turbulència, es a dir entre el camp mitjà, el camp coherent i el camp incoherent. També es mostren les distribucions de la dissipació i de la funció indicadora d'escala fina (FSTIF). Amb aquest resultats, s'ha pogut analitzar com i quan l'estructura guanya i/o perd energia.Per últim s'ha realitzat un esquema tridimensional de l'estructura, relacionant-la amb els processos d' engoliment i amb el flux que l'envolta. / One of the topics emphasized in the study of turbulent flows in the last few years has been the identification of large scale organized motions called coherent structures. The present work extends the knowledge of the coherent structures in free turbulence by examining the far wake (x/D=150) of a heated cylinder at a Reynolds number of 9700. Multi-probe experiments carried out using hot- and cold-wire anemometry in a low turbulence wind tunnel, measuring temperature and the three velocity components simultaneously in time. The data were analyzed using a conditional pattern recognition technique. Basically, events in the temperature field were used to identify the velocity patterns of the coherent structures. Specifically, the pattern recognition software searched for hot-to-cold transitions in the temperature field. In the horizontal planes, the typical footprint identified with the temperature transitions was a double roller eddy with negative streamwise fluctuations in its centre plane. This eddy is similar to that identified by Grant (1958) with correlation measurements and is the origin for a large number of later investigations (Munford, 1983; Ferré, 1986). The present work shows that, in fact, this double roller structure is part of a larger structure which is shaped like a horseshoe.The use of the conditional pattern recognition technique allows one to obtain the three-dimensional velocity field that characterizes the coherent structure, and its relationship to the temperature field. It was found that the correlation between the temperature fluctuations and the streamwise velocity fluctuations is negative, while the correlation between the same temperature fluctuations and the lateral velocity fluctuations is positive. In addition, it was observed that the individual horseshoe structures occupy at least 40% of the flow and that these structures contain 60% of the turbulent kinetic energy. Thus, the parts of the flow selected by the technique are more energetic that the mean. As well, the role of the coherent structures in the exchange of energy between different turbulent scales, the mean, the coherent field and the incoherent field has been identified. The distributions of the fine scale turbulence and the dissipation were also investigated relative to the horseshoe structure. These results provide information about where and when the structure gains and loses energy. It was found that the majority of the production and dissipation of fine-scale turbulence occur in the central portion of the three-dimensional horseshoe structure.
38

Dynamics of metallic glasses explored by mechanical relaxation

Liu, Chaoren 07 October 2015 (has links)
Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is often used to explore the relaxation dynamics of metallic glasses (MGs). Secondary relaxations in metallic glasses appear as an excess wing, as a shoulder of the primary relaxation peak or as a differentiated low temperature peak on the loss modulus E''(T). In order to differentiate this relaxation from a-relaxation, which is due to collective movement and directly related to the elastic (solid glass) to viscous (supercooled liquid) transition, it is termed as ß-relaxation. Its origin and main characteristics are still not clear and the understanding of the ß-process is still developing. Early results based on DMA suggested that it is the result of anelastic events, as the system is in a metastable state. It might be originated from diffusion processes, resembling Zener or Snoek relaxation in crystalline materials. In the energy landscape picture it is attributed to jumps between close energy minima separated by a low energy barrier. It is also treated as a process related to the activation of shear transformation zones (STZ) or flow units. In this thesis, the mechanical relaxation of MG is explored by quasi-static measurements like creep and stress relaxation, and by DMA. The current theoretical models and experimental data available in literature are revised and discussed. Following, three different MG systems, namely, Cu46Zr46Al8, Pd42.5Ni7.5Cu30P20 and Fe55Cr10Mo14C15B6 are analyzed and it is clarified that the different sub-Tg relaxations manifested on the DMA behavior have different origins. Finally, we discuss the implications of the relaxation dynamics characterization presented in this work on the mechanical properties of these materials. The understanding of the relaxation behavior and some related phenomena like physical aging, mechanical deformation and internal damping is seen as fundamental to improve our knowledge of MGs, this leading to new alloys with improved mechanical performance. / L’anàlisi dinamo-mecànica (DMA) s'utilitza freqüentment per explorar la dinàmica de relaxació dels vidres metàl·lics (MGs). Les relaxacions secundàries (ß) en vidres metàl·lics apareixen com un pic al mòdul de pèrdues. Depenent de la seva intensitat, aquest pic està clarament diferenciat o apareix com una inflexió en el pic principal de relaxació primària (a) que es deu al moviment col·lectiu i està directament relacionat amb la transició entre un material elàstic (vidre sòlid) i un de viscós (líquid sotsrefredat). El seu origen i les característiques principals encara no són clares i la comprensió del procés de relaxació ß encara s'està desenvolupant. Els primers resultats obtinguts mitjançant DMA van suggerir que aquesta relaxació és el resultat de processos anelàstics, ja que el sistema està en un estat metastable. S’atribuí el seu origen a processos de difusió, similars a processos de relaxació tipus Zener o Snoek en materials cristal·lins. A l’espai de configuracions d’estats vitris determinats per l’energia potencial de cada configuració (Potential Energy Landscape), aquest procés s'atribueix a salts entre mínims propers d'energia separats per una barrera de baixa energia. També es tracta com un procés relacionat amb l'activació de zones locals de cisalla (Shear transformation zones, STZ) o regions locals de fluència. En aquesta tesi, la relaxació mecànica dels MGs s'explora mitjançant mesures quasiestàtiques de fluència i relaxació de la tensió, així com per DMA. Els models teòrics actuals i les dades experimentals disponibles a la literatura són revisats i discutits. Després, tres sistemes de MG diferents, en concret Cu46Zr46Al8, Pd42.5Ni7.5Cu30P20 i Fe55Cr10Mo14C15B6 s'analitzen i s'aclareix que les diferents relaxacions observades a temperatures per sota la transició vítria tenen diferents orígens. Finalment, es discuteixen les implicacions de la caracterització de la dinàmica de relaxació que es presenta en aquest treball sobre les propietats mecàniques d'aquests materials. La comprensió del comportament de relaxació mecànica i alguns fenòmens relacionats, com l'envelliment físic, la deformació mecànica i l’amortiment intern es consideren fonamentals per a millorar el nostre coneixement dels vidres metàl·lics i la obtenció de nous aliatges amb un millor rendiment mecànic.
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Multifunctional metamaterial designs for antenna applications

Ferrer González, Pere Josep 17 July 2015 (has links)
Over the last decades, Metamaterials (MTMs) have caught the attention of the scientific community. Metamaterials are basically artificially engineered materials which can provide unusual electromagnetic properties not present in nature. Among other novel and special EM applications, such as the negative refraction index (NRI) application, Metamaterials allow the realisation of perfect magnetic conductors (PMCs), which are of interest in the development of smaller and more compact antenna systems composed of one or more antennas. In this context, this thesis is focused on investigating the feasibility of using metamaterial structures to improve the performance of antennas operating at the microwave frequencies. The metamaterial design process is challenging because metamaterials are primarily composed of resonant particles, and hence, their response is frequency dependent due to the dispersive behaviour of their effective medium properties. However, one can take advantage of this situation by exploiting those strange properties while finding other antenna applications for such metamaterial designs. For the case of the PMC applications, the relative magnetic permeability values are negative, because they are found just above the resonance of the metamaterial. This thesis investigates several antenna applications of artificial magnetic materials (AMMs). The initial work is devoted to the design of a spiral resonator (SR) AMM slab to realise a low profile reflector dipole antenna by taking advantage of its PMC response. The spiral resonator has been used due to its reduced unit cell size when compared to other metamaterial resonators, leading to a more homogeneous metamaterial structure. In addition, a bidirectional PMC spacer has been applied to produce a small and compact antenna system composed of two monopole antennas, although the concept may be applied to other antenna types. A third application as an AMC reflector are the transpolarising surfaces, where the incident electric field plane wave is reflected at a polarisation rotation angle of 90 degrees. Such surfaces may be of interest to produce high cross-polar response reflecting devices, like the modified trihedral corner reflector that has been tested for polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) purposes. Another application of the SR AMM metamaterial is the patch antenna with a magneto-dielectric loading. The relative magnetic permeability of the AMM metamaterial has values over the unity in the frequency band below the resonance. As a consequence, the patch antenna can be miniaturised without reducing its bandwidth of operation, in contrast to a typical high dielectric permittivity substrate. Finally, the SR AMM metamaterial also presents values of relative magnetic permeability between zero and the unity (MNZ). In such a case, the SR AMM metamaterial has been applied as an MNZ cover of a slot antenna, devoted to increasing the broadside radiated power and directivity of the antenna. / En las últimas décadas, los Metamateriales (MTMs) han captado la atención de la comunidad científica internacional. Los metamateriales son básicamente materiales artificiales diseñados que tienen propiedades electromagnéticas inusuales no presentes en la naturaleza. Aparte de otras aplicaciones innovadoras en electromagnetismo, como la posibilidad de un material con un índice de refracción negativo (NRI), los metamateriales permiten realizar los conductores magnéticos perfectos (PMCs), que podrían ser de gran utilidad para implementar sistemas de múltiples antenas más pequeños y compactos. En este contexto, esta tesis se centra en investigar el uso de diferentes diseños de metamateriales para mejorar las prestaciones de sistemas radiantes o antenas que trabajan a frecuencias de microondas. El proceso de diseño de los metamateriales es complicado, porque los metamateriales están compuestos de resonadores magnéticos, y consecuentemente, su respuesta varía con la frecuencia a causa de la naturaleza dispersiva de sus parámetros de medio efectivo. No obstante, se pueden aprovechar estas propiedades extrañas para encontrar otras aplicaciones interesantes en antenas. Para el caso de aplicaciones como PMC, el valor de la permeabilidad magnética relativa toma principalmente valores negativos, ya que se encuentran después de la resonancia del metamaterial. Esta tesis realiza el estudio de diferentes aplicaciones de antenas con materiales magnéticos artificiales (AMMs). Primeramente, se ha diseñado un metamaterial AMM compuesto de resonadores en espiral (SRs), que se aplica para realizar un reflector de perfil bajo con una antena dipolo, aprovechando la respuesta PMC que proporciona el metamaterial. Se han utilizado resonadores en forma de espiral porque tienen una celda unidad más reducida al compararla con la de otros resonadores metamaterials, produciendo así una estructura metamaterial más homogénea. Además, un diseño PMC bidireccional ha permitido diseñar un sistema pequeño y compacto de dos antenas monopolo, aunque este concepto se puede aplicar a otros tipos de antenas. Una tercera aplicación como reflector AMC es el de pantalla transpolarizadora, dónde una onda eléctrica plana incidente es reflejada con un ángulo de rotación de 90 grados. Estas pantallas pueden servir para realizar dispositivos reflectores con una respuesta cruzada alta, como pasa con un triedro modificado que se ha probado con éxito en aplicaciones como calibrador de radar de apertura sintética polarimétrico (PolSAR). El metamaterial SR AMM también se ha utilizado como substrato magneto-dieléctrico de una antena impresa o patch. La permeabilidad magnética relativa de este metamaterial toma valores más grandes que la unidad en el rango de frecuencias por debajo de la resonancia. Por esto, la antena patch se puede miniaturizar sin reducir sus prestaciones de ancho de banda de operación, caso contrario a cuando se utilizan substratos de permitividad dieléctrica alta. Finalmente, el metamaterial SR AMM también toma valores de permeabilidad magnética relativa entre cero y la unidad (MNZ). En este caso, el metamaterial SR AMM se ha aplicado como un superestrato MNZ de una antena de ranura o slot, con la intención de incrementar la potencia radiada y la directividad de la antena.
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Microzonación sísmica. Contribución a los estudios de peligrosidad sísmica a escala local en zonas rurales y urbanas

Macau Roig, Albert 15 July 2008 (has links)
El riesgo sísmico es un concepto que considera la posibilidad de que se produzcan pérdidas de vidas humanas y pérdidas económicas debidas a la acción de un terremoto. Tiene dos componentes principales: la peligrosidad sísmica y la vulnerabilidad sísmica. Para evaluar la peligrosidad sísmica en un punto del territorio se deben considerar conjuntamente la peligrosidad regional y la peligrosidad local. El cálculo de la peligrosidad regional se basa en la estimación del movimiento del suelo producido por el mayor terremoto representativo de la sismicidad de una región o por la contribución de toda la sismicidad regional. La peligrosidad local considera los efectos de suelo, los efectos topográficos, o los efectos inducidos por los sismos como son los deslizamientos o la licuefacción. En la mayor parte de los terremotos destructivos recientes (Michocán en 1985, Loma Prieta en 1989, Kobe en 1995, Turquía en 1999) se ha observado la importancia de los efectos sísmicos locales, como por ejemplo la amplificación del movimiento del suelo debida a efectos de sitio, en la distribución de los daños.El principal objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es exponer y aplicar distintas técnicas y metodologías, tanto experimentales como de simulación numérica, para la evaluación de la peligrosidad sísmica a escala local, adaptadas a distintos grados o niveles de exigencia y para ámbitos con distintas densidades de población. A lo largo de este trabajo se han comprobado las ventajas e inconvenientes de la aplicación de estos métodos en ámbitos rurales y urbanos.En este trabajo se ha realizado un estudio de microzonación sísmica en dos zonas urbanas: la cubeta de Andorra la Vella y la ciudad de Málaga, y en una zona rural: el valle de la Cerdanya. Partiendo de los cálculos de la amplificación del movimiento del suelo en la cubeta de Andorra la Vella, el valle de la Cerdanya y la ciudad de Málaga se propone una metodología avanzada para el cálculo de la amplificación del movimiento del suelo debida a efectos locales, en términos de la intensidad macrosísmica y en términos de la aceleración espectral. Finalmente, se propone un conjunto de metodologías que respondan a distintos requerimientos o exigencias para la obtención de la microzonación o evaluación de la peligrosidad sísmica a escala local.Por otro lado, se ha aplicado el método de Newmark de cálculo de estabilidad de laderas para obtener la peligrosidad de desprendimientos activados por vibraciones del terreno producidas por voladuras. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio se han aplicado como criterios de prevención durante la excavación de un túnel en el macizo rocoso del Roc del Dui, en el municipio de Queralbs situado en el Pirineo Oriental catalán. / This project is divided in two sections. The first one deals with seismic microzonation for urban and rural areas and the second one evaluates the slope stability under vibratory loads generated by blasting in a tunnel excavation.Seismic risk assessment considers the possibility of human and economic losses due to a seismic motion. This concept has two principal components: the seismic hazard and the seismic vulnerability. Regional and local seismic hazard must be considered to evaluate overall seismic hazard in a specific location. The regional seismic hazard can be calculated assuming a deterministic approach, the soil motion is produced by the largest representative earthquake of the region, or assuming a probabilistic approach that considers the contribution of the regional seismicity in the seismic motion. Local seismic hazard considers the soil effects, the topographic effects, or the induced effects due the seismic motion, as landslides or liquefaction. In most of the recent destructive earthquakes (e.g. Michocán 1985; Loma Prieta 1989; Kobe 1995; Turkey 1999) the high influence of seismic local effects, for example the soil motion amplification, has been observed in the damage distribution.One of the main goals of this doctoral dissertation (PhD) is to explain and to apply different experimental and numerical simulation methodologies for local seismic hazard evaluation, adapting different levels of priority for areas with different population densities. This work verifies advantages and disadvantages of the application of these methods in rural and urban areas.Seismic microzonation studies in urban zones has been performed in Andorra la Vella basin and in the city of Malaga. Microzonation for a rural area has been conducted in the Cerdanya valley. Based on the soil motion amplification calculations in the three pilot areas a more advanced methodology for amplification characterization due to local effects has been proposed, in terms of the macroseismic intensity and spectral acceleration. Finally, a set of seismic microzonation methodologies are proposed depending on different degrees of resolution, evaluation resources, and social requirements.The second main objective of this dissertation is to apply and to validate the Newmark's method for calculations of hillsides stability to obtain the susceptibility of rock falls activated by blasting vibrations. The results obtained have been applied as a criteria of prevention during the excavation at Roc del Dui tunnel rock mass, in the municipality of Queralbs located in the Oriental Catalan Pyrenees.

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